Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology

Transcription

1 W. W. Norton & Company Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition by Clark Spencer Larsen

2 Chapter 11 Clark Spencer Larsen Our Origins DISCOVERING PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY C. Milner-Rose Chapter 11 The Origins and Evolution of Early Homo 2011 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

3 Transition to Genus Homo Hominid Evolution has 2 Phases Apeman in Stage 1 1. PreAustalopithecines 2. Australopithecines Genus Homo in Stage 2 1. Early Homo TRANSITION 2. Homo

4 Hominid Fossils

5 Homo habilis transitional, early Homo The Path to Humanness: Bigger Brains, Tool Use, and Adaptive Flexibility First discovered by Louis Leakey at Olduvai Gorge Change took place mya Found in Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa

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7 Figure 11.4c Homo Habilis-KNM-ER 1813

8 Homo habilis, early homo Homo habilis and Australopithecus: Similar in Body Plan Immediate ancestor unconfirmed Tim White suggests Aust. garhi Lee Berger suggests Aust. sediba Bigger brain, smaller chewing complex Body plan similar to that of australopithecines, shorter legs, barrel chests (large rib cage)

9 Figure 11.5b Homo Habilis

10 Figure 11.5a Homo Habilis

11 Figure 11.4a Homo Habilis-OH 24

12 Figure 11.4b Homo Habilis-OH 7

13 Homo habilis, early homo Homo habilis s Adaptation: Intelligence and Tool Use Become Important Anatomical evidence from the hand bones suggests precision grip. Tools becoming fundamental to survival, unlike for australopithecines

14 Homo habilis, early homo Habitat Changes and Increasing Adaptive Flexibility Spread of warm season grasses and increasing habitat diversity. Skull and tooth morphology suggest dietary variability in Homo habilis. Stone tools important for obtaining food resources as well as for processing foods.

15 Homo erectus Evolution of Homo erectus Increase in body size with lengthening of legs and brain size is one main difference between H. erectus and H. habilis. The increase took place rapidly, perhaps in as little time as mya. Climate change and its impact on the food supply may be one reason for the change. Most significant impact was likely increased access to animal food sources (protein) from cooperative hunting, better stone tools, and arguably (Wrangham), fire to cook it.

16 Homo erectus First discovered by Eugène Dubois in Java Fossils date from mya Homo erectus in Africa African fossils dated to mya

17 Figure 11.1 Eugène Dubois

18 Figure 11.2 Dutch East Indies

19 Figure 11.3c Java Man-The Location of his Excavations Along the Solo River

20 Figure 11.3a Java Man-A Cranium

21 Figure 11.3b Java Man-A Nearly Complete Femur

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23 Homo erectus Homo erectus in Africa Nariokotome skeleton An 80% complete skeleton Short arms, long legs Likely a young male Would have stood 6 feet tall in adulthood Cranial capacity over 900 cc

24 Figure 11.8 Nariokotome

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26 Figure 11.7 Australopithecus Boisei vs. Homo Erectus

27 Figure 11.9 Nariokotome Skull

28 Figure Olduvai Cranium

29 Figure 11.10a Exposed Surface Showing Numerous Animal and Hominid Footprints

30 Figure 11.10b Site Drawing Showing just the Hominid Footprints

31 Homo erectus Homo erectus in Africa Footprints discovered at Ileret and dated to 1.5 mya provide evidence of fully modern walking Bodo skull Stone tool marks on the left cheek, eye orbit, and nasal bones Funerary ritual or cannibalism?

32 Figure Bodo Cranium

33 Figure Ritual Defleshing?

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35 Figure Daka Partial Cranium

36 Figure 11.13a One Million Years Ago: The Daka Landscape of the Middle Awash, Ethiopia

37 Figure 11.13b One Million Years Ago: The Daka Landscape of the Middle Awash, Ethiopia

38 Homo erectus Homo erectus in Asia Fossils dated to 1.8 mya 0.3 mya Early Homo evidence outside of Africa found in Dmanisi, Georgia dated to 1.7 mya is transitional to H. erectus Resemblance to East African Homo habilis, 700 cc brain and short legs H. erectus found in Indonesia, Sangiran, and China, indicating a rapid spread through Asia and later, Europe

39 Figure First Migration

40 Figure 11.6 Homo Erectus Sites

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42 Figure Dmanisi

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44 Figure Sangiran Homo Erectus

45 Figure Peking Man

46 Chapter Opener

47 Figure Zhoukoudian

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49 Homo erectus Fire: Expanding the Human World Zhoukoudian cave site in China Dated to 600, ,000 ybp Evidence for controlled fire usage Burned stone tools, plants, charcoal, etc. Fire acted as an agent to ease chewing and initial digestion. Some argue that this increased the energy available to early humans.

50 Figure Cave at Zhoukoudian

51 Homo erectus Homo erectus in Europe Fossils dated to 1,200, ,000 ybp Earliest evidence is from Sierra de Atapuerca site of Sima del Elefant Partial human mandible and teeth Animal bones showing cut marks

52 Figure 11.22b Gran Dolina

53 Figure Atapuerca 3

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55 Homo erectus Homo erectus in Europe Other early evidence from Gran Dolina, dated to 800,000 ybp: Stone tools, animal remains, hominid fossils Stone-tool cut marks on animal and hominid fossils

56 Figure 11.24a The Cutmarks on this Bone were Made by Stone Tools

57 Figure 11.22a Gran Dolina

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61 Homo erectus Evolution of Homo erectus Stone tools not limited to genus Homo: dating of stone tools at 2.6mya indicates australopithecines may have been able to butcher animals earlier, Aust. garhi Tool manufacture and the development of social structures to facilitate group cooperation in hunting were critical. Acheulian tools are more refined than the earlier Oldowan tools, 2.6mya Acheulian tool complex is represented by a variety of tools and tool materials, 1.5 mya

62 Figure 11.25a Olorgesailie-The Acheulian Site in Kenya

63 Figure 11.25b Olorgesailie-The Stone Tools

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65 Figure Butchering

66 These Side and Frontal Views of the Human Pelvis Show the Planes through which the Infant Passes

67 In Human Birth, Assistance Generally is Needed to Help Ease the Infant s Large Head out of the Birth Canal

68 Living Primates

69 Homo erectus Patterns of Evolution African fossils are the most robust and are similar to Dmanisi forms. Earlier H. erectus forms have smaller brains and shorter legs than those dated later. Cranial capacity ranges from 650 cc to 1200 cc. Skull robusticity declined.

70 Homo erectus Patterns of Evolution Reliance on the use of tools changed structure of faces and jaws as a result of food processing. Changes in social structure and dispersal patterns, and increasing reliance on culture for survival

71 Chapter 11: Clicker Questions Homo habilis differs from earlier australopithecines because a) it had a large chewing complex. b) it could walk on two legs. c) it had a larger brain. d) All of the above

72 Chapter 11: Clicker Questions Evidence for the first hominid species to disperse from Africa, where it originated, was a) A. anamensis. b) A. afarensis. c) H. habilis. d) early H. erectus.

73 Chapter 11: Clicker Questions H. erectus s change in limb proportions, to a body with short arms and long legs, indicates a) retention of climbing and brachiating abilities. b) fully modern bipedal locomotion. c) a life spent in the trees. d) quadrupedal walking.

74 Chapter 11: Clicker Questions The rapid spread of H. erectus out of Africa can be attributed in part to a) material culture and tool use. b) environmental degradation in Africa. c) language capabilities. d) All of the above

75 Chapter 11: Clicker Questions The main reason that H. erectus increased in stature and body size over H. habilis is a) lack of disease. b) access to animal protein & cooked food. c) need to see over tall grasses. d) All of the above

76 Chapter 11: Clicker Questions If you wanted to know what the landscape was like when Homo erectus walked Earth a million years ago, you might try to find evidence by studying a) the fossilized bones of contemporaneous local animals. b) microorganisms from the ocean floor. c) the plants available for Homo erectus to consume. d) All of the above

77 Art Presentation Slides Chapter 11

78 Dental Development Occurs from the Crown to the Root

79 Visible under magnification, each Horizontal Line on this Australopithecine Tooth is a Growth Increment Representing Eight Nine Days

80 Figure 11.24b Animal Tooth Marks and Cutmarks are Visible on the Shaft of this Antelope Humerus

81 Our Origins StudySpace Quizzes Ebook Links Outlines FlashCards Google Earth AnthroTours

82 W. W. Norton & Company Independent and Employee Owned This concludes the slide set for Chapter 11 Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology Second Edition by Clark Spencer Larsen