Monitoring Bird, Fish, and Vegetation Communities at Prime Hook NWR Before, During, and After Tidal Marsh Restoration

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1 Monitoring Bird, Fish, and Vegetation Communities at Prime Hook NWR Before, During, and After Tidal Marsh Restoration Susan Guiteras Supervisory Wildlife Biologist USFWS Coastal Delaware National Wildlife Refuge Complex USFWS (Refuges): Nathan Bush, Annabella Larsen, Jennifer McAndrews USFWS (Fisheries): Steve Minkkinen, John Gill University of Delaware: Elizabeth Tymkiw, Greg Shriver, Tim Freiday, Mac McGraw DNREC: Lyndie Hice-Dunton, Bob Scarborough, Andrew Howard, Alison Rogerson, Drexel Siok, Kenneth Smith

2 So that you aren t distracted wondering Minor fracture in my ankle in 1992, but didn t know it 25 years of sports and life later, it all caught up with me! Surgery right before Christmas I can put it down again on Valentine s Day! (If all goes as planned ) Sure, you can call me Capt. Marshmucker

3 Prime Hook NWR 10,000 acres, mostly wetlands Two central units Unit II and Unit III managed as freshwater impoundments for waterfowl habitat through installation of water control structures in 1980 s Impoundment management successful until series of storms created breaches in Unit II shoreline Hurricane Sandy brought largest final blow to the system Rapid peat collapse and extensive conversion to open water in Unit II and Unit III Tidal Marsh Restoration

4 Tidal Marsh Restoration Largest tidal marsh restoration project in the east at ~4000 acres Based on extensive hydrodynamic modeling with local data SHORELINE RECOVERY Closure of large breaches Restoration of 8900 ft of shoreline, dune, and back barrier platform MARSH RESILIENCY Dredged ~25 miles of interior tidal channels in Unit II and Unit III Remove WCS, DelDOT bridge Thin layer deposition on site

5 Monitoring our Progress Comprehensive Biotic & Abiotic Monitoring Program Cooperative Agreement with DNREC Coastal Programs / DNERR Wetland Assessment University of Delaware Chris Sommerfield, Tom McKenna, Greg Shriver, Chris Williams USFWS Maryland Fish & Wildlife Conservation Office USFWS Northeast Regional I&M and LMRD staff Refuge staff USGS Rutgers University

6 Biological Monitoring Overview Bird & Vegetation Survey Points in each unit Unit I (north) and Unit IV (south) serve as reference areas Fish survey locations varied, focused at WCS and in channels

7 Vegetation Community Response METHODS Salt Marsh Integrity (SMI) and Saltmarsh Habitat and Avian Research Program (SHARP) 50-meter radius around bird survey points Community cover types and dominant species Point-intercept transect (100 meters long) Photopoints (North, East, South, West) Mid-Atlantic Tidal Rapid Assessment Method (MidTRAM) Habitat Attribute: Bearing capacity, horizontal vegetation obstruction; Also - biomass, RTK elevation NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) Open Water : Vegetated Marsh ratio from imagery

8 Vegetation Community Response RESULTS / HIGHLIGHTS - SMI / SHARP / MidTRAM No in-depth analysis of vegetation community data yet Above- and below-ground biomass collected pre-restoration and will be repeated after a few growing seasons Changes in bearing capacity and local elevation depend on presence (or not) of dredged material deposition Resurgence of marsh vegetation along the periphery of both units, and in areas of deposition following dredging Photopoints and NDVI currently most compelling data

9 Vegetation Community Response

10 Vegetation Community Response Pluchea odorata (Saltmarsh fleabane) Leptochloa fascicularis (bearded sprangletop) Spartina alterniflora (Saltmarsh cordgrass) Eleocharis parvula (dwarf spikerush) Echinochloa crus galli (barnyardgrass)

11 Vegetation Community Response Dredged channel and thin layer deposited material

12 Vegetation Community Response Planted back barrier platform

13 Vegetation Community Response Many areas still show little change yet!

14 Vegetation Community Response RESULTS / HIGHLIGHTS NDVI Hot off the Press Preliminary results, not closely examined yet Different imagery sources (USDA NAIP vs DigitalGlobe WorldView3) Tide timing not controlled Total Unit Acres Open Water Vegetated Marsh 2015 % Open Water 2016 % Open Water (acres) (acres) Unit I (East) % 22% Unit I (West) % 9% Unit II % 69% Unit III % 56% In restoration units, % open water starting to drop Unit I had also been affected by increase in flooding and ponding

15 Vegetation Community Response Some large areas in Unit III adjacent to dredged channels, where material has been sidecast, filled in substantially

16 Vegetation Community Response Planted vegetation in back barrier area is evident (dune not included in analysis)

17 Vegetation Community Response Creek coves in western Unit II filling back in as water levels drop following breach closure

18 Bird Community Response METHODS Salt Marsh Integrity (SMI) and Saltmarsh Habitat and Avian Research Program (SHARP) bird survey points per unit (including adjacent salt marsh units as reference) 5-minute passive point count followed by secretive marshbird callback sequence 3 visits per year (usually) Ultimately Tidal Marsh Obligate (TMO) analysis Integrated Waterbird Management & Monitoring (IWMM) Year-round routine roadside surveys by refuge staff Beach nesting birds Routine surveys in partnership with refuge volunteers and state DNREC staff Nest monitoring and protection

19 Bird Community Response RESULTS / HIGHLIGHTS SHARP and IWMM Shorebird increase on newly created mudflats in both units

20

21 Total # of birds surveyed SNEG! Channel Dredging Snowy Egret, Great Egret, Great Blue Heron American Avocet, Black necked Stilt, Glossy Ibis

22 Bird Community Response RESULTS / HIGHLIGHTS Beach-nesting Birds First ever documented Piping Plover nest on the refuge. Unfortunately, not successful, but a great start Can you spot the eggs?

23 Bird Community Response RESULTS / HIGHLIGHTS Beach-nesting Birds Most robust least tern (LETE) colony in the state for years Peak numbers over 100 birds Close to 20 nests Successfully fledged at least 3 young All together now Awwwww! American oystercatchers (AMOY) nested but were not successful

24 Horseshoe Crab Response RESULTS / HIGHLIGHTS Horseshoe Crab Spawning More horseshoe crabs than expected in first year! Pre-restoration surveys were not quite in the same area (further north on existing un-restored beach), but will be a useful reference for comparison

25 Fish Community Response METHODS Seasonal fish community surveys 2014 (Summer, Fall); 2015 (Spring, Summer, Fall); 2016 (Spring, Summer) Fyke nets, Seine nets, Clover traps (varied as restoration progressed) Acoustic tags deployed to see how diadromous fish are using the system prior to, during, and after restoration 8 receiver sites (11 in 2015) Tag data downloaded seasonally (more often at first), data comes from other researchers in the network as well

26 Fish Community Response RESULTS / HIGHLIGHTS Fish Community Surveys Results thus far still being summarized Species that increased: White perch Sheepshead minnow Black drum Species caught 2016 not detected previously: Atlantic croaker Diamondback terrapin Species that decreased: Common carp Killifish spp Silverside spp Mummichog

27 Several different tagging efforts between Sept 2014 Nov acoustic tags out Species Acoustic Tags Floy/ PIT tags Total American eel White perch Alewife Striped bass PRE RESTORATION Many fish not detected after <2 months mortality, moved out of range, missed detection? Only one fish documented moving through breach ( , before closure) Evidence of fish emigrating out of refuge through both north and south routes Limited documentation of fish moving through freshwater creeks Several fish detected outside of refuge (one alewife turned up in NJ!)

28 Ongoing Monitoring Post-restoration monitoring will continue Key monitoring partnerships funded through 2022!! Some monitoring will be the new order of business for refuge biology program

29 Thank You! Any Questions?

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