Holistic Smart Cities

Transcription

1 Holistic Smart Cities Martin Brynskov

2 Ron Herron, 1964 Walking City imagines a future in which borders and boundaries are abandoned in favour of a nomadic lifestyle among groups of people worldwide. Walking City Layered City Thompson S. (1994) The city is both a social and spatial coming together of difference and diversity, chaos and order, fascination and intrigue - a sensual delight, at the same time challenging notions of tolerance and feelings of belonging. Digital Cities Emerged early 1990s Graham S. (1997) Digital cities can be considered as an attempt to build new secure public spaces and regain some characteristic of the cities as places for communication, interactions, economic opportunities, and social and cultural activities. Komninos N. (2002) All intelligent cities are digital cities, but all digital cities are not intelligent. The difference is in the problem solving capability of intelligent cities, while the ability of digital cities is in the provision of services via digital communication. Couclelis H. (2004) Comprehensive web based representation, or reproduction, of several aspects or open to non experts. Digital City Besselaar P. (DDS) was launched in Amsterdam in The name was chosen to emphasize the idea of a digital public space where people would meet and communicate. European Digital Cities programme launched in 1996 Caire P. (2009) Smart Cities Emerged Late 1990s Komninos, 2002 In order for digital cities to become smart cities they therefore need to incorporate a new category of applications; that of the real community of people and producers characterised by a high level of knowledge and innovation use. To differentiate the digital city from the smart city, every digital city is not intelligent, but every intelligent or smart city has a digital component A Smart Community Smart Communities, 2001 It is a community that has made a conscious effort to use information technology to transform life and work within fundamental, rather than incremental, ways. Senseable City MIT, 2004 Transdisciplinary research group that studies the interface between cities, people and technologies and investigates how the ubiquity of digital devices and the telecommunications networks that augment our cities are impacting urban living. Urban Gaming was founded in Late 80s Late 90s Late 90s Plug-in City Peter Cook, 1964 The Plug-in City is set up by applying a large scale network-structure, containing access ways and essential services, to any terrain. Livable Cities 1980s Virtual City Invisible City CCTV Roberts P. (1980s) Embedding of CCTV technology into urban areas Wired City Cyberville Informational City Castlells M. (1992) The city is an image of society, with all its diversities, ongoing processes, contradictions, struggles and asymmetries, and 'The Informational City' is therefore 'the global society' of the information age. Ubiquitous Computing The term was coined by Mark Weiser in his 1991 article The computer for the 21st century Intelligent Cities (ICs) Emerged late 1980s Initially ICs have been defined as virtual reconstructions of cities, as virtual cities. (Droege, 1997) The term ICs has been used broadly as an equivalent of: TeleCity Siembab (1997) Incorporates the capabilities of information technologies in order to support a high amenity life style that is economically and environmentally sustainable Teletopia Eger (2005) Telecommunications Utopia is a term first coined by the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications to describe what 21st Century Japan would look like when its new broadband communications infrastructure was in place. Ambient Cities Emerged late 1990s ISTAG (1999) People will be surrounded by intelligent and intuitive interfaces embedded in everyday objects around us and an environment recognizing and responding to the presence of individuals in an invisible way. Crang and Graham, 2007 The ambient city can be seen as an urban environment which contains different ubiquitous computing technologies > 100 Digital Cities in 20 EU countries in 2003 Caire P. (2009) Urban Computing The term first used in 2003 by Eric Paulos Ubiquitous Cities Emerged in 2005 Myung Je (2009) The term ubiquitous city was first used by South Korea after adopting the ubiquitous computing concept from the US and deciding to create the world s first U City. Korean U City Association (2003) U Cities to help all residents, everywhere, not just private customers, or residents using personal computers at home, with the aim of enriching life, reducing congestion and enhancing environmental sustainability Urban Media Façades An umbrella term for installations in which displays are integrated into architectural structures Smart Grid Wollenberg B. (2005) Term Smart Grid is born in September Amplified City Falk (1999) The use of ubiquitous technology in public spaces also enables the city to move beyond mixed or augmented reality environments towards an amplified city, where objects express additional information about themselves to other objects, residents and users. Smarter Planet 2008

3 Ron Herron, 1964 Walking City imagines a future in which borders and boundaries are abandoned in favour of a nomadic lifestyle among groups of people worldwide. Komninos, 2002 In order for digital cities to Plug-in City Graham S. (1997) become smart cities they therefore need to incorporate Digital cities can be considered as an attempt to build a new category of applications; that of the real new secure public spaces and community of people and regain some characteristic of producers characterised by a the cities as places for Digital City high level of knowledge and communication, interactions, economic opportunities, and Besselaar P. innovation use. social and cultural activities. To differentiate the digital Komninos N. (2002) (DDS) was launched in city from the smart city, All intelligent cities are digital Amsterdam in every digital city is not Wired cities, but all digital cities are The name was chosen to City intelligent, but every not intelligent. The difference emphasize the idea of a intelligent or smart city has a is in the problem solving digital public space digital component capability of intelligent cities, where people would while the ability of digital cities meet and communicate. is in the provision of services A Smart Community via digital communication. Smart Communities, 2001 It is a community that has Couclelis H. (2004) made a conscious effort to Comprehensive web based European Digital Cities use information technology to representation, or reproduction, of several aspects or programme launched in transform life and work within 1996 Caire P. (2009) fundamental, rather than open to non experts. incremental, ways. Walking City Virtual City Late Late Late 80s 90s 90s 2000 > 100 Digital Cities in 20 EU countries in 2003 Plug-in City Peter Cook, 1964 The Plug-in City is set up by applying a large scale network-structure, containing access ways and essential services, to any terrain. Layered City Thompson S. (1994) The city is both a social and spatial coming together of difference and diversity, chaos and order, fascination and intrigue - a sensual delight, at the same time challenging notions of tolerance and feelings of belonging. Livable Cities 1980s Digital Cities Emerged early 1990s Smart Cities Emerged Late 1990s Ubiquitous Computing Ambient Cities Caire P. (2009) The term was u-city coined by Mark Emerged late 1990s Weiser in his 1991 article The computer for the 21st century ISTAG (1999) Urban People will be surrounded by intelligent and intuitive Computing CCTV interfaces embedded in everyday The term first used in Roberts P. (1980s) objects around us and an 2003 by Eric Paulos Intelligent Cities (ICs) Embedding of CCTV environment recognizing and technology into urban Emerged late 1980s responding to the presence of areas individuals in an invisible way. Initially ICs have been defined as virtual reconstructions of cities, as virtual cities. (Droege, 1997) Crang and Graham, 2007 The ambient city can be seen as Intelligent an urban environment which City The term ICs has been used contains different ubiquitous Ubiquitous Cities broadly as an equivalent of: Virtual City Wired City computing technologies Emerged in 2005 Myung Je (2009) TeleCity Invisible City Cyberville Siembab (1997) The term ubiquitous city was first Incorporates the capabilities of used by South Korea after Informational City information technologies in adopting the ubiquitous Castlells M. (1992) order to support a high amenity computing concept from the US The city is an image of society, life style that is economically and and deciding to create the world s with all its diversities, ongoing environmentally sustainable first U City. processes, contradictions, Korean U City Association (2003) struggles and asymmetries, Digital Teletopia City U Cities to help all residents, and 'The Informational City' is Eger (2005) everywhere, not just private therefore 'the global society' Telecommunications Utopia is a term first customers, or residents using of the information age. coined by the Japanese Ministry of Posts personal computers at home, and Telecommunications to describe with the aim of enriching life, what 21st Century Japan would look like reducing congestion and when its new broadband communications infrastructure was in place. enhancing environmental sustainability Urban Media Façades Senseable City MIT, 2004 Transdisciplinary research group that studies the interface between cities, people and technologies and investigates how the ubiquity of digital devices and the telecommunications networks that augment our cities are impacting urban living. Urban Gaming was founded in An umbrella term for installations in which displays are integrated into architectural structures Smart Grid Wollenberg B. (2005) Term Smart Grid is born in September Amplified City Falk (1999) The use of ubiquitous technology in public spaces also enables the city to move beyond mixed or augmented reality environments towards an amplified city, where objects express additional information about themselves to other objects, residents and users Smarter Planet 2008

4 Senseable City MIT, 2004 Transdisciplinary research group that studies the interface between cities, people and technologies and investigates how the ubiquity of digital devices and the telecommunications networks that augment our cities are impacting urban living. All intelligent cities are digital Wired cities, but all digital cities are City not intelligent. The difference is in the problem solving Layered City capability of intelligent cities, Thompson S. (1994) while the ability of digital cities is in the provision of services A Smart Community The city is both a social and via digital communication. Smart Communities, 2001 Smart spatial coming together of City It is a community that has difference and diversity, chaos Couclelis H. (2004) made a conscious effort to and order, fascination and Comprehensive web based European Digital Cities use information technology to Urban Gaming intrigue - a sensual delight, at representation, or reproduction, of several aspects or transform life and work within the same time challenging programme launched in notions of tolerance and 1996 Caire P. (2009) was founded in fundamental, rather than Walking City Virtual feelings of belonging. open to non experts. incremental, ways. Late Late Late s 90s 90s > 100 Digital Cities in 20 EU countries in 2003 Plug-in City Smart Grid Livable Cities Caire P. (2009) Wollenberg B. (2005) Ubiquitous Computing Ambient Cities 1980s Term Smart Grid is The term was u-city coined by Mark Emerged late 1990s born in September Weiser in his 1991 article The computer for the 21st century ISTAG (1999) Urban People will be surrounded by intelligent and intuitive Computing CCTV interfaces embedded in everyday The term first used in Urban Media Roberts P. (1980s) objects around us and an 2003 by Eric Paulos Intelligent Cities (ICs) Façades Smarter Planet Embedding of CCTV environment recognizing and Emerged late 1980s 2008 technology into urban responding to the presence of Peter Cook, 1964 areas individuals in an invisible way. Initially ICs have been defined as Ron Herron, 1964 Walking City imagines a future in which borders and boundaries are abandoned in favour of a nomadic lifestyle among groups of people worldwide. The Plug-in City is set up by applying a large scale network-structure, containing access ways and essential services, to any terrain. Komninos, 2002 In order for digital cities to Plug-in City Graham S. (1997) become smart cities they therefore need to incorporate Digital cities can be considered as an attempt to build a new category of applications; that of the real new secure public spaces and community of people and regain some characteristic of producers characterised by a the cities as places for Digital City high level of knowledge and communication, interactions, economic opportunities, and Besselaar P. innovation use. social and cultural activities. To differentiate the digital Komninos N. (2002) (DDS) was launched in city from the smart city, Amsterdam in every digital city is not The name was chosen to intelligent, but every emphasize the idea of a intelligent or smart city has a digital public space digital component where people would meet and communicate. virtual reconstructions of cities, Crang and Graham, 2007 as virtual cities. (Droege, 1997) The ambient city can be seen as Intelligent an urban environment which City The term ICs has been used contains different ubiquitous Ubiquitous Cities broadly as an equivalent of: Virtual City Wired City computing technologies Emerged in 2005 Myung Je (2009) TeleCity Invisible City Cyberville Siembab (1997) The term ubiquitous city was first Incorporates the capabilities of used by South Korea after Informational City information technologies in adopting the ubiquitous Castlells M. (1992) order to support a high amenity computing concept from the US life style that is economically and and deciding to create the world s The city is an image of society, with all its diversities, ongoing processes, contradictions, struggles and asymmetries, and 'The Informational City' is therefore 'the global society' of the information age. Digital Cities Emerged early 1990s Smart Cities Emerged Late 1990s environmentally sustainable first U City. Digital Teletopia City Eger (2005) Telecommunications Utopia is a term first coined by the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications to describe what 21st Century Japan would look like when its new broadband communications infrastructure was in place. Korean U City Association (2003) U Cities to help all residents, everywhere, not just private customers, or residents using personal computers at home, with the aim of enriching life, reducing congestion and enhancing environmental sustainability An umbrella term for installations in which displays are integrated into architectural structures Amplified City Falk (1999) The use of ubiquitous technology in public spaces also enables the city to move beyond mixed or augmented reality environments towards an amplified city, where objects express additional information about themselves to other objects, residents and users.

5 Two smart cities

6 Two smart cities CLASSIC

7 Two smart cities CLASSIC HOLISTIC

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10 GRUPPO TELECOM ITALIA FP7 FET Open URBANIXD Project # Industry Report Analysis of the Industry landscape around creating digital urban interactions August 2014

11 Big, city-driven economy 3,300 B

12 Big, city-driven economy 80% GDP 557,000 Local Govs 4,000 EU mayors 200 Smart Cities

13 UrbanIxD Industry Report Global trends for Smart Cities More than two-thirds of the global population expected to live in urban contexts by 2050 There will be at least 88 Smart Cities all over the world by 2025, up from 21 in 2013, narrowing the definition of Smart Cities to cities that have deployed - or are currently piloting - the integration of ICT solutions across three or more different functional areas of a city. That means the number of smart cities worldwide will quadruple within a 12-year period that started last year. North America Europe Asia- Pacific Middle East- Africa Projects often focus on a single functional area, such as mobility and transport Structured programmes from big industrial players (IBM, Cisco & Siemens) Largest revenue generator in the smart solutions market Counted with the largest number of smart cities last year Focus on energy and entrepreneurship & human capital policies Market growth is expected after recession with slowly increasing investments in infrastructures to improve public facilities Projects are sometimes based around creating new infrastructure, rather than replacing legacy systems Smart city from scratch, that will make them take over the lead in number of smart cities by 2025 Most attractive market for the players operating in this market because of their high investments in the smart cities projects [Smart Cities Report. HIS Technology, May 2014 ] [Smart Cities Market, MarketsandMarkets, May

14 UrbanIxD Industry Report Best cases vs. issues relationship by smart category In the following graph we can see the proportion relationship between the concerns about innovation expressed by the respondents and the best cases stated: Saturation of the market? Business Opportunity! Once again, our respondents are not aware of an appreciable range of solutions for the more important issues stated by them during the survey for innovation in the smart city in the categories of: GOVERNANCE, LIVING, ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY and ECONOMY 25% The less important field for our respondents in term of innovation in the smart city seems to be the one with more recognized solutions and examples: MOBILITY 32% In the case of URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING field our respondents identified several pilots and ideas but sadly few of them actually have being applied on the real urban life 18% 19% 13% 14% 12% 11% 6% 9% 4% 1% 9% 10% 7% 7% Governance Living Enviromental Technology Economy Mobility Urban design and planning % Issues % examples People 74

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19 Hitachi 2013

20 Structure models Giffinger, Cohen m.fl.

21 Structure models Giffinger, Cohen m.fl.

22 Smart Cities: A cultural change

23 A new paradigm in city making Europe is a champion of sustainable, inclusive and open societies Combines top-down planning and operations with flexible bottom-up initiatives Citizen involvement and co-creation is key City as a sociotechnical whole, brings software, hardware and associated human processes flexibly together A living city that is replicable, scalable, as well as socially, environmentally and economically sustainable Built on and extending the FIRE legacy

24 Mature Smart Cities need Community and stakeholder engagement Experiments (urban prototyping) Experimentation-as-a-Service Co-creation tools Governance and sustainability models

25 Cities of the World >10 M 1-10 M < 1 M Rural

26 The Danish Smart City Network Ministries Cities Regions Universities Organizations

27 The Danish Smart City Network Ministries Cities Regions Universities Organizations Aalborg Aarhus Kalundborg København Vejle + companies

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29 City Bug Report

30 City Bug Report

31 City Bug Report

32 Welcome to the Integrated Scenarios Smart Danish Society Welfare technologies and social innovation Business innovation Early citizen engagement on a macro-level Political Leadership, Holistic Organisation and Civic Engagement Sustainable Communities Through Realtime Information and Resource Sharing AU AARHUS Community Planning and Co-Creation Accessible Data Streams

33 Valuation and Strategic Support of Partnerships E X A M P L E S ISO H pack Helix AU Global EU National Region Institution Group

34 Co-creating smart cities of the future ICT-11a FIRE+ (RIA) / under grant preparation

35 (15 partners ( 7.2 M ( 1.8 M) 2 open calls 36 months ICT-11a FIRE+ (RIA) / under grant preparation

36 OrganiCity contributions Holistic co-creative city making Citizen engagement Application scenarios, co-created Tools to enable citizen to participate and develop own approaches and applications Data annotation and quality control, crowd-sourced Opportunistic networking of IoT and smartphones Data analysis and visualisation by non-experts Trans-disciplinary, agnostic tools and platforms Urban interaction design

37 COMMUNITY EXPERIMENTATION Communities, policy makers and activists. Interdisciplinary scientist and experimenters. Smart city service and technology providers. Experimentation-as-a-Service IMPACT: Urban services, policy-making and behaviour change Urban knowledge, local expertise and challenges Tools for co-creation and citizen engagement Connectivity for urban data, devices and sensing Existing urban infrastructure, services and data streams Policy and Governance for Co-creation and Sustainability Foundational living lab and city facility Aarhus London Santander

38 Supporters Mature smart city clusters Smart London Board SmartSantander Smart Aarhus Networks of cities and stakeholders Eurocities ENoLL Living Labs Connecting Cities Network Standards ISO Technical Committe 268 working groups on Smart and sustainable cities and communities

39 Key Innovations Co-creation tools Federated Privacy IPR in co-creation Sustainability model Dissemination and usability Management standards

40 Key next steps towards the Future of Europe s Cities Holistic large-scale experimentation capability Co-creation tools: From urban planning to city making Networking of mature multi-helix partnerships Standards, Performance Indicators, Metrics and Maturity models for connected smart cities