Using forced alignment and HTML5 media syntax to share speech archive data. John Coleman. Phonetics Laboratory, Oxford
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1 Using forced alignment and HTML5 media syntax to share speech archive data John Coleman Phonetics Laboratory, Oxford
2 Outline Approaches to corpus dissemination The Audio British National Corpus Problem 1: Finding stuff Problem 2: Getting stuff Problem 3: Sharing stuff
3 Normal approach to corpus publication An institution or project collects and prepares a corpus.
4 Normal approach to corpus publication An institution or project collects and prepares a corpus. They submit it to a data centre, and/or put it on their own website.
5 Normal approach to corpus publication An institution or project collects and prepares a corpus. They submit it to a data centre, and/or put it on their own website. You log on and download the corpus. Fees and passwords may be required.
6 Normal approach to corpus publication An institution or project collects and prepares a corpus. They submit it to a data centre, and/or put it on their own website. You log on and download the corpus. Fees and passwords may be required. Maybe, the corpus contains (some of) what you're looking for.
7 Normal approach to corpus publication Problems: An institution or project collects and prepares a corpus. They submit it to a data centre, and/or put it on their own website. You log on and download the corpus. Fees and passwords may be required. Maybe, the corpus contains (some of) what you're looking for.
8 Normal approach to corpus publication Problems: An institution or project collects and prepares a corpus. Time and effort; They submit it to a data centre, and/or put it on their own website. other people s rules You log on and download the corpus. Fees and passwords may be required. Maybe, the corpus contains (some of) what you're looking for.
9 Normal approach to corpus publication Problems: An institution or project collects and prepares a corpus. Time and effort; They submit it to a data centre, and/or put it on their own website. other people s rules The whole thing? You log on and download the corpus. Fees and passwords may be required. Maybe, the corpus contains (some of) what you're looking for.
10 Normal approach to corpus publication Problems: An institution or project collects and prepares a corpus. Time and effort; They submit it to a data centre, and/or put it on their own website. other people s rules The whole thing? You log on and download the corpus. Fees and passwords may be required.what a hassle! Maybe, the corpus contains (some of) you're looking for.
11 Normal approach to corpus publication Problems: An institution or project collects and prepares a corpus. Time and effort; They submit it to a data centre, and/or put it on their own website. other people s rules The whole thing? You log on and download the corpus. Fees and passwords may be required.what a hassle! Maybe, the corpus contains (some of) what you're looking for. Or not! What is where?
12 My example: AudioBNC a snapshot of British English in the early 1990s 100 million words in ~4000 different text samples of many kinds, spoken (10%) and written (90%) freely available worldwide under licence since 1998; latest edition is BNC-XML various online portals
13 Spoken part: demographic 124 volunteers: male and females of a wide range of ages and social groupings, living in 38 different locations across the UK conversations recorded by volunteers over 2-3 days permissions obtained after each conversation participants' age, sex, accent, occupation, relationship recorded if possible
14 Spoken texts Demographic part: 4.2 million words Context-governed part: Four broad categories for social context, roughly 1.5 million words in each: Educational and informative events, such as lectures, news broadcasts, oral history Business events such as sales demonstrations, trades union meetings, consultations, interviews Institutional and public events, such as religious sermons, political speeches, council meetings Leisure events, such as sports commentaries, after-dinner speeches, club meetings, radio phone-ins
15 What happened to the audio? All the tapes were transcribed in ordinary English spelling by audio typists Copies of the tapes were given to the National Sound Archive In we had a project with the British Library to digitize all the tapes (~1,400 hrs, 7.5 million words) We anonymized the audio in accordance with the original transcription protocols
16 Problem 1: Finding stuff How does a researcher find audio segments of interest? How do audio corpus providers mark them up to facilitate searching and browsing? How to make very large scale audio collections accessible?
17 What makes oral history and dialect corpora interesting to linguists? Unique and interesting words and expressions Regular differences, e.g. specifics of pronunciation
18 What makes oral history and dialect corpora interesting to linguists? Unique and interesting words and expressions needle in a haystack Regular differences, e.g. specifics of pronunciation many needles in haystacks
19 Searching text is easy...
20 Just listening and waiting, how long till items show up? For the 1st token, listen for [ʒ], the least frequent English phoneme (i.e. to get all English phonemes) 13 minutes twice (1000th most frequent word in the Audio BNC) 14 minutes from the (the most frequent word-pair in our current study) 17 minutes railways (10,000th most frequent word) 26 hours getting paid (the least frequent wordpair occurring >10 times in latest study) 95 hours (4 days)
21 Just listening and waiting, how long till items show up? For the 1st token, listen for For 10 tokens, listen for [ʒ], the least frequent English phoneme (i.e. to get all English phonemes) 13 minutes 5 hours twice (1000th most frequent word in the Audio BNC) 14 minutes 44 hours from the (the most frequent word-pair in our current study) 17 minutes 22 hours railways (10,000th most frequent word) 26 hours 41 days without sleep getting paid (the least frequent wordpair occurring >10 times in latest study) 37 days 95 hours (4 days)
22 Practicalities To be useful, large speech corpora must be indexed at word and segment level We used a forced aligner* to associate each word and segment with their start and end points in the sound files Pronunciation differences between varieties are dealt with by listing multiple phonetic transcriptions in the lexicon, and letting the aligner choose for each word which sequence of models is best * HTK, with HMM topology to match P2FA, with a combination of P2FA American English + our UK English acoustic models
23 Indexing by forced alignment x 21 million
24 Forced alignment is not perfect Overlapping speakers Variable signal loudness Transcription errors Unexpected accents Background noise/music/babble Reverberation, distortion Poor speaker vocal health/voice quality In a pilot, 23% was accurately aligned within 20 ms In a phonetic study, 60% of 549 word-ends were wellaligned within 50 ms and 80% within 100 ms
25 AudioBNC publication We released most of the aligned Audio BNC online: (webpage) and (data) Includes.wav audio, Praat TextGrid alignments, HTML transcriptions, indices of word and sound time-stamps
26 Problem 2: Getting stuff just reading or copying a year (1 TB) of audio takes >1 day download time: days or weeks browsing searching saving linking to stable clips
27 Browsing and searching "GADGET" A-C0897X0143XX-AAZZP0_014307_KC9_28.result "GADGET" A-C0897X103401XX-0100P0-2nd-0200P0_103401_HEM_1.result "GADGET" A-C0897X103401XX-0100P0-2nd-0200P0_103401_HEM_1.result "GADGET" A-C0897X0424XX-AAZZP0_042401_KST_9.result "GADGET" A-C0897X0145XX-AAZZP0_014502_KC9_36.result "GADGETS" A-C0897X0492XX-AAZZP0_049202_KBB_10.result "GADGETS" A-C0897X0458XX-ABZZP0_045807_KDN_47.result "GADGETS" A-C0897X104101XX-0100P0-2nd-0200P0_104101_HEV_1.result "GADGETS" A-C0897X0141XX-ABZZP0_014104_KC9_15.result "GADGETS" A-C0897X0145XX-ABZZP0_014506_KC9_39.result "GADGETS" A-C0897X0424XX-AAZZP0_042401_KST_9.result "GADGETS" A-C0897X0424XX-AAZZP0_042401_KST_9.result "GADGY" A-C0897X097800XX-0100P0_097801_GYS_1.result "GADGY" A-C0897X097800XX-0100P0_097801_GYS_1.result "GADGY" A-C0897X097800XX-0100P0_097801_GYS_1.result "GADGY" A-C0897X097800XX-0100P0_097801_GYS_1.result +7,931,695 more lines
28 Browsing and searching "GADGET" "GADGET" "GADGET" "GADGET" "GADGET" "GADGETS" "GADGETS" "GADGETS" "GADGETS" "GADGETS" "GADGETS" "GADGETS" "GADGY" "GADGY" "GADGY" "GADGY" +7,931,695 more lines
29 W3C media fragments protocol ginormous "GINORMOUS" A-C0897X0093XX-ABZZP0_009304_KBE_18.wav "GINORMOUS" A-C0897X0097XX-ABZZP0_009707_KC5_7.wav "GINORMOUS" A-C0897X0102XX-AAZZP0_010203_KE3_3.wav "GINORMOUS" A-C0897X0103XX-AAZZP0_010305_KE3_19.wav "GINORMOUS" A-C0897X0103XX-AAZZP0_010305_KE3_19.wav start time duration (or t = end time) B side Tape No BL Cat No Server URL bnc.phon.ox.ac.uk/data/021a-c0897x0093xx-abzzp0.wav?t=1870.8&d=0.75
30 Search for media fragments
31 Search for media fragments
32 Unsearchable media fragments It's important to be able to access parts of the audio that aren't indexed, e.g. a sigh untranscribed material
33 Problem 3: Sharing stuff
34 Cloud corpora: federation not collection User interface 1 (e.g. Oxford) User interface 2 (e.g. Lancaster BNCweb) retrieve time stamps database - retrieve time stamps AudioBNC recordings
35 Cloud corpora: federation not collection Need to agree, and to follow, some data standards Open access: passwords kill federated search
36 Corpus File format Transcription convention SBCSAE (Am English) SBCSAE text format DT1 BNC Spoken + Audio (UK English) BNC XML (TEI 1) + Praat TextGrids BNC Guidelines IViE (UK English) Xlabel files IViE guidelines (modified ToBI) CallFriend (AmEng) CHAT text format CA-CHAT METU Spoken Turkish EXMARaLDA (XML) HIAT CGN (Dutch) Praat TextGrids CGN conventions FOLK (German) FOLKER (XML) cgat CLAPI (French) CLAPI XML (TEI 2) ICOR Swedish Spoken Language Corpus Göteborg text format GTS Problem 3: Sharing stuff (after Schmidt 2011, JTEI)
37 Towards TEI-XML standards for sound Proposal by Saul Albert for extending BNC markup for conversation analysis <setting xml:id="kb0se00d" n="029103" who="ps000 PS001 PS006 PS007"> <audiofile>021a-c0897x0291xx-abzzp0.wav</audiofile> <placename>clwyd: Holywell </placename> <locale> synod meeting </locale> <activity spont="h"> end of meeting </activity> </setting> <u who="ps006"> <s n="6" nbw="18" starttime="6.7525" endtime="8.3325"> <w c5="vvd" hw="see" pos="verb" starttime="6.7525" endtime="7.0025">saw </w> <w c5="np0" hw="mary" pos="subst" starttime="7.1625" endtime="7.5925">mary </w> <w c5="cjc" hw="and" pos="conj" starttime="7.5925" endtime="7.6625">and </w> <w c5="np0" hw="andrew" pos="subst" starttime="7.7425" endtime="8.2725">andrew </w> <w c5="cjc" hw="and" pos="conj" starttime="8.2725" endtime="8.3325">and</w> </s> </u>
38 Linked Data Principles (Berners-Lee 2006) 1. All resources should be identified using URI s 2. All URI s should be dereferenceable, that is HTTP URI s, as it allows looking up the resources identified 3. When looking up a URI, it leads to more (useful) data about that resource 4. Links to other URI s should be included in order to enable the discovery of more data
39 Linked Data Principles (Berners-Lee 2006) 1. = words and sounds All resources should be identified using URI s 2. All URI s should be dereferenceable, that is HTTP URI s, as it allows looking up the resources identified Yup! (requires server-side capability, but this is not difficult) 3. When looking up a URI, it leads to more (useful) data about that resource Hmm. Audio clip references metadata, e.g. labels, place in transcript? 4. Links to other URI s should be included in order to enable the discovery of more data Links to similarly-labelled items in other corpora would be useful
40 Cloud corpus consortia Old model New approach Distributed user base Centralized catalogue Centralized data Distributed user base Central catalogues Data is distributed Subscribers pay Providers pay (like open-access journals), for the catalogue?
41 Cloud corpus consortia Old model New approach Distributed user base Centralized catalogue Centralized data Distributed user base Central catalogues Data is distributed Important role for data Subscribers pay centres Providers pay (like open-access journals), for the catalogue?
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