Salt Marsh Integrity Assessment Program in USFWS Region 5
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1 Salt Marsh Integrity Assessment Program in USFWS Region 5 SusanC. Adamowicz; Neckles, Hilary; Guntenspergen, Glenn; Shriver, Greg; Taylor, Jan Jim Lyons USFWS Division of Migratory Bird Management Nicholas Danz University of Wisconsin Superior Whitney Wiest University of Delaware Jessica Nagel USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Jennifer Olker University of Minnesota Duluth Sarah Converse, Michael Runge SDM consultants Paul Castelli, Kelly Chadbourne, William Crouch, Susan Guiteras, Jeff Horan, Curt Kessler, Annabella Larsen, Harold Laskowski, Roy Lowe, Ronald Thom, Bill Thompson, Patrick Walther, Guthrie Zimmerman SDM workshop participants
2 What is SMI? SMI = Salt Marsh Integrity (Assessment) It is a multi-metric rapid assessment method for US FWS salt marsh holdings Data are used to indicate current/baseline conditions in models to estimate effects of future management efforts (science-based decision making) to evaluate changes over time (before/after) Developed through an SDM process in 2008; piloted 2008, 2009; implementation began 2012
3 Salt Marsh Integrity Objectives Hierarchy Biological Diversity and Integrity (0.5) Environmental Health (0.5) (601 FW 3) Obligate Salt Marsh Breeding Birds (0.10) Nonbreeding Wetland Birds (0.10) Native Nekton Community (0.09) Native Veg Community (0.12) Trophic Structure (0.09) Tidal Regime and Hydrology (0.22) Maintain Marsh Area (0.22) Herbicide Applied During Mgt. (0.06) Birds/point Ave ABDU winter abundance Nekton Density (#/m2) (0.045) % cover native spp. Marsh spiders per m2 Flood Duration (0.11) Relative change marsh surface elevation Pints Nekton Species Richness (0.045) Salinity (0.11) Objective Measureable Attribute
4 Actions Trap or deposit sediment Influence Diagram Physical disturbance Herbivory Objective Restore topography: fill ditches, create pools & channels Elevation Restore tidal flooding Reduce upland runoff Flood frequency, duration, depth Soil oxygen Soil salinity Plant growth rate Community composition Percent cover of native species Control invasive species Nutrient availability Plant native species Disease
5 Contributing Refuges Cape May NWR, NJ Chincoteague NWR, Coastal Delaware NWR Complex (Bombay Hook, Prime Hook) Edwin B. Forsythe NWR, Long Island NWR Complex Maine Coastal Islands Moosehorn NWR Parker River NWR, Rachel Carson NWR Rhode Island NWR Complex Stewart B. McKinney NWR Refuges Added 2014 Monomoy NWR, MA Eastern Shore VA, VA Eastern VA Rivers, VA Cape May
6 What are the major components of SMI? Land use surrounding the marsh Bird Surveys Vegetation Nekton (fish & decapod crustaceans) Basic water quality (salinity, temp, depth) Hydrology (depth & duration of flooding) Elevation Large-scale marsh traits (% OW, ditching, marsh position)
7 Rapid Method Final List Historical condition and geomorphic setting Landscape_position Landscape position: 1 (marine), 2 (middleestuary), 3 (upper-estuary) Shape: 1 (expansive meadow), 2 (narrow fringing marsh) Fill/fragmentation: 1 (no), 2 (low), 3 (mod), 4 (severe) Tidal flushing: 1 (well flushed), 2 (moderately flushed), 3 (poorly flushed) Aquatic edge: 1 (low), 2 (mod), 3 (high) Ditch Density: 1 (no), 2 (low), 3 (mod), 4 (severe)
8 Rapid Method Final List cont. Surrounding land-use % agricultural land in 150 m buffer * (area of buffer/area of MSU) % natural land in 150 m buffer * (area of buffer/area of MSU) % natural land in 1 km buffer * (area of buffer/area of MSU) Ratio of open water area : vegetation area
9 Rapid Method Final List cont. Marsh surface elevation Elevation to NAVD88 Tidal range/groundwater level % of Time Marsh Surface Flooded Mean Flood Depth (cm) Salinity Surface water salinity (@ nekton sites)
10 Rapid Method Final List cont. Vegetation community Species richness using rapid point intercept method on transects % Cover Visual Estimations of Brackish Terrestrial Border Community Open Water Pannes, Pools, & Creeks High Marsh Community Low Marsh Community Salt Marsh Terrestrial Border community Upland Community Invasive Plant Species
11 Rapid Method Final List cont. Nekton community (throw trap, ditch nets) Nekton Density Nekton Species Richness Fundulus heteroclitus length (mm) Breeding bird community Point Count Surveys Willet Abundance Tidal Marsh Obligate Abundance Call-broadcast surveys: Clapper Rail, Willet, Saltmarsh Sparrow, Seaside Sparrow
12 Consequence Table: Scores (s ij ) Unit Management Action Breeding bird point counts (number) I I Remove Phragmites with herbicide and mechanical methods Remove Phragmites with mechanical methods Metrics Native veg cover (percent) Herbicide Rate (pints/yr) II Excavate to create pannes/pools II Fill ditches III Predator control - trapping IV No action
13 Utilty Multi-attribute Utility Theory Tidal Marsh Obligate Birds Herbicide Total point count per unit Pints applied Management Benefit n U Action i j w Where n = number of attributes, w j = weight for Attribute j, and u ij = utility of predicted outcome of Action i with respect to Objective j 1 j u ij
14 Consequence Table: Utility (u ij ) Unit Management Action TMO pt counts I I Remove Phragmites with herbicide and mechanical methods Remove Phragmites with mechanical methods Metrics % Native veg cover Herbicide rate TOTAL II Excavate to create pannes/pools II Fill ditches III Predator control - trapping IV No action
15 Conservation Benefit Pareto Efficiency Frontier Current Status Cost over 15 years (x $1000) Slide Courtesy of Jim Lyons
16 Marsh Manipulation for Mosquito Control Marsh Persistence Bio Diversity Environmental Health Human Health Marsh elevation rel to sea level (mm/yr) Sediment Deposition (gr/cm 2 /mo) Above Ground Biomass Dens Breed Birds Nonbreedi ng Bird Use Nekton Days Density Edge/ shoreline erosion Ratio of veg. area to open water Amount Pesticide Applied Adult Mosquito Density Larval Pop Density Extent of larval population (% area of marsh) Technique Max to threshold max max Max Max Max Min Max Min Min to threshold Min to threshold Mn Larvicide Semi-tidal: sill ditch Open Tidal: selective ditching Closed: pool creation Current Condition
17 Acknowledgements Field Crews from 15 National Wildlife Refuges in 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014 Project Developers: USFWS, USGS, Univ Delaware
18 SMI Fundamental and Means Objectives The SMI project was developed through a Structured Decision Making process. The Fundamental Objectives (Goals) are Biological Integrity, Diversity and Environmental Health (601 FW 3) The Means Objectives are how we get there Restore tidal flow Increase marsh elevation Remove impounded waters SMI metrics were chosen to reflect marsh condition relative to Fundamental Objectives. See Neckles et al Estuaries and Coasts online 20 May 2014
19 Fundamental Objectives & Attributes Fundamental and Means Objectives (weights) Maximize Biological Integrity and Diversity (0.5) Maximize cover of native vegetation (0.12) Maximize abundance and diversity of native nekton (0.09) Maintain sustainable populations of obligate salt marsh breeding birds (0.10) Maximize use by nonbreeding wetland birds (0.10) Maintain trophic structure (0.09) Maximize Environmental Health (0.5) Maintain natural hydrology (0.22) Maximize the extent of the marsh platform (0.22) Minimize use of herbicides (0.06) Attributes (weights) Percent cover of native plant species (0.12) Density of total nekton (0.045) Nekton species richness (0.045) Abundance of tidal marsh obligate birds: Clapper Rail, Willet, Saltmarsh Sparrow, Seaside Sparrow (0.10) Abundance of indicator wintering species: American Black Duck (0.10) Density of indicator food web taxon: spiders (0.09) Duration of flooding of the marsh surface (0.11) Surface-water salinity (0.11) Change in marsh surface elevation relative to sea level rise (0.22) Rate of application (volume per year) (0.06) Neckles et al. 2014
20 Vegetation: Point Intercept 10 Points along a 100m transect At least 3 transects per SMI unit Spp composition Abundance
21 Vegetation Survey Randomly select appropriate number of bird survey points. The veg plot is a circle with 100m diameter centered on the bird point Establish a 100m transect centered on the bird point. Transect will run from the direction of the upland to the creek bank (i.e. across an elevation gradient) Size of marsh study unit 0 to 25 hectares 3 >25 to 75 hectares 4 > 75 to 125 hectares 5 > 125 hectares 6 Number of Vegetation Survey Points
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