an increase in product quality by improvements in the technological processes and the introduction of quality control systems;

Transcription

1 EFFICIENCY AND HIGH-QUALITY WORK FOR THE 10TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYNTHETIC FIBRE INDUSTRY IN THE 10TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN A. S. Chegolya UDC "313" Synthetic fibre production in the USSR grew rapidly during the last five years, i.e., output was more than doubled in the period and at the end of the Five-Year Plan synthetics accounted for about 39% of the total production of man-made fibres. The value of the gross product in prices as of January 1, 1975, increased by 87.5~. Production of Capron technical yarn and Lavsan and Nitron staple fibre increased to a high rate, i.e., the output of Capron technical yarn and Lavsan staple was more than doubled while production of Nitron staple increased sevenfold. During the last Five-Year Plan new production capacities for polyamide cord and technical yarn came on stream at the Zhitomir, Kemerov, Shchekin, Daugavpils, and Volzhsk synthetic fibre plants and at the Kursk and Cherntgov man-made fibre Combines; for Nitron staple fibre at the "Polimir" Combine in Novo-Polotskand the "Navoiazot" Combine in Navoiisk; and for Lavsan staple fibre atthe Mogilev Man-Made Fibre Combine. The growth of synthetic fibre production was accompanied by improvements in the technology and process equipment. The technological processes at existing establishments were accelerated as a result of plant modernization,, the capacity of production units and technological lines was increased, higher spinning and stretching speeds were introduced, etc. Newly constructed establishments were equipped with high-productivity lines which enabled processes to be carried out strictly in conformity with the prescribed technological parameters. These improvements resulted in better cost-effectiveness indices in synthetic fibre production. In 1975 the labor productivity had increased by 48.4% over the level for Increased labor productivity accounted for 68.8% of the increase in the output of synthetic fibres. Labor productivity in turn increased by nearly 8~o as a result of the rise in the technical level of the production processes, the commissioning of new production sections and establishments, and changes in the volume and structure of fibre production, and by about 20% as a result of improvements in work and production organization. The institutes and producing establishments are faced with a number of urgent problems the solution of which is a precondition for fulfilling the tasks set in the 10th Five-Year Plan. The principal problems are: A sharp reduction in ancillary personnel by the mechanization and automation of individual operations and by improvements in the organization of the functions of ancillary workers; an increase in product quality by improvements in the technological processes and the introduction of quality control systems; the creation and introduction of production methods for new types of synthetic yarns and staple fibre (polyolefins, polyv inyl chloride type s, etc.): the creation and introduction of new high-productivity equipment. More rapid scientific and technic al progre ss can be achieved in synthetic fibre prod uction only by concentrating the efforts of scientists and production workers alike on the solution of these vitally important problems. In the following pages the author considers the problems involved in raising the output output merely of the type of mass-market fibres in the 10th Five-Year Plan, According to a resolution of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, production of man-made fibres must be increased to million tons bv The output volume of synthetics must be Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 3, pp. 3-8, May-June, This material is protected by copyright registered in tile *~ame of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West I 7th Street, New York, N.Y. I001 I. No part ] of this publication mar be' reproduced, stored in a retrieval svstem or transmitted Dz a~lv form or h A, any means, electro~lic me('hatlical pllotoeopvi~lg, Imicrofitming, recording or other~vise, without written perlpli.~io'~l of the publisher. A,:ol, v o j this article is' available ]~o,,e the pl,hlisher for $

2 nearly double that for Synthetics production must increase by an average of 16-17~0 per annum between 1976 and In terms of rate of increase in output, therefore, synthetic fibre production will be among the leaders not only in the chemical industry but also among the other branches of the national economy. It will occur for the first time in the history of Sovietman-made fibre production thatthe proportion of synthetics will exceed that of cellulosic fibres. The Structure of synthetics production will undergo a change in that there is to be a sharp increase in the production of polyester and potyacrylonitrile fibres, i.e., these two types will account for about 75% of the total output of synthetics. The proportion of Capron staple fibre will decrease by about 6% below that for In the production of synthetic textile, technical, and cord filament yarns Capron will remain in the leading position and account for about 80~ of the total output of synthetic yarns. Production of the main types of staple fibre,viz., polyamide, polyester, and polyacrylonitrile, will be increased together with that of polyolefin slit-film fibre, nonwovens, and bulked tow. Polyvinyl alcohol fibres will be produced on an industrial scale. Specially difficult problems will have to be resolved in the 10th Five-Year Plan bythe workers of the institutes and producing establishments in connection with the planned increase in labor productivity. By 1980 labor productivity should be nearly double that in The increase in labor productivity will have to account for 85-90% of the planned increase in the volume of the commercial product. To achieve the planned increase in labor productivity it will be necessary to put into effect a large number of measures of a technical nature and greatly to improve work organization in terms of improving the structure of the production cycle, combining jobs, centralizing maintenance and other ancillary operations, adopting advancedwork techniques and methods, extending the range of job-norming, and introducing advanced work norms. As already stated, a considerable increase in labor productivity can be achieved by a sharp increase in the level of automation of the production processes and mechanization of labor-intensive manual work, more particularly of ancillary jobs. Hitherto a large proportion of the organizational and technical measures implemented with a view to raising labor productivity were designed to improve the performance of key production workers. However, ancillary workers account for 50-60% of the personnel of producing establishments, and at most establishments the number of these workers tends to increase even further. The only way out of this position is to introduce measures which will eliminate manual work in ancillary operations and to redeploy the resulting supernumerary personnel now engaged on maintenance and on handling the intermediate and finished product to actual production work and to jobs in technological control and in the control of the quality of the starting materials and the intermediate finished product. The solution of thisproblem will, of course, call for considerable outlays. In the Ninth Five-Year Plan the outlays on mechanization and automation in the man-made fibre industry accounted for only about 5% of the total outlay on equipment. At the leading fibre-producing establishments in the USA and Japan the proportion is as high as 25% [1]. The volume of products with the Label of Quality is an up-to-date measure of the level of product quality. As regards synthetic fibres it must be stated that in 1975 only 10% of the total output was of top quality. In the 10th Five-Year Plan this proportion has to be increased by a factor of about five. The dynamics of the increase in the output of products with the Label of Quality(in% on the total output volume for the period ) will be as follows: Certain preconditions for the successful solution of this very important task were created in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. One of these prerequisites was the development of the principles and methodology of the control of the quality of synthetic fibres on the basis of methods of mathematical statistics. A system of operational quality control is being introduced at all industrial establishments. Subsequent development will take the form of an improvement in the method of quality control, of determining the integral quality indices, and of developing a date-reference system of computerized quality control. An improvement of the system of attestation and the introduction of advanced standards should contribute significantljr to an im,~rovement in product quality. Important problems will have to be resolved in 244

3 the 10th Five-Year Plan with a view to raising the technical level Of synthetic fibre production, creating modern high-productivity equipment, reconstructing existing establishments, and constructing and bringing on stream new fibre plants. Polyamide Cord and Technical Filament Yarn are currently produced in accordance with three flow sheets, viz., by the batch method from granulate, by a continuous method from the granulate, and by a continuous method from the melt. A continuous method of producing polyamide cord and technical yarn has certain technical and economic advantages over the batch method [2]. Direct melt spinning is obviously preferred for carpet yarn, fishery equipment, cordage, and other products manufactured in large quantities. The capacity of production lines is 5-10 tons filament yarn per day but certain units making up a line can already produce 20 tons, and in the near future this will increase to 40 tons per day. During the 10th Five-Year Plan a range of research and experimentalprojectswillbe instituted witha view to improving the continuous methods of producing polyamide cord and technical yarn both directly from the melt and from the granulate. The emphasis in development work will be on production from the granulate. The development plans include one for a line for producing 93.5 and 187 tex polyamide yarns by the continuous method from the granulate at the rate of 40 tons/day. The line, which will be set up in one of the existing producing establishments, will consist of improved high-productivity equipment designed with account taken of the latest developments in Soviet and world practice of man-made fibre production. Work will go ahead at the same time on improving the equipment and technology for the production of 93.5 and 187 rex cord and technical yarn by the continuous method directly from the melt in production sections which came on stream during the Ninth Five-Year Plan and in plants to be constructed and brought on stream in the 10th Five-Year Plan. Research and experimental work will result in the development of a process and equipment for simultaneous spinning and stretching of yarn at speeds of m/rain, of production processes for new types of cord and technical yarn, of methods of reducing the thermal shrinkage and increasing the modulus and resistance to thermal ageing of filament yarn, and of new spinning preparations. These developments wilt result in significantly better product quality and will help to meet the requirements of the processing branches of the industry, the principal ones being a 10-20~ increase in yarn tenacity, a 15-25% decrease in the coefficient of variation of the tenacity, a 15-20% decrease in the coefficient of variation of the breaking extension, a 15-20% decrease of the breaking extension and thermal shrinkage for certain users, and the production of 93.5 and 187 tex yarns with fewer filaments (40, 80 and 16o). Development work on efficient processes and equipment for spinning 29 tex polyamide technical yarn will proceed at the same time. The yarn will be produced by the continuous method from the granulate with continuous polymerization, extraction, and drying in the chemical section and using extrusion-type machines in the spinning section. The fibre will be stretched on single-process draw twisters. The process will be introduced on an industrial scale in Subsequent development will be based on the same flow sheet but the capacity of the production lines will be increased by the installation of more sophisticated apparatus and machines. Some users have put forward their requirements as regards the quality of 29 tex Capron yarn, viz., a 5-7% increase in the tenacity, a 10-15% reduction in the breaking extension, a c reduction in the thermal shrinkage, a decrease in the number of filaments to 40, and a 5-7% decrease in the coefficient of variation of the breaking load. Polyamide textile yarn is one of the basic types of starting material for the light industry. In 1980 its output will account for about 30~G of the total production of man-made fibres for textile purposes so that during the period much work will have to be done to improve the production of polyamide textile yarn at existing establishments, and new production capacities will have to be brought on stream. The production of polyamide technical yarn from the granulate will be increased by the creation of high-prot ductivity lines containing continuous polymerizers, extractors, NE and S-20-type driers, MF-600-KSh24 extrusion-type spinning machines, KV-180-KM d raw-twiste rs, and equipment for warping, coning, texturing, and rewinding the yarn. At some establishments polyamide textile yarn is already produced on such equipment in accordance with a flow sheet which will be introduced during the period at all establishments producing polyamide textile yarn. The process will be speeded up by forming 8-16 yarns at a time, 245

4 increasing the taking-up speed to m/min, increasing the package weight to 6 kg on the spinning machines and to 3 kg on the textile machines, and increasing the stretching speed on draw twisters to m/min. It is planned to spin fibre directly from the melt on equipment containing apparatus for continuous caprolactam polymerization and vacuum demonomerization of the polyamide melt, SVR--type machines for simultaneous spinning and stretching, and machines for texturing and rewinding the yarn. The process is intended for the production of smooth and textured 6.7 and 10 tex yarns and Is currently used at the Klin Man-Made Fibre Combine on an experimental industrial scale. Its principal advantage is the fact that labor productivity is times higher than with the conventional method [3]. Joint research projects with the institutes of the light industry will have as their aim the modification of textile yarns for the purpose of improving their service properties. The 10th Five-Year Plan will see the launching of industrial-scale production of fancy-section polyamide textile yarn (of the Shelon type) with properties similar to those of silk. Plans are in hand for setting up an experimental production line for a polyamide textile yarn (of the Sheron type) with properties similar to those of wool. Work in the field of the chemical modification of polyamide yarn, the creation of new textile auxiliaries, and improving the quality characteristics of the finished product will continue. The requirements placed by the processing industry on polyamide textile yarn concern a large range of indices depending on the type and purpose of the yarn. There are requirements, however, which are common to all yarn users, among them a sharp reduction in the proportion of external and on-the-package yarn faults (neps, beads, broken filaments, knots, etc.), a 15-20% reduction in the thermal shrinkage of file yarn, an improvement inwinding~quality, and a 10-20% reduction of the winding density. The output of polyester staple fibre and technical and textile yarn must be significantly increased by the end of the Five-Year Plan. The favorable conditions for the production of these materials both in the USSR and elsewhere and the rising demand for polyesters are explained by their useful properties, the abundance of the starting material, and, finally, the significant achievements in the production technique and technology for these fibres and yarns. In 1980 world production of polyesters will reach 4.6 million tons and that of polyamides 3.8 million tons [4]. It is well known that at the Mogilev Man-Made Fibre Combine an experimental industrial line is producing polyester staple fibre by a method based on continuous polymer production from pure terephthalic acid and direct melt spinning. In 1976 this line will become operational on a full industrial basis and its capacity will subsequently be increased. Later, industrial-scale lines will be set up which will have a capacity of 40,000-50,000 tons fibre per annum and will contain esterification or ethoxylation units of a daily capacity of 150 tons and spinning machines and staple fibre ranges which will have productivities of 40 and 80 tons perday, respectively. The first of these lines will be installed at the Mogilev establishment. In order to meet the demand of the national economy of polyester fibre and yarn as soon as possible additional production capacities will be created at existing establishments with equipment purchased abroad. The textile part of the process will be improved by combining the operations of stretching, texturing, and heat-setting on one machine with the result that processing costs will be 36% lower and labor productivity in these operations will increase by a factor of two to two and a half [5]. The production of polyacrylonitrile fibre will be greatly increased in the 10th Five-Year Plan, i.e., to almost double the output for It will account for over 30% of the total output of synthetic fibres. The production of polyacrylonitrile fibre will increase as a result of the reconstruction of existing establishments for the purpose of raising their technical level, and to a certain extent as a result of the creation of new production capacities with equipment purchased from abroad. At all existing production sections the solvent will be purified by extraction, circular spinnerets will be replaced by rectangular types with more holes, the technological cycle will be modified to increase its stability, the process will be accelerated by an increase in the spinning speeds, etc. The design projects for reconstruction contain provisions for the production of modified polyacrylonitrile fibres. In the 10th Five-Year Plan the All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Synthetic Fibres will complete development work on a production line with a capacity of 50 tons/day in the chemical part and 25 tons/ day on the spinning-finishing equipment. The first of these lines may be installed in 1980 at an existing establishment. It will more than double labor productivity and reduce the net cost of the fibre by 20-25%. 246

5 It is well known that the quality of Nitron fibre does not entirely meet the users* requirements. Work planned at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Synthetic Fibres should result in a significant improvement in the quality of this fibre. The problems to be resolved include increasing the filament tenacity by 10-20~c and the loop strength of the staple fibre by the same amount, reducing the variation of the filament from the nominal text by 20-30~o, reducing the shrinkage of the staple fibre and tow by 15-25% for certain users, etc. It will be necessary to devise methods of reducing the unevenness of dyeings on Nitron staple fibre and to increase its hydrophily and reduce its proneness to static charges. All these problems will be resolved and the results introduced on an industriaiscale during the period The raw materials position for polyolefin fibres is favorable and the 10th Five-Year Plan contains provisions for a significant increase in the production of polyolefin technical yarns, non-woven materials, bulked-tow fibre, and monofilament. Slit-film fibre for cordage and packaging material, for the base of carpets, etc. will be produced on an industrial scale. Special emphasis will be laid on developing the use of polyolefin fibres and nonwovens for technical purposes. New production sections will operate with equipment designed for polyamide and polyester fibres. Polyvinyl chloride fibre possesses useful properties, e.g., high chemical resistance, good heat insulation properties, nonflammability, etc., which render this fibre suitable forproducts like felt for various purposes, surgical linen, fabrics for filtering corrosive media, etc., while in mixtures with wool or cotton it can be used for the manufacture of artificial fur. Production of polyvinyl chloride staple fibre will be launched in the 10th Five-Year Plan on an industrial scale. Low-weight carpet tow of polyamides, polypropylene, and other polymers is now a very promising material for carpet manufacture. The technological process of carpet tow production is already highly cost-effective owing to the high text of the tow, the small number of technological operations, and the fact that several stages have been shown that the flow sheet for the production of the tow can be made more efficient by combining all technological operations in one machine. The output rate can be increased in that case to m/min depending on the type of tow and polymer. The tow can be spun directly from the melt thus bypassing the granulate stage, on continuous-process equipment of a capacity of up to 20 tons/day. Equipment of this type will be developed in the 10th Five-Year Plan and will produce tow not only at lower cost but also at higher labor productivity. Nonwoven materials form the most rapidly growing branch of synthetic fibre production. The aerodynamic method of producing nonwovens from melts of polyolefins and polyamides directly in the spinning process is used extensively in the Soviet Union. In this method the melt jet extruded from the spinneret is drawn to fibre in a specialblowerby a gas flow which at the same time conveys the fibre to a taking-up device on which the nonwoven sheet is formed. The method was first used during the Ninth Five-Year Plan for producing air filte rs for automobile engines, material for filtering water out of crude oil, various kinds of separation material, floor covering for the construction industry, etc. In the 10th Five-Year Plan a method will be developed for producing nonwovens from medium-orientation or high-orientation fibres on an industrial scale for household goods like napkins, bed linen, throwaway towels, heat- insulating lining material for garments, the base of artificiai fur, upholstery fabric s, etc. Additives can be used in the production process for nonwovens for the purpose of altering its properties like hydrophily, proneness to static charges, combustibility, elasticity, heat resistance, etc. Textile auxiliary substances produce a marked effect on the quality and processability of synthetic fibres. The All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Synthetic Fibres plans to develop efficient spinning preparations, lubricants, antistatics, and size compositions the use of which during the spinning and processing of synthetic fibres and yarns will result in a significantly lower level of static electricity on the product and in higher product quality. The main aim will be to produce good-quality auxiliaries from Soviet raw materials. Industrial-scale tests are being carried out with preparations Sintoks-3 for twistless polyamide textile yarn and Sintoks-12 for polyamide and polyester technical and textured textile yarns, size compositions VPSh-2N and VPSh-2M for mixed yarns and twistless polyamide filament yarn, and antistatic preparations 247

6 polyester and polyacrylonitrile fibres. Starting in 1977 these preparations will come into widespread use at producing establishments. The protection of the environment forms an important aspect of the new and improved existing processes and equipment developed at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Synthetic Fibres. In joint programs with specialist organizations the Institute is conducting comprehensive research on the problem of rendering synthetic fibre production less noxious in terms of effluent treatment, designing water recycling systems, purifying ventilation emissions, neutralizing waste products by thermal methods, purifying solvents and monomers, finding new types of heat carriers, and determining the maximum safe airborne concentrations of textile auxiliaries and organic substances. Good results have been achieved in the control of static electricity in apparatus and pipelines. These developments will be translated into practice largely during period Plants engaged in the production of mass-market fibre types will be equipped with efficient scrubbing systems for ventilation emissions. At the Kustanai plant, for example, equipment of a capacity of 35,000 nma/h for recovering dimethylformamide from the ventilation emission will be installed during Scrubbing equipment of a capacity of 25,000 nm3/h will be designed during the 10th Five-Year Plan and will sharply reduce the noxious substances being emitted into the atmosphere by the local and general ventilation systems of fibreproducing establishments. The present scale of synthetic fibre production brings to the fore not only the economic significance but also the hygienic aspects of the problem of regenerating monomers and solvents. The period will see the development of new methods of processing waste products to monomers for subsequent synthesis to fibre-forming polymers, and of methods of processing fibrous waste to finished products on textile equipment, or to secondary granulate. Cost effectiveness analyses carried out at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Synthetic Fibres have shown that at present prices for waste it costs more to recover monomers from solid and fibrous waste than to produce them at chemical plants. A large proportion of the waste is, therefore, sold as such without further treatment by the fibre plant or processed to secondary products, e.g., fibre, bristle, secondary granulate, mass-market products, etc. Since the recovery of low-cost monomers from waste offers no economic advantages it is intended to construct large-scale equipment for the chemical processing of all kinds of waste products from the productionofpolycaproamide fibres, equipment for purifying caprolactam-oligomer concentrate, and equipment of the APOT type for processing solid and fibrous waste to secondary granulate. The Institute has devised an efficient method of processing waste to e-aminocaproic acid which will significantly increase the productivityofpolymerizationapparatus. Existing plant for the recovery of caprolactam from waste products will also be modernized during the 10th Five-Year Plan. The manufacture of synthetic fibres will therefore grow in the 10th Five-Year Plan ata faster rate than that of any other product of the chemical industry. The structure of the production of synthetic fibres will undergo certain changes as a result of a redistribution of the planned output volumes of the individual types of fibres and yarns and of the development of new products, but Capron, Lavsan, and Nitron fibres will continue to account for the bulk of synthetic fibres in production. The requirements of the processing industries in terms of improved fibre quality must be met during the period by an intensified effort in the field of modifying the fibres and yarns currently in mass production. It will be necessary to institute scientific research and organize Industrial-scale experimental projects with a view to extending the range of products and improving their quality. Larger output volumes must be achieved to a significant extent by intensifying the production effort of existing establishments and constructing new plants. To increase the efficiency and productivity of labor it will be necessary to raise the technical level of the production cycle, to automate production processes, to mechanize labor-intensive manual work, more particularly in ancillary operations, and to improve the organization of the work LITERATURE CITED L. S. Tverskaya, Khim. Prom. Robezhom, No. 3, 18 (1974). R. K. Baranova et al., Khim. Volokna, No. 5, (1974). 248

7 L. S. Demenko et al., Khim. Volokna, No. 5, (1974). BIKI, July 10 (1971). V. S. Evsyukov et al., Khim. Volokna, No (1975). TECHNICAL PROGRESS IN THE CELLULOSIC INDUSTRY IN THE 10TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN FIBRE I. G. Shimko UDC677.46:008 The Soviet Union is the world's largest producer of cellulosic fibres. In spite of the more rapid growth of synthetics production, cellulosic fibres accounted for about 62% of the total output of man-made fibres in the USSR in Owing to their useful physiological properties cellulosic fibres are used extensively for the manufacture of mass-market products, mainly woven and knitted fabrics. Technical viscose rayon is an important starting material for the tire industry and is also used in other branches of engineering. During the NinthFive-Year Plan the production of cellulosic fibres increased by 132,000 tons or by nearly 3070, the bulk of the increase being for textile filament yarn and staple fibre. About 60% of the total increase in the production of cellulosic fibres came from newly organized production sections for rayon staple fibre and textile rayon and acetate yarns. The higher output of cellulosic fibres was accompanied by an increase in their range and quality. For example, 1570 of all viscose rayon, 11% of acetate yarn, and 17~o of triacetate yarn is now produced in masscolored form. The production of bulked yarns has greatly increased the range of acetate and triacetate yarns. One fifth of the output of acetate and triacetate yarns is shipped to users in the form of warp. Production of continuous-spun textile viscose rayon is increasing. The tex of viscose rayon continues to decrease. Several products of cellulosic fibre establishments have been awarded the State Label of Quality, viz., the rayon staple of the Barnaul Man-Made Fibre Combine, the bulked and the warp-beamed triacetate yarn of the Kaunas Plant, and the viscose rayon tow for hay-baling of the Kamensk Plant. The production of cellulosic fibres is planned to increase further in the 10th Five-Year Plan, the main reason being the useful properties, especially the physiological ones, of these fibres and of the mass-market articles produced from them. An increase in the output of cellulosic fibres will not only help to overcome the shortage of hygroscopic fibres but will also result in substantial savings of material and labor resources. The fact that the USSR possesses a huge self-renewing source of the starting material is a further factor favoring an increase in the production of cellulosic fibres. In spite of the planned increase in the growth rate of synthetic fibre production the requirements of the engineering industries, primarily tire manufacture, for synthetic fibres will not be met in full in the 10th Five- Year Plan. For this reason and also because of the specific useful properties of viscose rayon cord some of the production capacities for rayon cord will be retained. The increase in output will be highest for rayon staple for household products. The production of cellulosic textile yarns, the demand for which by the knitting and silk-weaving industries is increasing every year, will be increased by increasing the output of continuous-spun textile viscose rayon, by introducing higher spinning speeds in centrifugal spinning while reducing the rex of the rayon at the same time, and by increasing the spinning speed for acetate yarn and improving the quality of the yarn. Centrifugal spinning will remain the principal method of textile rayon production during the 10th Five- Year Plan. The continuous method will be used only at the Cherkassy Plant. The introduction of the PNSh-100-I machine will be combined withwork on a number of associated problems, among them an increase in the package weight, sizing, air-interweaving of the filaments, etc. Towards Translated from Khimicheskie Volokaa, No. 3, pp. 8-12, May-June, This material is protected b)' copyright registered in the name of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, Ncw York, A'. Y I. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in ~ retrie~,al system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, met hanical, photocopying, I [microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written pernlissioll of the publisher. A copy of this artk'le is available from the publisher for $ J 249