Subject Name:Human Machine Interaction Unit No:1 Unit Name: Introduction. Mrs. Aditi Chhabria Mrs. Snehal Gaikwad Dr. Vaibhav Narawade Mr.

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1 Subject Name:Human Machine Interaction Unit No:1 Unit Name: Introduction Mrs. Aditi Chhabria Mrs. Snehal Gaikwad Dr. Vaibhav Narawade Mr. B J Gorad

2 Unit No: 1 Unit Name: Introduction Lecture No: 1 Introduction to Human Machine Interface

3 Introduction to Human Machine Interface We are moving towards a world of automation with a goal to reach The Era of Machines. Each day our machines are remodeled with more features that can ease our task further. Example : Washing clothes was a household chore. Semi-automatic washing machines required human intervention, so fully automatic machines came into existence. Further these machines are enhanced each day to provide more features, like temperature, soak, dry etc. Now we are trying to add intelligence to these machines, so that they can automatically set the wash time, decide on the amount of soap required, and so on. An interface is the way in which the machine is presented to the human. 3 Introduction of Human Machine Interface

4 Evolution of Washing clothes 4 Introduction of Human Machine Interface

5 Unit No: 1 Unit Name: Introduction Lecture No: 2 History of User Interface Design & Hardware, Software and operating environment to use HMI in various fields.

6 History of User Interface Designing A machine can be defined as anything that can reduce manual effort. First Generation: Machines that Reduce Physical Labor : The earlier machine that can be thought of is the normal hand-axe. The handle is the interface to access this tool. A long wooden piece that is rounded smoothly is used to ensure a good grip. The crude hand-made axes of Stone-age gradually improved in aesthetics as well as purpose. 6

7 History of User Interface Designing Slowly more machines were invented, such as. Wheel Pulley Lever For each of these machines, their physical appearance such as their shape, size, material used, weight, etc. 7

8 History of User Interface Designing Second Generation: Machines that Displayed Output These machines calculate the speed of wind, temperature, time, etc. they showed humans some kind of readings. The presentation of data to the user can be called as its interface. The units of measurements, the shape and size of pointers, color, scale, etc., made a difference to the ease of use of the machine. Anemometer Compass Flask Tailoring Tape Thermometer 8

9 History of User Interface Designing Third Generation: Machines that provided Output with Feedback Feedback is an acknowledgement a user receives from the machine when his action is registered. Most of the home appliances come under this category. Switch Fan Television Mixer 9

10 History of User Interface Designing Machines with feedback. Microwave oven washing machine telephone 10

11 History of User Interface Designing Fourth Generation: Machine with Computing Power The innovation of computers has motivated research in various fields. Earlier providing functionality itself was a challenge, and was a field of research. Today we have options, and we are free to discard the ones we are not comfortable with. For example, earlier people learnt DOS commands to work with computer but today no one put efforts to learn to use system. They just shift to a system which is easier to use. Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is a field of research that emerged due to this competition. Here the focus is on easing the communication between the user and a computer. 11

12 History of User Interface Designing Fifth Generation: Intelligent Machines With artificial intelligence in boom, traditional input methods are providing to insufficient. We are making machines that can adapt to the humans by continuous learning. These systems require the freedom to learn from the environment. Here the user need not learn how to use the system. Instead these system learn how the user is going to operate the system. Example: self driving car detect and avoid obstacle. 12

13 History of User Interface Designing Natural language processing is an upcoming field that allows humans to freely talk to the computer in their own language, and the computer will interpret it correctly For such system keyboard, mouse or even a touch screen restrict the learning of the machine. NLP 13

14 1 4 Hardware, Software and Operating Environments Hardware Hardware was the most important utility in earlier generations of computing. They were sole game players, as hardware use to drive the software. But in the current scenario, it is quite the opposite. But today we can choose the hardware as per the requirement of the user, and can top it up with any software application. The hardware options available are plenty, and one need not compromise like earlier times.

15 1 5 Hardware, Software and Operating Environments Software Software is the tool with which we can create an effective user interface. Again we have a very large range of software. It can be lower level languages, such as Assembly Level Languages, or high level languages, like C, C++, Java, and so on. There are many front-end developer tools, with which we can create an audio / visual experience for user, such as Visual Basic, HTML5, PHP, animators, etc.

16 Hardware, Software and Operating Environments Operating Environment Though there is huge turnover in the software and hardware, the major focus is on the end user and based on that the designs are decided. Our design decision should fulfill the user-level acceptance test and the modification should be provided immediately after any suggestion. The operation environment should follow a process within that certain level of pitfalls (hidden difficulty) should be avoided. Following are the some key points that define the golden rules of user interface design. Friends, family members, colleagues are not representatives of target users. User requirements should be understood by team and not by an individual. Goal should be to minimize user difficulties. The hardware (device) and software balance should be maintained. 16

17 Unit No: 1 Unit Name : Introduction Lecture No: 3 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things complexity of modern devices; humancentered design

18 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things By breaking it down word Psychopathology word-by-word, it will be easier to understand the ideas behind this topic. First, we will break the word Psychopathology as: Psycho = mind; pathos = suffering / disease; logy = study. Psychopathology : The study of mental illness 18

19 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things In 1988, Donald Norman applied the term "affordances" to the context of human machine interaction. He used the term to refer to those action possibilities which are readily perceivable by an actor. When we create an object and display it on a screen, how is it perceived by a user? Specifically, what actions will a user think that the object can enable. Question: Can we design an interface where the user easily can perceive what actions s/he needs to take to generate the results s/he desires? 19

20 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things Perceive action possibilities? 20

21 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things 21

22 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things 1. Complexity of Modern Devices:- The designer just wants to make difference, and creates existing products with a new appearance Interesting appearance, but the designer here have not considered the difficulty of the user to use and to see. 22

23 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things A designer has to ensure that these features are presented in a simple and comprehensible way to the user, yet ensure perfect usability. Instead, they leave the user confused and make him feel incompetent to use such a high end product. Most of us face trouble using simple day-to-day devices. Buttons on our TV or AC remote, we feel the need of an engineering degree. 23

24 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things 2. Human-Centered Design Human-centered designing is to be consider all the aspects of the destined user, such as his interest, behaviors, needs, dislikes, skill set, experience, challenges, etc., and build products that users will be able to easily adapt to. Analyzing the human characteristics is the requirement of the product design, and user satisfaction is the designer s goal. 24

25 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things Conceptual models defines - good design as the communication between the designer and the user. The designer must be able to explain the entire product to the user by just appearance of it. These models are very critical for a good user experience. If the end product does not map to the mental images of the user, the product is not a success. 25

26 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things Norman talks of four aspects through which these conceptual models can be used and / or constructed: 1. Feedback : The effect of every action. A feedback in any form is very critical to the user. Example : washing machine, if the user did not gets any kind of feedback from the system, then the user assume the system is faulty. Every single user action has to be acknowledged immediately. 26

27 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things 2. Constraints: Prevent the user from making mistakes. Instead of having an option for the user to make a mistake and then forgiving them, make sure your user can never make a mistake. For example, you want your user to enter a date. Show a pick-n-click calendar instead of a textbox. This will eliminate all possibilities of syntax mismatches Edit Holiday Holiday Name H2 Date 22 Dec.2016 OK Cancel 27

28 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things 3. Affordances : Convey the rules by leaving visual clues. To make sure that the appropriate actions are perceivable, and non-accessible ones are not invisible. By just the appearance of any object, its functionality must be clear to the user. Example, by looking at the handles, we should know how the door opens. 28

29 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things 4. Power of Observation : Learn from the struggle of others. As a normal person, we do not have a keen eye to observe. In fact when someone is making a mistake or struggling with a system, we tend to make fun of them or judge them to be incapable. As a HMI student, you need to observe them. Their struggle could be genuine and their mistakes could be innocent. As designers, we need to consider every such aspect of the user, and ensure that he / she gets a good experience. 29

30 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things Norman s Fundamental Principles of Interaction focuses on:- Affordances Perceived Affordances Signifiers Mapping Feedback Conceptual Models. 30

31 Unit No: 1 Unit Name: Introduction Lecture No: 4 Fundamental Principles of Interaction Affordance, Signifiers

32 Affordance Affordance are the visual clues that lead the user to understand the functionality of the object. What is this????? When you see handle of cup, you know that it is provided to lift the cup 32

33 Affordance Affordance is most critical aspect of design. As a designer, you should first realize the user s level of experience and intelligence. Only then you can make design that would be predictable to user. The blinking vertical lines tells you that you can type here 33

34 Perceived Affordance The perceived properties of the object that suggest how one could use it chairs are for sitting table for placing things on knobs are for turning buttons are for pressing switch for toggling computer for 34

35 Perceived Affordance Product design perceived affordances: design invites people to take possible actions actual affordances: the actual actionable properties of the product Problems occur when these are not the same, people s perceptions are not what the designer expects 35

36 Perceived Affordance Mirrors for not touching Handles for lifting Knobs for turning Surface for placing transparencies 36

37 Perceived Affordances Problems Mirrors for not touching people don t reposition image Handles for lifting bends frame, focus distorted Knobs for turning focus or image position? Surface for placing transparencies which way is up? what about this? 37

38 Perceived Affordances GUI design perception only through visuals designer creates appropriate visual affordances via familiar idioms metaphors

39 Perceived Affordances dials for turning sliders for sliding music console for controlling music

40 Perceived Affordance Problems is this equalizer control a toggle or button? button for pressing, but action unknown are these button s? What are these things??

41 Signifiers This is a physical form of showing the functionality to the user, such as a sound, printed word or image. Example: writing word PUSH on a door is a clear way to tell the user that door will open when pushed. signifiers 41

42 Visible Constraints Limitations of the actions possible perceived from object s appearance provides people with a range of usage possibilities Push or pull? Which side? Can only push, side to push clearly visible

43 Which side do you use for cutting? Photograph courtesy of

44 Visible constraints: Entering a Date The more constraints, the less opportunity for error particularly important for managing user input Controls constructed in Visual Basic

45 Find out what difficulties are there in this?

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47 Thank You