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1 COMUNICAÇÃO TÉCNICA Nº Nanotechnology applied to structural health monitoring in composites Daniel de Almeida Pereira Palestra apresentada no SIMPÓSIO SAE BRASIL DE NOVOS MATERIAIS E APLICAÇÕES NA MOBILIDADE, 10., 2017, São Paulo. A série Comunicação Técnica compreende trabalhos elaborados por técnicos do IPT, apresentados em eventos, publicados em revistas especializadas ou quando seu conteúdo apresentar relevância pública. Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo S/A - IPT Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, 532 Cidade Universitária ou Caixa Postal 0141 CEP São Paulo SP Brasil CEP Tel /4000 Fax

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3 Nanotechnology applied to structural health monitoring in composites Eng. MSc. Daniel de Almeida Pereira

4 Laboratório de Estruturas Leves (LEL)

5 Where? At the Technology Park of São José dos Campos Rio de Janeiro São Paulo IPT

6 Layout

7 Infrastructure

8 Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) peripheral nerve Numerous fascicles of skeletal muscle (Ref.1) Cross-section of an optical fibre (Ref. 2) System classification for damage-identification proposed by Rytter (1993). Level 1: Detection of the damage existence Level 2: Geometric location of the damage Level 3: Quantificate of the severity of the damage Level 4: Prediction of the remaining service life of the structure

9 Composites

10 Smart Structures Multifunctional composites Structures that simultaneously perform (Ref. 5): Multiple structural functions Ref. 4 High Strength High Stiffness High Damping Combined nonstructural and structural functions Sensing and actuation Morphing capability Self- healing Energy harvesting / storage

11 Smart Structures Safety Active Functions Vibration Reduction Noise Reduction Morphing Structures Passive Functions Passive Functions Multi- Functional Design Active Functions Material Stiffness Internal Damping Heat Transfer Capability Sensoric Function Electrical Energy Storage Sensoric Functions Ref. 6 Load monitoring Damage detection Perfomance monitoring Self diagnosis

12 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) yarn Ref. 7 Ref. 8 Ref. 9 Ref. 9 Ref. 9

13 SHM using CNT yarn Objectives Stress- strain sensing Dynamic load sensing Damage monitoring Adhesive bonding monitoring Manufacturing process monitoring (a) Optical image polyurethane-coated CNT into a unidirectional carbon prepreg before curing. (b) Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) stitched into a carbon weave ply before matrix impregnation. (c) Optical image of a cured 6-ply weave glass/epoxy. Abot, Jandro L., et al. "Delamination detection with carbon nanotube thread in self-sensing composite materials." Composites Science and Technology 70.7 (2010):

14 TRL 0 TRL 1 TRL 2 TRL 3 TRL 4 TRL 5 TRL 6 TRL 7 TRL 8 TRL 9 Project Overview Institute project TRL 6 Increasing the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Near-real Operation Real Operation SHM Structure Robustness/Reliability Sensors and System CNT Sensor Networks TRL 3 TRL 5 TRL 4 Lab CNT Yarn Characterization Integration CNT Yarn Sensors in composites TRL 1 Jandro L. Abod, Ph. D. Associate Professor Domingos A. Rade, Ph. D. Professor

15 Piezoempedance characterization CNT yarns as piezoimpedance-based sensors embedded in composite materials. Z ω = R + j ωl 1 ωc Strain causes Increase in resistance Changes of structure inside nanotubes Changes in lateral overlap and end gaps between nanotubes Slippage of nanotubes Outer shell of nanotubes break R = ρl A

16 Strain Sensing CNT Yarn Sensor Copper wire Silver conductive epoxy Four point bending CNT Yarn Epoxy Wheatstone bridge Strain gauge Abot, Jandro L., et al. "Novel distributed strain sensing in polymeric materials." Smart Materials and Structures 19.8 (2010):

17 Damage monitoring Abot, Jandro L., et al. "Delamination detection with carbon nanotube thread in self-sensing composite materials." Composites Science and Technology 70.7 (2010):

18 Benefits Efficient and effective maintenance procedures with substantially reduced downtime. Saving time to inspect structures which are difficult to access positions or in remote location. Occupation health and safety benefits in accessing structures which are in hazardous locations. Structural health monitoring systems diagnostic and prognostic capabilities can provide the operator of the facility with information as to possible safe further operation. Improved design efficiencies through the availability of continual monitoring.

19 Challenges (Ref. 10) Reliability Durability Prognostic capability Repair Data integration in operating system Remote investigation

20 References [1] (Accessed July 5, 2017). [2] (Accessed July 5, 2017). [3] Rytter, A (1993) Vibrational Based Inspection of Civil Engineering Structures Aalborg, Denmark, University of Aalborg PhD. [4] Gibson, Ronald F. Principles of composite material mechanics. CRC press, [5] (Accessed July 5, 2017). [6] Addapted from Fraunhofer Institute for Strucutral Durability and System Reliability LBF Picture Library. [7] Molecular structure of a carbon nanotube. Image Wikipedia user Muhends, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. [8] Original hochgeladen von Schwarzm am 30. Aug 2004; Selbst gemacht mit C4D/Cartoonrenderer, GNU FDL - German Wikipedia, original upload 29. Dez 2004 by APPER. [9] Lu, Weibang, et al. "State of the art of carbon nanotube fibers: opportunities and challenges." Advanced materials (2012): [10] Lunchtime atop a Skyscraper, New York, Charles C. EBBETS

21 Obrigado! Thank you!