Ancient Glass Research along the Silk Road Downloaded from by on 03/31/18. For personal use only.

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3 Editor-in-Chief Gan Fuxi Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fudan University, Co-editors Robert Brill The Corning Museum of Glass, USA Tian Shouyun Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mechanics,

4 Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite , Hackensack, NJ UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ANCIENT GLASS RESEARCH ALONG THE SILK ROAD Copyright 2009 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN ISBN Typeset by Stallion Press enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore.

5 Preface Glass, as one of the important artificial materials and a major vehicle for East West cultural and technical exchange, has played a great role in the course of human civilization. Its origin and evolution attract the attention of archeologists and glass scientists worldwide. The research on ancient Chinese glasses in started in the middle of the last century. During the past 50 years, glass artifacts have been discovered frequently in excavated ancient tombs and ruins dating from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, providing us with very important evidence and material for further study of ancient Chinese glasses. Chinese art historians and archeologists have systematically summarized the unearthed ancient Chinese glass artifacts and studied their excavation, historical background, shaping and emblazonry art, glass character, etc., and Chinese glass scientists have also become involved in the scientific research on unearthed ancient glass samples, not only through chemical composition analyses but also through technological studies, glass weathering and conservation, etc. Since the 1980s, several symposia have been held in on the origin, technological provenances, and development of ancient Chinese glass, and many scientists and experts in glass archeology, both from home and abroad, have attended the symposia, which have made contributions to the ancient Chinese glass research in a worldwide context. Many more ancient glasses were unearthed in the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys, and these glasses have been studied v

6 vi Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road in greater detail. Many ancient glasses were unearthed in the south and southwest of, as well as in the north and northwest. They are closely correlated with the ancient glass exchange between and foreign countries along the Northwest, the Southwest and the Maritime Silk Road. These glasses had previously not been studied much, and in recent years we have emphasized research on them. The Symposium on Ancient Glasses in Southern was held in Nanning, Guangxi, on December After the symposium more than 70 ancient glass artifacts and samples, provided by the museums and institutes of cultural relics and archeology in the south and southwest of were measured and analyzed by the nondestructive analytical method in Shanghai. The proceedings of this symposium, entitled Study on Ancient Glasses in Southern, was published by Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers in For the same purpose, the Symposium on Ancient Glasses in Northern was held in Urumchi, Xinjiang, from 29 August to 6 September This symposium was supported by the Basic Research Division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Cultural Heritage Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and organized by the Special Glass Technical Committee, the Chinese Ceramic Society, the Xinjiang Turfanology Research Society and other related institutions. Art historians, archeologists and experts in the natural sciences from the following institutions attended the symposium and gave their presentations and research reports on the ancient glass artifacts excavated in the north and northwest of : the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, the Museum of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Cultural Heritage Bureau of Turfan, the Guyuan District Museum of Ningxia, the Ningxia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, the Qinghai Institute of Culture Relics and Archeology, the Liaoning Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, the Inner Mongolia Museum, the Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (CAS), the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics (CAS), Fudan University and Beijing University of Science and Technology. The discussion of the spread of ancient

7 Preface vii glass and its distribution along the Northern (Desert) Silk Road and cultural exchange between the East and the West proceeded actively. The symposium has further promoted the collaborative research on the ancient glass in the north of. The Silk Road is a name given to a group of cultural, political and technological exchange routes linking up the East and the West. It played a significant role in ancient times. Zhangqian s travels to the Western Regions were a magnificent undertaking that influenced the East West exchange at that time, but long before his travels westward there had been primitive trade roads in the Euro- Asian region. Conservatively, it can be estimated that this occurred in the 10th century BC, between the Shang and the Zhou Dynasty in. After Zhangqian s travels, new transportation routes were explored between and the outside world. was the center of the Silk Road in Asia, but not the terminal. The Silk Road was extended from to the Korean Peninsula, Japan and Southeast Asia. A few years ago, UNESCO identified four main routes of the Silk Road: (1) the Northern (Steppe) Route, (2) the Northwestern (Oasis) Route, (3) the Southern Maritime Route and (4) the Southwestern (Buddhist) Route. Under the auspices of the Chinese Ceramic Society and the Technical Committee of Archaeology of Glass, the International Commission of Glass (TC-17, ICG), the Shanghai International Workshop on Archeology of Glass was held on 12 April 2005, in conjunction with the 2005 Shanghai International Symposium on Glass. The topic of the workshop was Ancient Glass Along the Silk Road. The purpose of this symposium was to bring together the archeologists, art historians and natural scientists interested in glasses found along the Silk Road, to learn from each other, to exchange ideas, and to plan for collaboration in the future. The participants in the workshop came from the Corning Museum of Glass (USA), the Pusan Museum (Korea), the National Academy of Arts of Uzbekistan, the Institute of Archeology, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, the Shanxi Institute of Archeology, the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics (CAS), the Shanghai Institute of Optics and

8 viii Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road Fine Mechanics (CAS), Shanghai University, Fudan University and Beijing University of Science and Technology. Scientific papers and reports were also submitted by the National Institute of Cultural Property, the Hepu Museum of Guangxi, the Guizhou Provincial Museum, the Inner Mongolia Museum, the Sichuan University Museum, etc. At this fruitful workshop, scientific materials and research results concerning the excavation background, historical profile, shaping art, outside character and chemical composition of ancient glass samples along the Northern (Oasis) Silk Road and Southern Maritime Silk Road were reported. A book containing the proceedings of both of the meetings mentioned above was published in Chinese by the Fudan University Press in June It reflects the newest research results on ancient glasses in Asia along the Silk Road. I am very grateful to World Scientific for publishing the English edition of the above-mentioned book. To have more readers understanding the ancient glass research, an English version is necessary. So I invited Dr R. H. Brill of the Corning Museum of Glass to serve as a coeditor of this book to help me. I thank him for his active response and valuable support, which enhanced my confidence in accomplishing this work. Based largely on the Chinese edition, I have made an effort to add some new advances to the contents and to provide as much information as possible in this book. In addition, six papers presented at the 2004 International Congress of Glass (held in Kyoto), which have not been published before, are included in this book. All these make the English edition more substantial and up to date. Acknowledgment is made to the authors of this book for their contribution of papers and color photographs of unearthed glass artifacts. More than 80 color photos of ancient glass artifacts are shown in this book for the reader s reference and appreciation. Thanks are due to my colleagues at the Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics for their assistance and cooperation, especially to Prof. Tian Shouyun, who served as a coeditor, checking and editing all the manuscripts, and to Prof. Gu Donghong, and also Mrs Zhao Hongxia, who took part in the work of organization,

9 Preface ix communication and computer processing. Without their patient efforts it would have been impossible to publish this book. Finally, I wish to express the memory of my wife, Prof. Deng Peizhen, a materials scientist, who accompanied me for nearly 50 years and gave me full support in every respect. The editing and publication of this book were also supported under the Research Grant of the National Natural Science Foundation of, and the Intellectual Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Gan Fuxi Shanghai, December 2007

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11 Preface List of Contributors Contents 1. Origin and Evolution of Ancient Chinese Glass 1 Gan Fuxi 2. The Silk Road and Ancient Chinese Glass 41 Gan Fuxi 3. Opening Remarks and Setting the Stage: Lecture 109 at the 2005 Shanghai International Workshop on the Archaeology of Glass Along the Silk Road Robert H. Brill 4. The Second Kazuo Yamasaki TC-17 Lecture on Asian 149 Glass: Recent Lead-Isotope Analyses of Some Asian Glasses with Remarks on Strontium-Isotope Analyses Robert H. Brill and Hiroshi Shirahata v xv 5. Glass and Bead Trade on the Asian Sea 165 Insook Lee 6. Characteristics of Early Glasses in Ancient Korea 183 with Respect to Asia s Maritime Bead Trade Insook Lee xi

12 xii Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road 7. Ancient Lead-Silicate Glasses and Glazes 191 of Central Asia Abdugani A. Abdurazakov 8. Central Asian Glassmaking During the Ancient 201 and Medieval Periods Abdugani A. Abdurazakov 9. Scientific Study of the Glass Objects Found in Japan 221 from the Third Century BC to the Third Century AD Takayasu Koezuka and Kazuo Yamasaki 10. Chemical Analysis of the Glass Vessel in Toshodaiji 231 Temple Designated a National Treasure Through a Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer Where Did the Glass Vessel Come From? Akiko Hokura, Takashi Sawada, Izumi Nakai, Yoko Shindo and Takashi Taniichi 11. On the Glass Origins in Ancient 243 from the Relationship Between Glassmaking and Metallurgy Qian Wei 12. The Inspiration of the Silk Road for Chinese 265 Glass Art Lu Chi 13. Faience Beads of the Western Zhou Dynasty 275 Excavated in Gansu Province, : A Technical Study Zhang Zhiguo and Ma Qinglin 14. Scientific Research on Glass Fragments 291 of the 6th Century AD in Guyuan County, Ningxia, Song Yan and Ma Qinglin

13 Contents xiii 15. Glass Artifacts Unearthed from the Tombs 299 at the Zhagunluke and Sampula Cemeteries in Xinjiang Wang Bo and Lu Lipeng 16. Chemical Composition Analyses of Early 331 Glasses of Different Historical Periods Found in Xinjiang, Li Qinghui, Gan Fuxi, Zhang Ping, Cheng Huansheng and Xu Yongchun 17. Glass Materials Excavated from the Kiln Site 359 of Tricolor Glazed Pottery at Liquanfang in Chang An City of the Tang Dynasty Jiang Jie 18. Ancient Glass in the Grassland of Inner Mongolia 367 Huang Xueyin 19. Glasses of the Northern Wei Dynasty Found 379 at Datong An Jiayao 20. Glass Vessels of the Tang Dynasty and the Five 387 Dynasties Found in Guangzhou An Jiayao 21. PIXE Study on the Ancient Glasses of the Han 397 Dynasty Unearthed in Hepu County, Guangxi Li Qinghui, Wang Weizhao, Xiong Zhaoming, Gan Fuxi and Cheng Huansheng 22. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Some 413 Ancient Glasses Unearthed in Southern and Southwestern Fu Xiufeng and Gan Fuxi

14 xiv Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road 23. Study of the Ancient Glasses Found in Chongqing 439 Ma Bo, Feng Xiaoni, Gao Menghe, Gan Fuxi and Shen Shifang 24. Study of the Earliest Eye beads in Unearthed 457 from the Xu Jialing Tomb in Xichuan of Henan Province Gan Fuxi, Cheng Huansheng, Hu Yongqing, Ma Bo and Gu Donghong Biographies 471 Index 473

15 List of Contributors Abdugani A. Abdurazakov National Institute of Arts and Design Named After K. Bekhzod St. Academic Rajabiy 77, Tashkent Uzbekistan An Jiayao The Institute of Archeology Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing Robert H. Brill The Corning Museum of Glass Corning New York USA Cheng Huansheng Institute of Modern Physics Fudan University Shanghai xv

16 xvi Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road Feng Xiaoni Department of the Museum Fudan University Shanghai Fu Xiufeng Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Gan Fuxi Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai ; Fudan University Shanghai Gao Menghe Department of the Museum Fudan University Shanghai Gu Donghong Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Akiko Hokura Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku Tokyo Japan

17 List of Contributors xvii Hu Yongqing Henan Research Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Zhengzhou Huang Xueyin The Capital Museum Beijing Jiang Jie Famen Temple Museum Shaanxi Takayasu Koezuka Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Nara Japan Insook Lee Busan Museum Korea 210 UN Street Nam-gu Busan Korea Li Qinghui Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai

18 xviii Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road Lu Chi Shanghai Institute of Visual Art Fudan University Shanghai Lu Lipeng Archeology Team Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum Urumchi Ma Bo School of Information Science and Engineering Fudan University Shanghai Ma Qinglin National Institute of Cultural Property Beijing Izumi Nakai Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku Tokyo Japan Qian Wei Institute of Historical Metallurgy and Materials University of Science and Technology Beijing

19 List of Contributors xix Takashi Sawada Department of Applied Chemistry Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku Tokyo Japan Shen Shifang Chongqing Museum Chongqing Yoko Shindo Section of Islamic Archeology and Culture The Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan Suginami Tokyo Japan Hiroshi Shirahata Muroran Institute of Technology Muroran 050 Japan Song Yan National Institute of Cultural Property Beijing Takashi Taniichi Okayama Orient Museum 9-31 Tenjin-cho Okayama Japan

20 xx Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road Wang Bo Archeology Team Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum Urumchi Wang Weizhao Hepu County Museum Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Hepu Xiong Zhaoming Archaeological Team Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Nanning Xu Yongchun Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Kazuo Yamasaki Professor Emeritus Nagoya University Nagoya Japan Zhang Ping Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology Urumchi Zhang Zhiguo National Institute of Cultural Property Beijing