INNOVATION NETWORKS IN THE GERMAN LASER INDUSTRY

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1 INNOVATION NETWORKS IN THE GERMAN LASER INDUSTRY EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE, STRATEGIC POSITIONING AND FIRM INNOVATIVENESS Dissertation Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree "Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaften" (Dr. oec. / Ph.D. in Economics) to the University of Hohenheim, Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, Chair for economics of innovation (Prof. Dr. Andreas Pyka) presented by Muhamed Kudic 2012

2 Table of contents LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF SYMBOLS I Ill V VIII 1 INTRODUCTION THE INITIAL STARTING POINT AND AIM OF THE STUDY STATE OF THE ART AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS RESEARCH DESIGN AND OUTLINE 12 2 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION THE CLASSICAL-NEOCLASSICAL PARADIGM IN ECONOMICS EVOLUTIONARY THINKING IN ECONOMICS AND RELATED DISCIPLINES NEO-SCHUMPETERIAN APPROACH - INTRODUCING THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Clarification of some basic terms and concepts On the nature of information, knowledge and learning Disentangling creativity, inventions and innovation Early innovation models and th'e'emergence of systemic thinking Understanding economic change - the Neo-Schumpeterian approach A The notion of individuals and firms Qualitative change, punctuated equilibria and pattern formation Path dependencies and irreversibilities Addressing some selected concepts The proximity concept The innovation system concept The network concept WHY DO SOME FIRMS OUTPERFORM OTHERS? ADDRESSING THE SOURCES OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THEORETICAL CONCEPTS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY ALLIANCE AND NETWORK RESEARCH Defining interorganizational relations, strategic alliances and networks 50

3 2.5.2 Explaining the existence of hybrid organizational forms Addressing the rationales and motives for cooperating Network embeddedness andfirm performance OWN RESEARCH IN THE LIGHT OF THE THEORETICAL CONCEPTS 67 3 INDUSTRY, DATA AND METHODS A CLOSER LOOK AT LASERS AND THE GERMAN LASER INDUSTRY Historical background of laser research Basic operating principles of lasers From an ingenious idea to the emergence of a new technology The onset of laser research in East and West Germany German laser industry characteristics METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES, DATA SOURCES AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS Initial methodological considerations Data sources and data collection methods Industry data : Firm data Network data *: Innovation data QUANTITATIVE CONCEPTS AND METHODS Graph-theoretical foundation and elementary network concepts Quantitative network analysis methods Methods for calculating network positioning measures Methods for calculating ego network measures Methods for calculating overall network measures, Spatial proximity and geographical concentration concepts Methods for calculating spatial proximity measures Methods for calculating geographical concentration measures: STRUCTURE AND SCOPE OF THE COMPILED DATASETS Dataset I: Event history data structure Dataset 11: Panel data structure EMPIRICAL METHODS Econometric methods for panel count data Event history analysis methods 139

4 4 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GERMAN LASER INDUSTRY INDUSTRY DYNAMICS AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONCENTRATION Industry dynamics - an overview Geographical concentration patterns Geographical concentration indices Spatial distribution patterns A CLOSER LOOK AT LSMS AND PROS Exploration of LSM entry and exit dynamics Size distribution of LSMs at the national level Size distribution of LSMs at the regional level Composition of laser-related PROs in Germany PUBLICLY FUNDED R&D COOPERATION PROJECTS Basic descriptive statistics on laser-related R&D cooperation projects Cooperation project involvement of LSMs and PROs at the national level THE EVOLUTION OF THE GERMAN LASER INDUSTRY INNOVATION NETWORK Longitudinal exploration of basic network characteristics Basic network change patterns - measures at the node level Basic network change patterns - measures at the tie level Large-scale properties of the German laser industry innovation network Degree distribution and scale-free network structure Small-word properties Core-periphery structure Exploration of network change patterns over time ANALYZING NETWORK EVOLUTION, STRATEGIC POSITIONING AND FIRM INNOVATIVENESS CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF EVOLUTIONARY NETWORK CHANGE PROCESSES Motivation and research questions State of the art and theoretical background What do we know about the dynamics of alliances and networks? An evolutionary view on organizational and interorganizational change Conceptual framework and hypotheses development General principles of network evolution models Elementary building-blocks of the framework 203

5 Determinants of evolutionary micro level network change processes Micro level network change processes at the core of the model Structural consequences of evolutionary micro level processes Hypotheses development Industry, data and methods Reasons for choosing the German laser industry Data and methods Empirical approach and results Empirical estimation approach.:; Empirical results Discussion and implications -.: COOPERATION EVENTS, EGO NETWORKS AND FIRM INNOVATIVENESS Motivation and research questions Theoretical considerations, conceptual framework and hypotheses R&D alliances, networks and innovation output Ego network structure and innovation output An evolutionary perspective on ego networks Conceptual framework - direct and indirect innovation effects Hypotheses on direct & indirect cooperation-related innovation effects Data, methods and variable specification Applied data sources Methods J3 Variable specification Empirical analysis - models specification and results Empirical model specification Estimation results Discussion and implications LARGE-SCALE NETWORK PROPERTIES AND FIRM INNOVATIVENESS Motivation and research questions Large-scale patterns, absorptive capacity and the "small-world hypothesis' Graph theoretical foundations of the "small-world" phenomenon Potential and realized absorptive capacity - the missing link Large-scale network properties - opening up the black box Industry, data and methods Introducing the German laser industry Data, variables and methods 279

6 5.3.4 Estimation results and empirical findings Model specification and estimation strategy Estimation results Discussion and implications NETWORK POSITIONING, GEOGRAPHICAL CO-LOCATION OR BOTH? Motivation, research gap and own contribution Theory background The multifaceted character of proximity Network proximity and firm innovativeness Geographical proximity and firm innovativeness Addressing combined proximity effects and firm innovativeness Conceptual framework and hypotheses development Setting the stage - specifying distinct and combined proximity The relationship between proximity effects and firm innovativeness Industry, data and methods Introducing the German laser industry Data sources, methodological issues and variable specification Econometric estimations and empirical findings Model specification and estimation strategy Empirical results Discussion and implications MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS, FURTHER RESEARCH AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY OF OUR FINDINGS, CONTRIBUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS Essential insights gained from the descriptive analysis The quintessence of the four empirical studies Addressing some general issues and limitations FRUITFUL AVENUES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH CONCLUSION 336 BIBLIOGRAPHY 339 APPENDIX 376

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