Innovatsioon ja majandusareng. Tarmo Kalvet. 17. november 2005

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1 Innovatsioon ja majandusareng Tarmo Kalvet 17. november 2005

2 Poliitikauuringute Keskus PRAXIS Poliitikauuringute Keskus PRAXIS on esimene sõltumatu, mittetulunduslik mõttekeskus (think tank) Eestis, mille eesmärgiks on toetada analüüsile, uuringutele ning osalusdemokraatia põhimõtetele rajatud poliitika kujundamise protsessi. Innovatsiooni-, töö- ja sotsiaalpoliitika; hariduspoliitika programmid

3 Innovatsioonist arusaam on oluline? John Godfrey Saxe ( ) The Blind Man and the Elephant

4 Loengu struktuur I. Innovatsiooni mõistest ja olulistest seostest; tajumine Eestis II. Majandusteooriad ja innovatsioon III. Majandustegevuste kvalitatiivne erinevus IV. Innovatsioonisüsteem

5 I. Innovatsiooni mõistest ja seostest

6 Innovatsioon... on leiutise, avastuse, uue või olemasoleva teadmise uudne kasutamine majanduslikus protsessis (Joseph A. Schumpeter) Innovatsioon ettevõtte poolt turule toodud uus või oluliselt täiustatud toode (kaup/teenus), samuti uue või oluliselt täiustatud tootmisprotsessi (sh ka turustus-, tarnimismeetodi vms) rakendamine ettevõttes (OECD) The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities, Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data, Oslo Manual, OECD, 2005; Community Innovation Survey, Jan Fagerberg, David C. Mowery ja Richard R. Nelson (toim.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

7 Seos: innovatsioon ning teadus- ja arendustegevus fundamentaalne teadus rakenduslik teadus arendus, tootmine ja marketing müük ja tarbimine v a j a d u s e d j a t u r u n õ u d l u s IDEE arendus ja prototüüp tootmine ja marketing turustamine ja müük TURG o l e m a s o l e v ja u u s t e h n o l o o g i a j a t e a d m i s e d

8 Innovatsioon ja ettevõtjad Innovation is possible without anything we should identify as invention and invention does not necessarily induce innovation, but produces of itself no economically relevant effect at all (Schumpeter 1939, 59) Innovations are produced by entrepreneurs, whose motives are more complex than profit maximisation and may include the dream and the will to found a private kingdom, usually, though not necessarily, also a dynasty, the will to conquer: the impulse to fight, to prove oneself superior to others, to succeed for the sake, not of the fruits of success, but of success itself, and/or the joy of creating, of getting things done, or simply of exercising one's energy and ingenuity (Schumpeter 1934, 93)

9 Baasinnovatsioon - järkinnovastioon radikaalne või baasinnovatsioon (radical or basic innovation) olemasolevate toodete, protsesside, organisatsiooniliste korralduste, tootmis-, levitamis- ja kommunikatsiooni-süsteemide põhjalik muutus järkinnovatsioon (incremental innovation) järk-järguline olemasolevate toodete, protsesside, organisatsiooniliste korralduste, tootmis-, levitamis- ja kommunikatsioonisüsteemide edasiarendamine; Allikad: Joseph A. Schumpeter, Business Cycles, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939; Chris Freeman, Technological Revolutions and Catching-Up: ICT and the NICs, raamatus: Jan Fagerberg, Bart Verspagen, Nick von Tunzelmann (toim), The Dynamics of Technology, Trade and Growth, Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994,

10 Innovatsioonide tüpoloogia uus toode/teenus (tooteinnovatsioon); muutused ettevõtete tootmisprotsessis (protsessiinnovatsioon); muudatused ettevõtte struktuuris ja juhtimismeetodites (organisatsiooniline innovatsioon); uuenduslike disainilahenduse või müügimeetodi kasutuselevõtmine (turundusinnovatsioon). Allikas: Euroopa innovatsiooniuuring Community Innovation Survey (CIS4), 2005,

11 Innovatsiooni tajumine Eestis Vanad inimesed rääkisid enne, et sõnajalg õitseb jaaniööl. Kis siis sõnajala õie ää toob, see saab kõik maailma õnned kätte. Sõnajala õie peab tooma südaööl, ja nii kaugelt metsast, kus enam kukelaul ei kosta. Kui nii ligidalt sõnajala õit otsitakse, kus veel kukelaul kosta võib, siis ei saa õit kätte. Aga kaugel metsas on kurjad vaimud ja need tulevad kohe kallale. (Emilie Poom, Loviise Paaks, 1939,

12 Innovatiivsuse mõõtmine T&A mõõdikud GERD / GDP BERD / GDP Patendid Kesk- ja kõrgtehnoloogilise tööstuse osakaal ekspordis lisandväärtuses

13 Euroopa innovatsiooniarengu edetabel aastal, hinnangud Eesti asetusele Allikas: European Innovation Scoreboard Comparative Analysis of Innovation Perfomance, European Commission, 2004; Eesti asetusele hinnang intervjueeritutelt.

14 II. Majandusteooriad ja innovatsioon

15 Teadusartikleid, milliste pealkirjas innovatsioon Jan Fagerberg, Innovation: A guide to the Literature, in: Jan Fagerberg, David C. Mowery, and Richard R. Nelson (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, 2004.

16 Innovatsiooniõpetlased majandusajaloos

17 Majanduteooriad ja innovatsioon (1) Juhtimis- ja organisatsiooniteooriad Peter Drucker, Tom Kelley ja Jonathan Littman (IDEO), Teece (1997), Nelson (1991) Neoklassikaline majandusteooria (1950- ) Solow, Arrow, Stiglitz tehnoloogiline areng ja innovatsioon kui süsteemivälised nähtused poliitikameetmed turutõrgetest lähtuvalt lineaarne arusaam T&A&I seostest

18 Majanduteooriad ja innovatsioon (2) Uus kasvuteooria (New Growth Theory) Romer (1986), Lucas (1988) Tehnoloogiline ja inimkapital Tehnoloogiline areng ja innovatsion kui süsteemisisesed nähtused Evolutsioonilised teooriad (ca ) Nelson ja Winter (1982), Hodgson (1988), Lundvall (1988), Freeman (1987) Tehnoloogilise arengu ja innovatsiooni dünaamilisus Institutsionaalne raamistik ja innovatsioonisüsteemid

19 Standardne kaanon Kaks tõekuulutust (1) Teine kaanon (The Other Canon) Tasakaal täiusliku informatsiooni tingimustes Täiuslik konkurents (hinnakonkurents!) Turg kui hinna määratlemise mehhanism Õppimine ja otsustamine ebakindlates tingimustes (Schumpeter, Keynes, Shackle) Innovatsioonikonkurents Turg lisaks kui erinevate toodete/teenuste ja erinevate lahenduste testimise koht "[What counts is] competition from the new commodity, the new technology, the new source of supply, the new type of organization... competition which... strikes not at the margins of the profits and the outputs of the existing firms but at their foundations and their very lives." (Schumpeter) Erik S. Reinert,

20 Kaks tõekuulutust (2) Standardne kaanon Uuenduslikkus kui süsteemiväline muutuja Teine kaanon (The Other Canon) Uuenduslikkus kui keskne liikumapanev jõud Tehnoloogia kui vaba kaup (manna from heaven) Kapital per se kui kapitalistliku mootori käivitaja Teadmisi ja tehnoloogiat toodetakse ning see on erineval moel kaitstud Käitav jõud: uued teadmised, mis tekitavad nõudluse kapitali järele Erik S. Reinert,

21 Standardne kaanon Metafoorid füüsikast Inimene kui tarbija (A. Smith: Men are animals which have learned to barter) Keskendumine tasakaalule Kõrge abstraktsiooni tase Väga täpne oma tulemustes (would rather be accurately wrong than approximately correct) Erik S. Reinert, Kaks tõekuulutust (3) Teine kaanon (The Other Canon) Metafoorid (kui üldse) bioloogiast Inimene kui innovator ja tootja (A. Lincoln: Men are animals which not only work, but innovate) Keskendumine muutusele Üldistuse tase valitud lähtuvalt probleemist Tasakaalu otsimine täpsuse ja olulisuse vahel

22 Kaks tõekuulutust (3) Standardne kaanon Puudub kumulatiivsus ning ajalugu pole oluline Teooria ja poliitikasoovitused kipuvad olema kontekstist sõltumatud (one medicine cures all) Majandus on suuresti sõltumatu ühiskonnast Majandustegevused on võrdsed, suhteline konkurentsieelis ning sellele keskendumine Erik S. Reinert, Teine kaanon (The Other Canon) Ajalugu on oluline Nii teooria kui poliitikasoovitused kontekstispetsiifilised Majandus on integreeritud ühiskonnaga Majandustegevused kvalitatiivselt väga erinevad

23 III. Majandustegevuste kvalitatiivne erinevus

24 Loov hävitusprotsess tööstuse mutatsioon... on see, mis lakkamatult revolutsioneerib majanduse struktuuri seestpoolt, lakkamatult vana hävitades ning uut luues. Loovhävitusprotsess on kapitalismi kõige olulisem iseloomujoon" (Schumpeter 1950, 83). Allikas: Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. 3rd ed. New York, Evanston: Harper & Row, 1950, 83.

25 Tehnoloogilis-majanduslikud paradigmad Tehnoloogiline areng ei ole sihitu ega lineaarne, vaid hüppeline (loominguline hävitusprotsess) ja kõrgema tootlikkuse suunas liikuv (Schumpeter) Kondratjevi lained (Kondratjev Schumpeter - Perez): aastat Kahes suures etapis: Tehnoloogia kiire areng ( ) Krahh (2000) Tehnoloogia levik ja uute otsing (kuni ca 2030)

26 Tehnoloogia elutsükkel: Tooted, tööstusharud, tootmissüsteemid I faas II faas III faas IV faas Tehnoloogia ja turu küpsusk õlu VCR Idanemise periood Kõrged kulud suured riskid tohutud ootused RNAi AI Läbimurre Kõrge kasum vähenevad kulud ja riskid Suured tootmismahud, hea kasum Arendustöö, uued tootmissüsteemid Madal kasumlikkus, staatilised turud Potentsiaal ammendatud Aeg Radikaalne innovatsioon Slaidi autoriõigused kuuluvad Carlota Perezile. Vt ka Majandusministeeriumi ja PRAXISe seminari "Technological Revolutions and Techno-economic Paradigms as Framework for Designing Industrial Policy" (Tallinnas, 27 septembril 2002) salvestust

27 LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT LOOKS LIKE THE RELENTLESS ADVANCE OF TECHNOLOGY Technological progress years but progress takes place by overlapping surges but progress takes place by overlapping surges Slaidi autoriõigused kuuluvad Carlota Perezile. Time

28 Irruption, deployment and exhaustion THE LIFE CYCLE OF A TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION Degree of technological maturity and market saturation Phase one IRRUPTION Phase two FRENZY Full constellation Fast growth of new infrastructure Phase three SYNERGY Full expansion of innovation and market potential Phase four MATURITY Last new products and industries. Earlier ones approaching maturity and market saturation Explosive growth of core products Next TR Gestation period big-bang next big-bang Time Around half a century Slaidi autoriõigused kuuluvad Carlota Perezile.

29 Two different phases in each period THE SUCCESION OF PARADIGMS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY The Age of Steel and Heavy Engineering The Age of Oil, Automobiles and Mass Production The Age of Information Technology and Global Telecommunications The Belle Epoque Early development oil and automobiles World War II IRRUPTION (USA) FRENZY Mass production Roaring Twenties Depression 1930 s and WWII SYNERGY Post war Golden Age MATURITY,Social unrest Viet Nam war Early development Transistors; computers; analog instruments; numerical control Redeployment of mature industries to Third World; Brasil, Korea miracles IRRUPTION Rejuvenation of mass production industries Breakdown of Soviet system FRENZY ICT Revolution and stagflation Corporate scandals Recession??? Internet & Telecoms mania 1908 Ford Model-T Crash 1929 Slaidi autoriõigused kuuluvad Carlota Perezile. Bretton Woods Welfare State Marshall Plan 1971 Intel Micro-processor Collapses Asia Nasdaq collapse; draining stock markets???

30 The double nature of technological revolutions A powerful cluster of new and dynamic technologies, products and industries An interrelated set of generic technologies and organizational principles to upgrade mature industries Explosive growth and structural change Quantum jump in potential productivity for all Change in techno economic paradigm (New best practice common sense ) Slaidi autoriõigused kuuluvad Carlota Perezile.

31 Tehnoloogilised revolutsioonid Technological Revolution Popular name for the period Core country or countries big-bang initiating the revolution Year FIRST The Industrial revolution Britain Arkwright s mill opens in Cromford 1771 SECOND Age of steam and railways Britain (spreading to Continent and USA) Test of the Rocket steam engine for the Liverpool-Manchester railway 1829 THIRD Age of steel, electricity and heavy engineering USA and Germany forging ahead and overtaking Britain The Carnegie Bessemer steel plant opens in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania FOURTH Age of oil, the automobile and mass production USA (with Germany at first vying for world leadership), later spreading to Europe First Model-T comes out of the Ford plant in Detroit, Michigan 1908 FIFTH Age of information and telecommunicatio ns USA (spreading to Europe and Asia) The Intel microprocessor is announced in Santa Clara, California 1971

32 Töötlev tööstus! (ja teadmistemahukad teenused)! Oskuste ja tehnoloogia kasutamisega tööstusega kaasneb positiivne mastaabiefekt (tootmismahtude kasvades tootmiskulud vähenevad). Põllumajandusele ja teenindusele ei ole see omane, vastupidi negatiivne või konstantne mastaabiefekt Põllumajanduse ja teeninduse sisendiks tehnoloogia! Mastaabiefekt + tehnoloogiate ristkasutus = jõukus kõigil võrgustikus osalejatele Tehnoloogia levik = konkurentsieelise kadu

33 IV. Innovatsioonisüsteem

34 Delft, Holland, 1650 s: An Innovation System Based on Diversity Supply: canvas, linseed oil ART Supply: lenses for camera obscura Demand: luxury painting NAVY: MERCHANT MARINE Supply: lenses for brass for binoculars + maps INDUSTRY Textile employs glass lenses Printing: copper for printing plates Pottery: tiles for export Supply: new species from afar to study SCIENCE Supply: lenses + brass for microscopes Erik S. Reinert

35 Innovatsioonisüsteem Rahvuslik innovatsioonisüsteem on organisatsioonide (sh ettevõtete, ülikoolide, valitsusasutuste) ja nendevaheliste suhete süsteem, mille raames toimub majanduslikult kasulike teadmiste ja tehnoloogiate loomine, levitamine ja rakendamine. Allikad: Chris Freeman, Technology and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan, London: Pinter, 1987; Bengt-Åke Lundvall, National Innovation Systems: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning, London: Pinter, 1992; Richard Nelson, National Innovation Systems. A Comparative Analysis, New York/Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1993; OECD, Dynamising National Innovation Systems, 2002.

36 Allikas: Managing National Innovation Systems, OECD, Paris 1999, 23.

37 Uuenduste juurutamist takistavad tegurid rahastamisallikate nappus 48 kvalifitseeritud tööjõu nappus 36 liiga kulukas 25 ebakindel nõudlus uuenduslike kaupade/teenuste järgi 19 muu 14 liiga suur risk 12 koostööpartnerite puudumine ettevõtete hulgas 9 liiga suur kodumaine konkurents 7 liiga suur rahvusvaheline konkurents 4 koostööpartnerite puudumine TA asutuste hulgas %

38 Ettevõtjate poolt enim hinnatud meetmed 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 % Koolitus (toode/teenus) Riskikapital (toode/teenus) Ettevõtete ja haridusasutuste vaheline koostöö Uutele turgudele sisenemine (turundus) Uute seadmete soetamine (protsess) Nõustamisteenus äriplaanide väljatöötamiseks Haridusasutuste praktikasüsteemid (organisatsioon) Hoonete uuendamine/ uute hoonete soetamine (protsess) Infotehnoloogia kasutuselevõtt (toode/teenus) Tehnilise infrastruktuuri parandamine/loomine Ettevõtete ja haridusasutuste vaheline koostöö Infotehnoloogia kasutuselevõtt (protsess) Nõustamine teadmiste patenteerimiseks ja Ettevõtete ja TA asutuste vaheline koostöö Koolitus (protsess) Jah, soovime oma ettevõttele (% vastanutest) Riik peaks toetama (hinne 1- ei, kindlasti mitte jah, kindlasti)

39 Edasist lugemist

40 Lugemist (1!) Jan Fagerberg, Innovation: A guide to the Literature, in: Jan Fagerberg, David C. Mowery, and Richard R. Nelson (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, Oxford University Press, Tarmo Kalvet, Rainer Kattel, Kaspar Küünarpuu, Daniel Vaarik, Katrin Rahu, Evelin Ojamets, Innovatsioon ja Eesti arvamusliidrid, Eeluuring riikliku innovatsiooniteadlikkuse programmi sihtrühmade relevantsete vajaduste leidmiseks, 2005, _PRAXIS_HillKnowlton_ pdf

41 Lugemist (2) Erik S. Reinert, Riigi roll majanduskasvus, Teadmistepõhine riik ja majandus, Riigikantselei, Erik S. Reinert, The Role of the State in Economic Growth, Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 26, 4/5, , Carlota Perez, Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital. The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages, Cheltenham - Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar Publishers, 2002.

42 Lugemist (3) Anne Jürgenson, Tarmo Kalvet, Rainer Kattel, Ettevõtluse toetusmeetmed Riigieelarve Strateegias , Tallinn: Poliitikauuringute Keskus PRAXIS, Rainer Kattel ja Tarmo Kalvet, Teadmistepõhine majandus ning info- ja kommunikatsioonitehnoloogiaalane kõrgharidus: hetkeolukord ning väljakutsed kõrgharidussüsteemile aastani 2008, PRAXIS, ilmumas Marek Tiits, Rainer Kattel, Tarmo Kalvet, Made in Estonia, Tartu, 2005,

43 Lugemist (4) Marek Tiits, Rainer Kattel, Tarmo Kalvet, Teadmistepõhine Eesti 2010: kontekst ja poliitikasoovitused, Riigikogu Toimetised, 2004, No 10, pp Marek Tiits, Rainer Kattel, Tarmo Kalvet, Rein Kaarli, Eesti majanduse konkurentsivõime ja tulevikuväljavaated, Tallinn: TAN, Tarmo Kalvet and Rainer Kattel, Majandusareng, innovatsioon ja tehnoloogilis-majanduslik paradigma: väljakutse Kesk- ja Ida-Euroopa riikidele, Riigikogu Toimetised, 2002, No 5, pp

44 Suur tänu! Tarmo Kalvet Poliitikauuringute Keskus PRAXIS

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