hij Teacher Resource Bank GCE Archaeology ARCH1: Teachers Guidance

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1 hij Teacher Resource Bank GCE Archaeology ARCH1: Teachers Guidance Copyright 2009 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number ) and a registered charity (registered charity number ). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Dr Michael Cresswell, Director General.

2 Copyright 2009 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number ) and a registered charity (registered charity number ). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX. Dr Michael Cresswell, Director General.

3 Teacher Resource Bank / GCE Archaeology / ARCH1 Teachers Guidance / Version 1.0 Teachers Guidance: ARCH1: The Archaeology of Religion and Ritual Section C Religion and Ritual in Cultural Context Candidates should be familiar with belief systems and activities related to beliefs as they apply to each of the three contexts. The specification allows candidates to answer questions from different cultural contexts, although most centres will choose to focus on just one. Questions may be asked on specific sites or artefacts, where these are well-known and deemed to be central to an investigation of religion and ritual in a specific context. Sometimes questions will focus on what archaeologists know of processes, e.g. in the development of structures or the practice of ritual. However, most questions will address broader issues/concepts, and candidates will be rewarded for reference to any relevant archaeological knowledge deployed appropriately. In this way it is hoped that centres will utilise local sites or artefacts and case studies with which they are familiar and for which resources are available. Familiarity with competing archaeological explanations will be central to some of the topics studied, although detailed evaluation of such theories will not be expected by examiners. Questions asked will be appropriate to the aspect(s) examined, and so question stems are likely to vary. However, all questions will be assessed by reference to the same generic levels of response mark scheme. This is available via e-aqa or by application to the AQA Archaeology team at Devas Street, Manchester. Recommended coverage Questions will only be set in relation to the following aspects of religion and ritual, and candidates ought to be familiar with all as appropriate to their chosen context(s). Clearly each context differs in terms of the relative balance and level of coverage required. Beliefs Ritual Activities Mortuary Practices Related Structures Related Landscapes Specialists Symbolic Expression Artefacts 2 Copyright 2009 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. klm

4 Teacher Resource Bank / GCE Archaeology / ARCH1 Teachers Guidance / Version 1.0 Prehistoric Europe By way of illustration, this context might be addressed by centres covering the following topics. The exemplars should NOT be considered as either prescribed or exhaustive. Teachers are encouraged to refer to sites / artefacts relevant to, and of interest to, students at their centre: Beliefs (e.g. belief in gods/goddesses, spirits, animism) Ritual Activities (e.g. rites of passage, rites of intensification, feasting, structured deposition, bog bodies) Mortuary Practices (e.g. excarnation, inhumation, cremation, beaker burials, chariot burials, sacrifice, disarticulation) Related Structures (e.g. henges, long barrows, round barrows, causewayed enclosures, dolmen, passage graves, cursus monuments, megaliths, timber enclosures, chariot burials) Related Landscapes (e.g. ritual landscapes, liminal places, orientation, astronomical alignment, deposition in water) Specialists (e.g. druids, shamen) Symbolic Expression (eg cave art, chalk figures, venus figurines, use of sound, texture and colour, use of hallucinogens/trance) Artefacts (e.g. grave goods, votives, antler picks, animal bones, ornamentation). klm Copyright 2009 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. 3

5 Teacher Resource Bank / GCE Archaeology / ARCH1 Teachers Guidance / Version 1.0 Ancient Egypt By way of illustration, this context might be addressed by centres covering the following topics. The exemplars should NOT be considered as either prescribed or exhaustive. Teachers are encouraged to refer to sites / artefacts relevant to, and of interest to, students at their centre: Beliefs (e.g. polytheism and monotheism, belief in gods/goddesses, creation, rebirth, underworld, ancestor worship) Ritual Activities (e.g. festivals, ceremonies, weighing of the heart, use of barques, votive offering) Mortuary Practices (e.g. disposal/preservation of body and related practices/artefacts) Related Structures (e.g. sand burials, tombs, pyramids, sphinx, cult/mortuary temples, shrines, statues, obelisks) Related Landscapes (e.g. Nile, sacred lakes) Specialists (e.g. priests, temple personnel, pharaoh, the role of women) Symbolic Expression (e.g. art, paintings, temple structures, hieroglyphs, animals and plants in myth) Artefacts (e.g. amulets, stelae, statues, canopic equipment, grave goods, Book of the Dead). 4 Copyright 2009 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. klm

6 Teacher Resource Bank / GCE Archaeology / ARCH1 Teachers Guidance / Version 1.0 Roman Europe By way of illustration, this context might be addressed by centres covering the following topics. The exemplars should NOT be considered as either prescribed or exhaustive. Teachers are encouraged to refer to sites / artefacts relevant to, and of interest to, students at their centre: Beliefs (e.g. belief in gods/goddesses (including local gods), cults/mystery cults, lares/penates, ancestor worship Mithraism, Christianity) Ritual Activities (e.g. votive offerings, sacrifice, feasting, lupercalia) Mortuary Practices (e.g. inhumation, cremation) Related Structures (e.g. temples, cult temples, shrines, altars, temenos wall, lararium) Related Landscapes (e.g. liminal places) Specialists (e.g. cults, religious leaders, pontifex maximus, priests, vestal virgins, haruspex, augurs, flamen) Symbolic Expression (eg temple structure, phallic symbols, Mithraic symbols, inscriptions, graffiti, Christian symbols) Artefacts (e.g. grave goods, curse tablets/defixiones, frescos/mosaics, textual evidence, statues/statuettes, tombstones, wordsquares, ritual objects, votive altars). klm Copyright 2009 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. 5