Magalousis 2014 Kurzweil Assignment for Ch. 2: The Evolution of Humanity and Culture Name

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1 Magalousis 2014 Kurzweil Assignment for Ch. 2: The Evolution of Humanity and Culture Name Chapter attack tip: Before you start filling out the table below, scan this chapter rapidly, noticing how different font sizes indicate the major headings followed by supporting information. Because this chapter covers human evolution over millions of years, you need an organized plan from the beginning so that you can create a simple but effective way to keep all this information under your control. Using the larger vs. smaller fonts as guides can help you greatly in this regard, as you will see. Also, notice on p. 28 that the author s outline for the chapter has 3 main components, and there are big questions at the bottom of the page. When you read each section, keep these questions in mind. You ll do a better job of finding the important details and will remember more of what you read. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION (p. 30): Europe mid-1800s Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace independently described, which states that organisms which adapt to reproduce (=survive) better than those which do not adapt so well. Evolution =inherited changes that occur in a population over time., and offer evidence that humans existed long before the Christian Day of Creation (approx BCE). Over millions of years, human anatomy has evolved from to. CREATIONISM = all species on earth, including humans, have had since the Day of Creation, based on literal interpretation of the Bible. This chapter accepts the science behind human evolution. 1

2 What do living nonhuman primates tell us about human culture? Humans are considered primates because of evidence in these areas: MORPHOLOGY ENVIRONMENT DIET OTHER USEFUL DETAILS Flat faces, smaller noses Arboreal: Frugivores: Nonhuman Primates in general Depend on vision to deal with environment and social interactions 5 digits on hands & feet Quadrupedal: Folivores: Opposable thumbs Diurnal: Insectivores: Can grasp w/ hands & feet Large brains relative to body size Sociality = Gummivores: WHAT DOES MORPHOLOGY MEAN? Fission-fusion = Omnivores: WHAT DOES FORAGING MEAN? Communication 2

3 The Great Apes MORPHOLOGY ENVIRONMENT DIET OTHER USEFUL DETAILS No tails Large brain relative to body Brachiation (arboreal travel) Frugivores, but also eat termites, leaves Orangutans Sexual dimorphism body size (M = 2x F weight) the sole Asian ape Borneo & Sumatra sub-saharan Africa Gorillas sub-saharan Africa Chimpanzees & bonobos 3

4 Nonhuman Primate Culture EVIDENCE OF CULTURE 1950s Japan macaques: What is culture? Tools used Sleeping nests Beyond watching to learn behaviors, young primates have also shown invention Anthropology works: Primatologist Birute Galdikas SUMMARY: All these examples indicate that the earliest human ancestors developed culture as a way to 4

5 What role did culture play during hominin evolution? EARLY HOMININS EARLIEST SPECIES A. B. AUSTRALOPITHECINES DATE, LOCATION, MORPHOLOGY OTHER USEFUL DETAILS: DIET, TOOLS, etc. ARCHAIC HOMO A. B. What is the difference between the Oldowan and Acheulian traditions of tool making? ARCHAIC HOMO ERECTUS LEAVES AFRICA! C. NEANDERTHALS What is the Mousterian tradition, and how does it differ from the Acheulian? 5

6 MODERN HUMANS Do we know which archaic Homo species led to modern humans? Why do we believe that modern humans have African origins? UPPER PALEOLITHIC Old World CRO-MAGNON people NEW WORLD Clovis NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION & EMERGENCE OF CITIES and STATES Permanent settlements (sedentism) Domestication plants & animals NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION CITIES and STATES DATE, LOCATION, MORPHOLOGY OTHER USEFUL DETAILS: DIET, TOOLS, ART, etc. What is the Clovis tradition? How has modern human culture changed in the past 12,000 years? 6