STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

Transcription

1 Eropean Technology Platform STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA OF THE EUROPEAN TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM ON SMART SYSTEMS INTEGRATION Version 2 March 10,

2 Eropean Technology Platform Impressm EPoSS Office c/o VDI/VDE-IT Steinplatz Berlin Germany Phone: FAX: contact@smart-systems-integration.org

3 Eropean Technology Platform Content Content... 3 Preface... 5 Exective Smmary The Vision of Smart Systems Smart Systems Integration - its Relevance for Erope Implementation Technology Challenges Smart Systems for Atomotive Applications Smart Systems for Medical Applications Smart Systems for the Internet of Things Smart Systems for Information and Telecommnication Smart Systems for Safety and Secrity Smart Systems for Aerospace Road towards the EPoSS JTI...73 Acknowledgments...75 Remarks & References...77 Figres...79 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 3

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5 Eropean Technology Platform Preface Smart Systems provide novel enabling fnctionalities and as sch are crrently a driving force behind prodct innovation. Smart Systems are therefore crcial for the competitiveness of companies and entire indstry sectors. In many ways Smart Systems development will be decisive for solving the big challenges of mankind, sch as an aging society, increasing energy demand and environmental problems, etc. The global demand for highly integrated Smart Systems will increase dramatically in the years to come. High growth rates are particlarly expected in the area of medical technologies, mobility and secrity, and in the consmer and commnication sector. The need for higher resorce efficiency, redction of emissions and the increasing demand for portable soltions will frther stimlate the Smart Systems market. Not jst its potential high volme markets bt also the high added vale of Smart Systems manfactring make this technology particlarly attractive. Today, Eropean indstry still occpies a leading position in the manfactring of Smart Systems and prodcts incorporating Smart Systems technologies. Keeping p with the pace of technological development on a global scale - particlarly against the backdrop of a growing economic crisis - reqires a drastic increase in investment in Smart Systems research, not least to conterbalance the losses experienced in other key technology sectors. This Strategic Research Agenda, compiled by the partners of the Eropean Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration, provides a vision of the strategic research targets of key Eropean indstry players for the next 15 years. Frthermore, the docment constittes a basis for ftre joint activities in the area of Smart Systems Integration, and is ths essential for shaping the landscape of Smart Systems research. It offers a coherent progression from an earlier version pblished in November 2007, while taking into accont crrent developments and extending the time-frame of the roadmaps. I wold like to extend a special thanks to all contribtors from the EPoSS commnity for having generosly provided their valable inpt and comments. Last bt not least, I address my sincere thanks the Eropean Commission as well as to the national athorities for their ongoing commitment to and spport of the Smart Systems vision. Dr. Klas Schymanietz Chairman STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 5

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7 Eropean Technology Platform Exective Smmary The global marketplace with its rapidly changing dynamics has created an environment of worldwide competition. This environment is inflenced and driven by a set of worldwide social, natral and commercial factors which have an effect on every nation, company or organisation. Stiff international competition demands rapid prodct change, higher qality, lower cost and shorter time to market. Smaller and smarter by crossdisciplinary development will be one of the key isses in the ftre, with smart systems technologies and their integration representing a major challenge. This competitive environment not only creates challenges. A hge nmber of opportnities for the expansion of already existing markets or more importantly - the creation of promising new markets will appear, on condition that the appropriate technologies are mastered. In this context smart systems integration technologies play the role of a key enabler. Forecasts show that p to 2020 smart systems applications can redce 23% of global emissions with an eqivalent of 9.2 Gt CO2e 1 by providing smart soltions for energy management and distribtion, smart control of electrical drives, and the optimisation of logistic or energy-efficient facility management. This figre is eqivalent to an impressive market vale of 65 to 70 billion EUR worldwide. In the area of e-health, one of Erope s identified lead markets; Erope s market volme is expected to increase ntil 2020 to an impressive 30 billion EUR. If this materialises, 360,000 new jobs will be created in this sector throghot Erope. Again, smart systems integration will be the all-dominant enabler for smart soltions combining medical devices and IT, for high level systems integration, rapid growth in networked applications and the extension of IT spport to healthcare consmers. The evoltion of the critical dimension of technologies to the nanometre scale, together with the exploitation of completely new physical phenomena at the atomic and moleclar levels, has opened p opportnities for grondbreaking soltions in bioengineering, environmental control, the hman-machine interface and other sectors. The ability to miniatrise and integrate intelligence and new fnctionalities into conventional and new components and materials is a key element for implementing the concept of ambient intelligence and for extending this concept towards ambient assisted living in general. Erope s smart systems manfactrers are in a good competitive position to rise to these challenges. Thanks to strctral and technological advantages, cltral backgrond, a broadbased edcation, higher levels of R&D investment, a strong home base of thosands of innovative SMEs and an open bsiness environment, Eropean bsinesses and their workforces are demonstrating high levels of creativity. Process knowledge and application know-how ensre that cstomers world-wide can expect the technology which best fits their specific needs. In this respect, Eropean manfactrers enjoy an excellent reptation. Thanks to this high level of added vale, the smart systems manfactring indstries have created hndreds of thosands of highly qalified jobs, which to all intents and prposes form the economic basis for protecting and bilding social prosperity in the Eropean Union. Erope has to trn its otstanding R&D potential, its infrastrctre, as well as its technological environment, into sccessfl prodct development in order to maintain its competitive edge. It has to master the key technologies that will allow people, bsinesses and governments to scceed and to seize the opportnities of the ftre. Withot dobt, innovative technology concepts sch as Smart Systems Integration will play a crcial role in this respect. Frthermore, by sing leading edge technologies Erope shold be able to strengthen its competitiveness whilst satisfying the core objectives of the Lisbon Growth and Job Strategy. The essential task of a Eropean Technology Platform is to bring together a wide spectrm of stakeholders, primarily key indstrial players, researchers, niversities, non-governmental organisations, intermediaries and civil society. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 7

8 Eropean Technology Platform To accomplish this mission a large nmber of sefl instrments are already available in Erope. First, there is the Seventh Framework Programme which spports nmeros research efforts from fndamental research throgh to research for SMEs. Then there is the Competitiveness and Innovation Programme which aims to strengthen a more market-oriented research capability, while national spport programmes p to and inclding Eropean measres focs on improving infrastrctre. Erope-wide and indstrially-driven R&D programme that will help EU indstry to achieve a leading competitive position in selected fields and on a worldwide scale. The JTI will combine a critical mass of national, EU and private resorces within one coherent, flexible and efficient legal framework; it will also boost R&D investment in Erope by providing incentives to indstry and Member States to increase their own R&D expenditre, both at company and national level. In a nmber of cases, the scope of the RTD objectives and the resorces involved jstify setting p long-term pblic-private partnerships in the form of a Joint Technology Initiative (JTI). JTIs aim to achieve greater and more strategic focs by spporting common ambitios research agendas in areas that are crcial for the competitiveness and growth of Erope, while assembling and coordinating at Eropean level a critical mass of research and beneficiaries. They therefore draw on all sorces of R&D investment - pblic or private - and link research closely to innovation. The effect is primarily to create a single, Erope-wide and indstrially-driven R&D programme that will help EU indstry to achieve a leading competitive position in selected fields and on a worldwide scale. The EPoSS stakeholders intend to setp a Eropean Technology Initiative based on indstry priorities. Its primary objective consists of strengthening the technological competitiveness of national and Eropean indstry in the Smart Systems sector. An EPoSS JTI will help to overcome the deficits of the existing fragmented landscape of pblic spport in Erope at the varios administrative levels and provide a coherent Eropean R&D approach as otlined in this EPoSS Strategic Research Agenda. The effect will be to create a single, 8 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

9 Eropean Technology Platform 1. The Vision of Smart Systems Definition EPoSS focsses on Smart 2 Systems, defined as intelligent, often miniatrised, technical sbsystems with their own and independent fnctionality evolving from microsystems technology. Smart Systems are able to sense and diagnose complex sitations. They are predictive, they have the capability to decide and help to decide as well as to interact with the environment. They may also be energy atonomos and networked. Utilising a fnctional design approach, Smart Systems se properties of devices and materials in completely new ways. Smart Systems are or will be indispensable for the competitiveness of ftre prodcts and even entire Eropean indstry and bsiness sectors. Smart Systems can be described as integrated systems, which are able to sense and diagnose a sitation and to describe it mtally address and identify each other are predictive and are able to decide and help to decide operate in a discreet, biqitos and qasi invisible manner tilise properties of materials, components or processes in an innovative way to achieve more performance and new fnctionalities are able to interface, interact and commnicate with the environment and with other Smart Systems and which are able to act, perform mltiple tasks and assist the ser in different activities. Sch systems are often networked, energy atonomos, miniatrised, reliable and in some cases even implantable. They are becoming increasingly complex, and they involve different technology disciplines and principles. Notwithstanding their capability and complexity, the implementation of novel innovative ser-friendly hmanmachine interfaces will make prodcts sing Smart Systems easier and more convenient to se. New featres like biqitos connectivity, secrity, ease-of-se and the 1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation Fnctions E.g. Integrated, miniatrised, advanced fnctionality, E.g. Implantable devices, miniatrised simple artificial organs, predictive & reactive systems, advanced energy management,... E.g. Self aware, atonomos, interfacing physical w/ technical world, adaptive to environment, biqitosly connected, with cognitive abilities Applications Figre 1: Contining Revoltion of Smart Systems Integration integration of mechanical, optical, electronic, biological or other properties throgh varos innovative technologies have yet to be flly realised. Challenge and Opportnity Severe international competition calls for rapid prodct change, higher qality, lower cost and shorter time to markets. Smaller and smarter by cross-disciplinary development will be the key isse in the ftre, with smart systems technologies and their integration being a major challenge. New materials and componds, the exploitation of completely new physical phenomena at the atomic and moleclar levels together with the evoltion of the critical dimension of technologies into the nanometre scale has opened opportnities for grond- Driver stats monitoring, piezo injection valve, Smart pill, retina implants,... Atonomos biorobits, swarming agents, IoT technologies,... Examples STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 9

10 Eropean Technology Platform breaking soltions in bioengineering, environmental control, the hmanmachine interface, and beyond. Frthermore, the integration of cognitive fnctions gives rise to a new concept of converging technologies (Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre). The ability to miniatrise and integrate intelligence and novel fnctionalities into conventional and new components and materials is particlarly relevant for the implementation of the concept of ambient intelligence. Micro technologies, nano-effects, smart layers, nanosized components, the elegant tilisation of material properties, cognitive fnctions, together represent an immense potential of new capability. However, they are not application-ready as sch, as they have to be designed, integrated, manfactred and tested - and in the end sed. Systems - like object recognition devices, driver stats monitoring systems and mltifnctional devices for minimal invasive srgery - give a first impression of the enormos application potential. Second generation Smart Systems - sch as artificial organs, advanced energy management systems, and environmental sensor networks - will affect nearly all aspects of or daily life. And, finally, third generation Smart Systems will combine technical intelligence and cognitive fnctions. In the context of the Internet of Things they will provide the indispensable interface between the virtal and the physical world. The necessary fnctions of sch elements mst be selected and connected with the featres and fnctionalities of other elements in a safe, reliable, controllable and integrated manner in order to create complex, smart systems with high technical and economic excellence. This is where investment in Smart Systems Integration proves its niqely powerfl place in economic and technical development. Ultimately Smart Systems Integration will provide the fnctional connection of components and sbsystems at the component level (manfactring), at the system level (integration into a macro system, or handling level ), at the application level (integration into the overall system, or prodct level ) and at the the process level (integration of manfactring processes inclding design, simlation, verification and testing). With its ability to provide badly-needed soltions for the hman-machineinterface (HMI), smart systems will ndobtedly redefine the interaction between mankind and technology. Today already first generation Smart 10 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

11 Eropean Technology Platform 2. Smart Systems Integration its Relevance for Erope Societal Globalisation of the marketplaces and changing dynamics created an environment of worldwide competition. A set of worldwide social, natral and commercial effects, which concern every nation, company or entity become the driving force. The otlook for the next two decades incldes global isses and major drivers sch as those: sstainable development and climate change energy demand - efficient and secre access demand for fresh water global healthcare food safety global convergence of information and commnications technologies the gap between rich and poor new secrity strategies to redce conflicts and terrorism, and democratisation as well as global long-term perspectives demographic changes: rbanisation and ageing sstainable mobility employment in Erope and others has been reported by the EU Commission and the UN Environmental Program. Addressing these challenges sccessflly means retaining and strengthening or competitive capabilities. It means providing answers and soltions regarding to these challenges throgh developing and offering prodcts and services which are innovative, market flfilling, in a timely manner and cost effective. Economic Bt this competitive environment not only creates challenges. An immense nmber of opportnities for the expansion of already existing markets or more importantly - the creation of new promising markets will appear, depending pon the mastering of appropriate technologies. Smart systems integration technologies play here the role of a key enabler. By 2020, smart systems applications cold redce global emissions by 23%, with an eqivalent of 9.2 Gt CO 2 e 3 by providing smart soltions for energy management and distribtion, smart control of electrical drives, and optimisation of logistic or energy-efficient facility management. This figre is eqivalent to a market vale of 65 to 70 billion EUR worldwide. The worldwide market for Monitoring & Control prodcts and Soltions, one of the most important fields of smart systems applications, containing soltions for environment, critical infrastrctres, manfactring and process indstry, bildings & homes, hosehold appliances, vehicles, logistics & transport or power grids, is arond 188 billion Eros. This vale represents 8% of total ICT expenditres worldwide. And - it is identical with the whole semicondctor indstry world revenes and approximately twice that of the world mobile phone manfactrers revenes. The larger sb markets of integration, installation & training services, control hardware and maintenance represent together over 100 billion Eros. Crrently Erope represents 32 % of the world total market vale 4. The monitoring & control (M&C) market for vehicles alone, comprising OEMs costs for internally prodced vehicle embedded soltions, e.g. ABS braking, air conditioning, airbags, atomatic transmissions, adaptive sspension, engine control, etc., represents a total of approximately 17Bn (in 2007). Becase of demands indced by global isses as CO 2 emissions redction, hybrid motorisation, electrical and smart vehicles, and traffic management, an annal growth rate of to 5% dring the next decade is expected. Smart systems integration will be the all-dominant enabler for pre-crash systems and predictive driver assistance featres to reach the goal of the Road Safety Action Plan to halve the nmber of traffic deaths by In the area of e-health market, one of Erope s identified lead markets, Erope s market volme is expected to STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 11

12 Eropean Technology Platform increase, bringing the total volme of the market to 30Bn within the EU by If this wold occr new jobs in Erope in this sector wold be created. Also here smart systems integration will be an all-dominant enabler providing smart systems soltions for the convergence of medical devices and IT, for high level systems integration, rapid growth in networked applications, and the extension of IT spport to healthcare consmers. Eropean manfactrers are strong leaders in some of the above mentioned applications. In the M&C application field for vehicles or for process indstry Eropean companies compete with US and Japanese firms. In other sectors sch as facility management or healthcare, competition is wider. The technology leaders are Eropean, US as well as Japanese based. The above few examples show emphatically the high capacity of smart systems integration technologies to provide soltions for the challenges now facing mankind. Similarly, in other application fields, crrently dominated by Eropean players, sch as environmental control and sstainable energy, eqally compelling opportnities appear for the application of smart systems integration. Mastering the technologies of smart systems integration is becoming a highly important isse for the ftre of Erope s economy - these are the technologies which will nderpin the provision of innovative, sstainable and economical prodcts and services. Smart systems integration technologies will leverage and invest frther in those key technologies in which Erope s position is already strong and world-wide competitive to provide high added vale. The overall vale of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS); only one part of smart systems is a typical example. In 2012 the forecast trnover generated by MEMS components will be arond 10,5 Bn. However, the trnover generated by MEMS based systems will grow to 77,8 Bn. In addition to this economic importance by its self, MEMS generate a distingished leverage effect. A rogh estimate for the share of electronic systems in the atomotive vale chain is 20 percent. Recognising that a major part of this vale chain concerns wiring and non-intelligent electronic systems, one can safely assme that a share of at least 5 percent of the total atomotive vale chain can be targeted by smart systems. This amonts to a market of approximately 34 Bn for smart systems in the atomotive sector alone - a sector with an otstanding importance for the competitiveness of the Eropean economy on the whole. Sch leverage means that smart system integration technology will be nderpinning sales volmes of several hndred billion per year, comparable with the sitation as for microelectronics abot 20 to 30 years ago. De to the proportion of valeadd in Smart Systems, in contradiction to high technology component-based indstries, they spport hndreds of thosands of highly qalified jobs, often sitated in high-sophisticated SMEs, which form essentially the economic basis for the protection and the development of social prosperity in the Eropean Union. Technical The evoltion of the critical dimension of technologies into the nanometre scale, together with the exploitation of completely new physical phenomena at the atomic and moleclar levels has opened opportnities for grondbreaking soltions in bioengineering, environmental control, the hmanmachine interface, and beyond. These innovations represent an immense potential of new fnctionalities and featres, bt they have to be designed, integrated, manfactred and tested and in the end handled by the sers. Moreover, each of these innovations mst be linked with the featres and possibilities of other innovations in a safe and controllable, integrated manner in order to create complex, smart systems with high technical excellence. De to its role as a linking technology between nano-, micro- and macroworld smart systems integration has become a vital enabling and intermediary fnction for prodct development and manfactring. By establishing and maintaining extensive know-how in smart systems technologies Eropean manfactrers will be able to identify and provide soltions for global challenges, soltions which go beyond the capabilities of components alone. With this increased know-how manfactrers will not only be able to find soltions to conventional problems; they will be able to se smart systems expertise to initiate new markets featring innovative new prodcts to challenge established market leaders from abroad. Smart systems integration technologies provide soltions for global challenges which go beyond the capabilities of components alone. With this increased know-how manfactrers will not only be able to find soltions to conventional problems; they will be able to se smart systems expertise to initiate new markets featring innovative new prodcts to challenge established market leaders from abroad. Smart systems integration technologies will provide Eropean prodcts with the new fnctionalities and featres that are rgently reqired to compete in a global environment. Eropean Globalised and rapidly changing marketplaces lead conseqential to an increasing of worldwide competition. This global competition calls for rapid 12 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

13 Eropean Technology Platform prodct change, higher qality, lower cost and shorter time to markets. Withot capitalizing on smart systems integration R&D, sbstantial opportnities in important application fields will be lost; and as a conseqence a new potential for Eropean market share and economic power will be lost forever. Within the last few decades examples can be fond to illstrate this effect, for example the lost of markets in mass storage devices, displays or brown goods. In every case Erope led in R&D efforts bt failed to draw profit from prodcts. With smart systems integration, which is based pon expertise rather than simply mass manfactre, the conditions are different. Erope s smart systems manfactrers are till now in a good competitive position. De to strctral and technological advantages, an advanced technological backbone, cltral backgrond, ronded edcation, higher levels of R&D Investment, a strong home base of thosands innovative SMEs and an open bsiness environment, Eropean bsinesses and individals are demonstrably highly creative. Process knowledge and application know-how ensre that cstomers world-wide can expect the best fitting technology tailored to specific needs. Despite a high degree of atomation, man s system know-how is still essential to make the best connections between prodcts and the applications environment in which they are sed. Moreover, the conditions nder which prodcts are made are becoming increasingly important to the cstomer. Eropean manfactrers enjoy an excellent reptation in both these matters. Erope has to trn its otstanding potentials in R&D, its infrastrctre, as well as its technological environment, into sccessfl prodct development in order to maintain its competitive edge. It has to master the key technologies that will allow people, bsinesses and governments to scceed and to seize the opportnities of the ftre. Withot dobt, innovative technology concepts sch as Smart Systems Integration will play a crcial role here. Efficient prodction of innovative prodcts and se of ICT is the key to modernising an advanced economy. Investment in smart systems technologies drives innovation and technological progress. It enhances prodctivity growth and creates new markets and improves bsiness processes. Frthermore, by sing leading edge technologies as smart systems integration Erope will be able to strengthen its competitiveness whilst satisfying the core objectives of the Lisbon Growth and Job Strategy. Strategic EPoSS is prsing a special mission which is to increase the vale of Eropean scientific research and the manfactring ability in smart systems integration technologies by applying these to niqe, competitive commercial prodcts. In order to execte this mission in a sstainable way, the main focs of EPoSS Strategy needs to be based on technology-driven innovation with a strong orientation on cstomers needs, market reqirements, and societal demands. The goal of EPoSS strategy is to establish a set of common technologies to spport the development of vale-added prodcts based on smart systems across the whole application contexts, spanned between Aerospace, Atomotive, Medical Technologies, Internet of Things, Secrity, and Information and Commnication. These cross-platform technologies will facilitate: Properties which will spport completely new fnctionalities and ntil now nmatched system performance New opportnities in a wide range of prodct applications to address the challenge of complexity and interdisciplinary Systems design methods and toolsets for a noticeable redction of time-to-market Implementation of new bsiness models able to se the phenomenal knowledge of the Eropean SMEs Utilisation of bild-in synergies between relevant application fields The strengthening of the competitiveness of the Eropean Indstries and the preservation of jobs A sbstantial contribtion for an approach for pcoming societal needs The key challenge for EPoSS is to remain Eropean excellence in the domains of smart systems expertise in a constantly evolving technology landscape and nder the pressre of intensifying global competition. The EPoSS strategy therefore follows a matrix approach; the focs on main seven above-named application areas: Aerospace, Atomotive, Medical Technologies, Internet of Things, Secrity, Information and Commnication and Common Technologies - where it can provide niqe smart systems soltions. Three raw define the research domains, described in detail in the in chapter Technology Challenges. Smart systems integration technologies provide soltions for global challenges which go beyond the capabilities of components alone. With this increased know-how manfactrers will not only be able to find soltions to conventional problems; they will be able to se smart systems expertise to initiate new markets featring innovative new prodcts to challenge established market leaders from abroad. Smart systems integration technologies will provide Eropean prodcts with the new fnctionalities and STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 13

14 Eropean Technology Platform Aerospace Technologies - Materials Micro-Nano-Crossovers Packaging Enabling Fnctionalities - Sensing Technologies, Energy Management, Wireless Commnications, Advanced Visalisation Techniqes Methodologies - Design, Manfactring, Standards, Training Atomotive Telecommnication featres that are rgently reqired to compete in a global environment. To reach this goal a strategic approach is necessary: to satisfy the ftre demands on innovative prodcts it will not be sfficient to execte a manfactring, based on prefabricated parts from other economic areas. That is especially valid for the design and the manfactring of ftre competitive prodcts based on leading-edge technologies. Innovative competitive prodcts will demand completely new featres, neqalled performances, and cost-efficient manfactring. These prodcts needs technologies which are not only derivates from electronics becase of fsing several; ntil now more likely sed independent processes sch as biological, mechanical, electrical, flidic or chemical. The demand of high-performance bt simple tilising goods; the demand of tailored fnctionality ; will lead to other, to different ways of solving, to a thinking after silicon. From different points of views, the sage of non-silicon materials more and more contines to gain in significance in today s prodct development. On the other hand, this new approach will be accompanied by the strategic necessity of a reassessment of thitherto employed manfactring Internet of Things Figre 2: Smart Systems Integration - Strategic Objectives MedTec Safety & Secrity processes - and bsiness models. Processes as printed electronic don t need clean rooms with highest cleanliness, crrent prodct lifetimes of three to for years maximm, bt mostly less, lead to new, dynamic, short-rn fabconcepts; e.g. rent-a-fab -concepts. The scientific and manfactring capabilities to exploit other sciences than electronics are at hand in Erope and can be sed as magnet to draw interdisciplinary teams together, able to create things which are not reprodcible easily in other economies - at least to safegard employment in Erope. The safegard or a sstainable establishment of employment in the hightech area; will lead to necessity; to provide methods and options to keep the employees p-to-date, by training corses as well as other kinds of learning or self-instrction. Innovative concepts, competitive prodcts also lead to a creation of intellectal properties (IPs). This means a re-thinking of crrent IP handling concepts, a re-thinking where the ideas will be created, what the flow of smartness is - and how to se it to make a bsiness, becase IPs have to be treated beyond qestion as a strategic resorce of ftre developments. A mlti-disciplinary, mlti-material approach mst not lead to a new overdependence from several global spply chains of materials, from energy or other strategic resorces; regardless of coltan (e.g. for medtech applications, for capacitors or fnctional layers) or rare earths (e.g. for small brshless DC motor with rare-earth magnet, a key actor element) from conflict areas, lithim (e.g. for batteries and the today s basic for energy storage for mobile applications - form laptop to electric vehicle) from insfficient deposits or hydrocarbon fels from nreliable sorces. Smart systems offer with its opportnities of elegant mltiple sages of material properties or its possibilities of innovative system design a strategic approach to release this grip. Becase the developments of new technologies like smart systems is not only a technological step, bt also a process of the society in correlations with many fields of personal and social life. The immense nmber of ways and possibilities of these new prodcts to inflence the daily life will lead to an important societal challenge which needs right from the start a common strategic acting. That means to raise pblic awareness of the benefits and impacts, e.g. threat to personal integrity and to provide methods to meet these challenges. The EPoSS commnity has identified clear objectives and proposes of an ambitios strategy to make a reality of this vision - for the benefits of Erope and its cstomers. To proceed from strategy to action the EPoSS stakeholders intend to set-p a Eropean Technology Initiative based on indstry priorities. This step offers a niqe fnding model to stimlate collaborative, pre-competitive research projects in a Eropean innovation environment designed to assre the rapid assimilation of their reslts into competitive prodcts and services. 14 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

15 Eropean Technology Platform 3. Implementation The primary objective of a Eropean Technology Platform is to boost the competitiveness of Eropean companies and research organisations. It focses on a nmber of strategically important isses which are crcial for achieving Erope s ftre growth, competitiveness and sstainability objectives. It deals with isses which have a major impact on research, the economy and society, and where there is strong pblic interest and scope to offer genine added vale throgh a Eropean level response. The ETP s task is to bring together a wide spectrm of stakeholders, primarily key indstrial players, researchers, niversities, non-governmental organisations, intermediaries and civil society. To accomplish this mission a large nmber of sefl instrments are already available in Erope. First, there is the Seventh Framework Programme which spports nmeros research efforts from fndamental research throgh to research for SMEs. Then there is the Competitiveness and Innovation Programme which aims to strengthen a more market-oriented research capability, while national spport programmes p to and inclding Eropean measres focs on improving infrastrctre. All these efforts are sefl and necessary in order to overcome ftre challenges sccessflly; however, new, specially targeted measres are necessary, in particlar those which are able to activate and synchronise the potential and capabilities of private indstry with those of pblic entities in Erope. In a nmber of cases, the scope of the RTD objectives and the resorces involved jstify setting p longterm pblic-private partnerships in the form of a Joint Technology Initiative (JTI). JTIs aim to achieve greater and more strategic focs by spporting common ambitios research agendas in areas that are crcial for the competitiveness and growth of Erope, and by assembling and coordinating at Eropean level a critical mass of research and beneficiaries. They therefore draw on all sorces of R&D investment - pblic or private - and link research closely to innovation. A JTI may become operational by setting p a Joint Undertaking (JU) nder Article 171 of the Treaty. The effect is primarily to create a single, Erope-wide and indstrially driven R&D programme that will help EU indstry to achieve a leading competitive position in selected fields and on a worldwide scale. A JTI will combine a critical mass of national, EU and private resorces within one coherent, flexible and efficient legal framework; it will also boost R&D investment in Erope by providing incentives to indstry and Member States to increase their own R&D expenditre, both at company and national level. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 15

16 Eropean Technology Platform 16 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

17 Eropean Technology Platform 4. Technology Challenges Smart systems integration is penetrating several indstry sectors, bringing many market opportnities and a broad-based manfactring infrastrctre. Smart systems are sed in varios applications, ranging from low cost, high volme atomotive applications to high cost, low volme instrmentation applications. Key technological sccess and inhibitor factors for this advance in Erope are interdisciplinarity, flexibility, modlarity, high-levelproblem solving skills, a strong scientific and indstrial backbone, significant market opportnities, and the knowledge base. Bt the development of smart systems to date provides sbstantial frther opportnity. Prodct development today demands: Applications Aeronatics Atomotive Medical Technologies Information and Commnication Internet of Things / RFID Secrity Fnctionalities Sensors Actator Data Storages Wireless Commnication Energy Management Information Processing Design tools & Methodologies New Technologies & Methodologies / Standards Figre 3: Smart Systems Application Fields vs. Technological Portfolio Technologies & Components Materials Processes Srface Engineering Nanostrctring Micro& Nanoscale devices Packaging Smallest possible scale Energy-saving Economical pricing Technological opportnities will be extremely challenging, more and more physical limits will be affected - sch that the Statistics of Weibll will appear to broadened - as reslt of the inflence of second and third order effects. Progress towards steadily shrinking strctres will lead to sitations where properties of devices can be defined by the presence or absence of a handfl of doping atoms. Neither qality assrance, principally in mass prodction, nor manfactring based on simlation seems to be possible in these circmstances. Other approaches to system design and manfactring will have to be investigated. Even in smart systems integration, alternative integration technologies beyond nano are likely. Integration in several layers in a whole order of magnitdes, smart combination of materials and intelligent system architectres and an increasing mastery of interfaces - bio-electronic, nano-macro or hman-machine - will lead to many possible soltions. Dring the past two years, the research commnity has been very active in the field of smart systems integration and recent endeavors show a consolidation of research activities arond major campses that attract academic teams as well as indstry research. This consolidation in the Eropean research landscape helps tackle the most important challenges: heterogeneity, complexity and mltidisciplinarity. More than ever, innovation lies at the frontier between different areas: physical scales of phenomena, disciplines, hardware and software, microtechnologies and nerosciences, heterogeneos association of materials A revoltion is on its way and Erope is strongly poised to take fll benefit thanks to its intrinsic diversity of cltres and its nderstanding of how to draw them together. Technically, smart systems are still driven by the progress of manfactring STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 17

18 Eropean Technology Platform processes and especially by the rapid growth of technologies that provide systems manfactrers with new lowcost fnctions for implementing intelligence in their prodcts and creating added vale for the cstomer. This development is illstrated by the rapid adoption of 200mm platforms by microsystems fondries (ST Microelectronics, Silex, Freescale, and Bosch) in response to the accelerating adoption of microsystems in consmer domains sch as atomotive, mobile commnications and consmer devices. Erope is crrently a leader in the field of smart systems technologies, in both research and indstrial development. This position mst be defended in order to safegard the ftre of key branches of Eropean indstry. There now seems to be no alternative to the pooling of knowledge and expertise if increasingly complex technological and mltidisciplinary needs are to be met. In smmary, EPoSS s ftre research priorities can be clstered into: technologies, fnctionalities and methodologies. Technologies and fnctionalities need to be combined to bild innovative smart systems. Methodologies are the process-oriented dimension encompassing applications as well as technologies and fnctionalities. Selected R&D topics of high relevance for smart system integration are: Fnctionalities Sensing (nano-sensors and MOSdetection devices, mltidimensional sensing technologies like sensor arrays, data-processing inclding data fsion and model-based techniqes, low-power platforms) Energy (advanced energy scavenging techniqes, energy storage, energy management etc.) Commnication (Micro- and nanodevices e.g. filters, nano-resonators, RF-MEMS, antennas, EM modelling and simlation, low-power components, wireless networks) Hman-machine interface and visalization (μ-displays, flexible displays, carbon nanotbe displays, large-area display technologies, speech recognition and commnication) Secrity (e. g. low-power cryptography) Privacy Methodologies Design tools and approaches (system-level modelling and design tools, mlti-disciplinary and mltiscale design tools e.g. from system to IC design and mechanical fnctions, from large-area to nanoscale throgh macro-, meso- and microscales, knowledge management) Manfactring techniqes (reliability, eqipment, process management inclding e.g. data-flow management and manfactring floor planning) Simlation of mlti-domain systems and components at all levels of abstraction Standards, robstness, qality and reliability. Core Technologies & Enabling Fnctionalities In terms of applications, the strongest demand comes from systems and sb-systems manfactrers in medical devices, atomotive manfactrers, and for indstrial control and metrology applications. Demand is indeed growing e.g. for cstom transdcers and sensors as well as for the cstomization of sensor technology platforms with bilt-in network capabilities. In addition to the development of generic technologies by the microelectronic and the microsystems indstry, new technologies are needed. Technologies Medtech & Healthcare Internet of things Telco Secrity Aeronatics Atomotive Materials (Si, SiC, SiGe, non-si semicondctors, ceramics, polymer, glass, textiles, etc.) Energy Conversion Smart power management Wireless Implants & atarktic sensors Green ICT Wireless sensor networks Green ICT Power management All electric Plane Hybrid & electric Vehicle Wireless sensor for smart road Air qality monitoring Nano-scale devices (srface fnctionalisation, nano-electromechanical systems e.g. sensors/resonators/ arrays, nano-characterization tools and methodologies) Technologies for micro/nano-scale integration (wafer-level packaging, 2,5/3D integration, heterogeneos integration) Chemical & biological sensing Printed systems Smart textiles and foils Vision systems Point of care systems Breath analysis Flexible Smart clothes & home monitoring Photosensors for florescene Low cost RFID Low cost antenna systems CMOS imager for mobile phone NRBCE detection Smart clothes First responder safety All in one camera Figre 4: Application Fields of Smart Systems vs. Key Fnctions Cabin Air qality Maintenance fleets Power train control, air qality monitoring Pedestrain detection 18 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

19 Eropean Technology Platform Fnctionalities A smart system mst be able to sense, diagnose and describe a sitation. Smart systems mst be continally improved and eqipped with additional fnctionalities.. The explorations of new physical effects or material properties are essential as well as new methodologies of signal conditioning and processing. One can predict an increasing need for optical sensors, for example, optimally sited for systems whose prpose is not to restitte an image to a final ser bt to analyze the content of a visal scene and make a decision. The main reqirements for sch a sensor are a wide intra-scene dynamic range and a data representation capability whichh facilitates processing. Crrently sed standard image sensors have a too narrow dynamic range to cope with the tremendos change of illmination occrring in natral visal scenes. Logarithmic imagers offer a wide dynamic range and a data representation capability which easily discard illmination changes in an image. The crrent state of the art is to perform the logarithmic compression in the analoge domain, which leads to a high pixel-to-pixel fixed pattern noise that makes them nsable for commercial applications. Ftre generations of visal front-ends, developed for robotic, medical or secrity applications, will have to resolve this isse. A smart system soltion will incorporate the high dynamic range pixel array with logarithmic compression in the digital domain to avoid the large fixed pattern noise associated with analoge compression. Materials Specific materials and associated fabrication processes - ceramics, glass, polymer and meta-materials - are enablers for low cost or high performance soltions. Low cost and a high level of integration are typically contradicting reqirements, bt some applications allow smarter, more integrated systems withot a mch higher price. Ths cost considerations mst be one of the main drivers for the choice of technologies and materials in smart systems integration, and so not only the integration of mltiple fnctionalities into a smart system is reqired bt also the combination of different technologies and the integration of mltiple materials. While, so far, mainly silicon based technologies were the main drivers of microintegration, new working principles as well as demand for low-cost prodction will reqire the se of e.g. polymer-based technologies and - in some cases - the combination of silicon-based with polymer-based technologies. New and smart materials bring another advantage to a smart system: they allow for new working principles, e.g. sensors, or old working principles at lower cost, e.g. soltions sing polymerbased piezo effect can provide so far nlikely opportnities. Micro/Nano Effects The development of new fnctions thanks to the emergence of nanoscale objects sch as nanopowders, carbon nano tbes, nano wires and Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (NEMS) are still hampered by the difficlties of embedding them in large scale systems sing collective processes that comply with reliability, cost and volme reqirements. The ftre of the field is bright with opportnities, bt also riddled with challenges, ranging from frther theoretical development throgh advances in fabrication technologies, to developing high-performance nano- and microscale systems with reliability and prodcibility able to satisfy reqirements of merchantable prodcts. The applications of MEMS and NEMS in areas sch as biotechnology, medicine, avionics, transportation, and defence are virtally limitless. Good examples of scaling effects are polymer nanocomposites, which have attracted significant interest in recent years: nanocomposites improve the properties of the polymer matrix (mechanical, thermal, barrier, electrical etc.) at mch lower filler factors as compared with traditional macro- or microcomposites. Electrically condcting polymer nanocomposites, typically prepared by dispersing condcting nanoparticles (metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotbes, carbon black etc.) in an inslating polymer matrix, find varios applications in sensors and actators, electromagnetic shielding, antistatic coatings etc. Applications in thermoelectricity are also being researched. There is presently no satisfactory theoretical explanation for many observed effects. Hence there is a need for better nderstanding of the mechanisms of charge and of energy transport phenomena in nanocomposites, taking into accont the effects reslting from confinement of the mobile charge carriers in low-dimensional strctres and of corse interfacial effects. It is interesting to note that when going throgh the percolation threshold in metal/polymer composites the hge increase of electricalcondctivity by orders of magnitde is accompanied by only a moderate increase of thermal condctivity of only 1-2 orders of magnitde. Ths by controlling the degree of dispersion of the nanoparticles, and by optimizing the selection of filler and matrix, the chemical modification of filler and/or matrix to render them compatible, and the preparation and processing conditions, it shold be possible to design and prodce nanocomposites with a thermoelectric vale significantly larger than one. Polymer matrix nanocomposites will offer widespread commercial potential towards the end of the next decade. Polymers with carbon nanoparticles have a hge application STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 19

20 Eropean Technology Platform potential, e.g. for electromagnetic shielding, for thermal inslation of smart systems, for electrodes in batteries, providing power for mobile smart system soltions, as additive in tyres, for lightweight material, and other applications. Compond coreshell nanosystems may be applied as electromagnetic inslation and for gas sensing, in analytics, imaging diagnostics and in drg discovery systems. Sch application are already the sbject of applied research and will achieve market matrity atthe end of the next decade at the earliest. Another example of scaling down are nano effects cased by the thinning of layers and by miniatrisation of srface strctres, similar to the Lots effect. Some related application fields are atomotive, energy, ICT, mechanical engineering, microsystems, and environmental engineering. In addition to well-known self-cleaning and redced-wear srface modifications, optical, mechanical and chemical effects can be improved by se of nano effects. One demonstration example shold be thin metal layers, with properties completely different to thicker ones. To give one example, a significant redction in melting temperatre has been investigated for nanolayers and nano particles. This work has shown that the grain growth and size, and the intrinsic behavior, are different from thicker layers. These material effects can be sed for new materials and smart packaging technologies. Bonding technologies for chip and wafer level packaging in electronics as well as in microsystems have been shown to reach lower and lower bonding temperatres bt with the same yield sing the same conventional bonding techniqes. Alternating nano layers of different materials leads to reactive and self-propagating as well as heat-generating material systems that can be sed for bonding and soldering. Nano strctres covered with thin metal layers cold lead to decreased bonding temperatres and increased bonding strength becase of the increased srface area. These are promising theoretical bases; frther technology and process development reqirestrong and focssed research for integrating nano technologies in smart prodcts. Packaging Smart systems still reqire advances in packaging techniqes where the progress of advanced manfactring techniqes mst be associated with new soltions for integration into specific environments: flex technologies, fnctional packages for high temperatre applications, biocompatible layers for implants and in vivo systems, energy absorption layers for smart devices embedded in mechanical parts, and many more, as chips escape from the circit board to the real world at large. Reliability is of extreme importance for systems assembly and packaging, which has become a limiting factor for both the cost and performance of today s systems. The continos demand for systems and sbsystems with higher fnctionality, enhanced performance, smaller size, and lower cost is fast driving packaging technologies to become an alternative soltion to SoC and other pre chip integration soltions. Advanced packaging technologies, sch as system-in-package (SiP 5 ) technology, is gaining importance in the smart systems integration indstry. With its significantly higher flexibility compared to SoC, SiP can combine mltiple technologies and rese intellectal property (IP) from nmeros sorces, allowing designers to overcome integration difficlties withot compromising on individal chip technologies. One of the major trends emerging in SiP is the ability to stack die vertically 3D or horizontally side-by-side, allowing the provision of mltiple die in a single package. Another trend is the ability to integrate different types of devices sch as passive and active components inside sbstrates. Importantly, an advanced packaging technology permits high levels of fnctional density by incorporating combinations of wirebond, flip-chip, stacked devices, embedded devices, MEMS, flidic or biological elements. This allows designers to se, for example, SiP implementation for sbsystems and systems that are not technically viable in a SOC or were previosly implemented sing a PCB. Advanced packaging technologies also allow lower power and less noise at the interconnect level as well as flexibility in mixing and matching electrical and non-electrical technologies. They are the key for redced system size and cost throgh integration of passive components and redction of the nmber of sed layers. And, in comparison to existing soltions, advanced packaging technologies promise to be mch qicker to develop. Design Design tools and methodologies that allow a qick evalation of the best soltions to provide intelligent fnctions in complex cross-disciplinary systems are still missing. Undobtly, the sage of SiP-based smart systems offers nmeros advantages more fnction in less space and redced design cycle times. Bt to deliver on the promise of SiP design, tools with new fnctionality and adopted design methods and flows have to be developed. Today, SiP design is normally sed by experts sing ad hoc tools and techniqes. Althogh these expert engineering approaches worked for initial state-of-the-art prodcts, they are not integrated, atomated or advanced enogh to spport the design of the high performance smart system modles needed for ftre markets. For instance, to improve time-to-mar- 20 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

21 Eropean Technology Platform ket via design cycle redction smart systems design has to be changed from an expert methodology to a mainstream design methodology a methodology that is atomated, integrated, reliable, and repeatable. Smart systems integration reqires new additional capabilities and integration above and beyond anything on the market, becase they are by definition mch more complicated. More complex components, for example, draw more crrent, while wireless connected devices may be more ssceptible to timing and electromagnetic (EM) noise effects. Power delivery and energy management for an advanced packaged smart system is also mch more complex than for a single die package design. With increasing fnctionality, the nmber of inpts/otpts escalates and signal interferences become a major concern, combining the challenges of signal and power integrity. Design of heterogeneos complex systems reqires models at different levels of abstraction. Crrently sed software tools are highly specialized. Major difficlties arise if different physical domains mst be combined in order to analyze copled fields in sensor and actators or certain effects in complex smart systems. Moreover, component models mst be linked to other system parts, e.g. the electronic circitry and controller nits or heat spreaders or system shell, in order to evalate overall system performance. Recent developments have shown that modern redced-order modelling techniqes will be a key technology to simlate heterogeneos complex systems in reasonable time. Components and sbsystems are sally modelled by finite element technologies. The ltimate goal will be to extract dynamically correct behavioral models which can be directly inserted into the system simlation environment. An atomated and consistent design flow shold be spported which start from conceptal design, process simlations, component design and finally spports system analysis and optimization. Special focs shold be pt on recent technologies to extract parametric behavioral models for case stdies, strctral optimization and sensitivity analysis for robst design. Models shold not only accont for fnctional behavior bt also for reliability isses with growing significance. To meet these and many other challenges, smart system designers have to manage the physical, electrical, nonelectrical and manfactring interfaces between design components along the spply chain. This is a tall order for today s design tools and methods. Smart power management The atonomy of smart systems depends pon their ability to scavenge energy from their environment, to store it and to make efficient se of it. Energy sorces for scavenging techniqes range from PV to heat throgh EM and vibration. For miniatrised systems where form factor is the main constraint, nanostrctres are the main priorities for research: nanomaterials and nano layers sch as sper lattices for thermoelectricity, mlti layers of nano materials for mlti spectral miniatrised PV cells and nano strctred srfaces for low voltage highly efficient mechanical harvesters. The limited life-time of batteries for implantable devices, e.g. pacemakers or implanted drg delivery systems, often necessitates srgical replacements after a comparatively short time (in relation to the schedled system life time). Direct glcose fel cells cold be sed as a sstainable power spply for long term implants, converting the chemical energy of the body s glcose into electrical energy - the energy spply of smart implants is a challenge as well as an opportnity for smart systems integration. Problems of implantable fel cells are manifold. How to achieve fel separation, becase the body flids contain fel cell reactants, glcose and oxygen, simltaneosly? How to garantee a maximm of operation time? How to achieve exceptional system reliability? Storage techniqes inclde ink batteries, micro batteries, spercapacitors, and micro fel cells where the se of 3D nanostrctres and nano materials are mandatory for energy density optimisation. Energy management will be of the essence for both ltra low power (wireless sensor) and high power conversion systems (power semicondctor). Advanced control algorithms will depend on the designers ability to mix analoge and digital IPs into IC circits and their knowledge of the physical behavior of each component and sbsystem. Signal and Information Processing The ability of new intelligent systems to process information is not enogh: efficiently copling this ability with decision making based on data processing or data fsion algorithms, on advances in data strctres and pon the knowledge of each application environment will reqire a long term investment in generic technologies and ambitios applications scenarios. Smart systems will benefit from advances in secrity soltions driven by the smart cards indstry and in reliability. Combining hardware miniatrisation and the physics of failre, smart devices will be able to diagnose degradation to determine whether failres are catastrophic or parametric and ths to provide lifetime forecasting. Reliability mst also be garanteed from the viewpoint of secrity sbsystem, implants or other safetyrelevant applications. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 21

22 Eropean Technology Platform Smart power management FUNCTIONS Energy scavenging Energy storage Energy ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Nanostrctred materials and associated fabrication processes Thermoelectric devices, Mltispectral PV cells Vibration energy scavenging EM energy converters Microfel cells A smart system mst be able to measre and deal with variability and ncertainty, yet generate an informed sggestion in the decision-preparing process regarding the original sample and the mltitde of answers reqired by the detection objective. Research challenges cold be the following three main featres of (ftre) smart systems: the ability to learn and adapt, to change environmental conditions, and to respond accordingly. However, for smart systems to be sccessfl in ftre applications they will need to meet new levels of robstness, flexibility and safety. They will also need to be endowed with a new level of cognitive skills and intelligence, hitherto withot exception associated with people or animals - the ability to learn, adapt, deliberate, weigh alternatives, take decisions on incomplete data and act prposeflly. Smart systems will need increasingly to act as an (artificial) cognitive system, as thinking and learning machine with the ability to operate in openended environments with natral interaction with hmans and other artificial cognitive systems. Research shold allow s to achieve Ink batteries Microbatteries - Sper capacitors Sper capacitors Figre 5: Smart Power Management Roadmap capabilities beyond hmans and existing machines, e.g. explorations, retrievals, search operations, physical operations/maniplations, information enrichment, navigation, decision spport as well as knowledge discovery, and facilitating or enhancing commnication. Eqipped with cognitive featres and sing new frameworks and architectres e.g. swarm intelligence or grid-based processing, these systems will be applicable for the disentanglement of confsing, ambigos, conflicting and massive amonts of mlti-modal, mlti-level data and information, and, last bt not least, will be able to evalate the level of goal achievement and able to rethink the next operations. Key Fnctions for 2012 & Beyond Over the past few years global economic trends and progress in science and technology have led to the emergence of new social needs, new reqirements from pblic bodies for managing large infrastrctres and new expectations from indstry. As a reslt of these converging forces we believe that new topics need to be addressed as major isses for the next decade. Some examples follow. Energy conversion systems will enable the development of energy-aware soltions for transportation and for heavy indstries. Smart power monitoring will allow the efficient se of energy in consmer prodcts as well as in electronic goods and eqipment. Biological and chemical sensors, both in gas and liqid phases, will address health, environment and secrity isses. The emergence of smart fabrics and large area low cost printed systems will address body-worn fnctions as well as smart sensors for the bilt environment. Finally, the convergence of imaging techniqes in mltispectral domains with the capacity of embedding optical and signal processing fnctions directly into detector arrays will favor the emergence of mltiple new applications in varios application fields sch as secrity, bilding atomation and transportation. Energy conversion systems The increased energy needs of the global economy have dramatically increased the attention of systems manfactrers for energy efficiency: the Eropean atomotive indstry is now committed to hybrid and electric vehicle roadmaps, the rise of PV systems for powering professional and private bilding calls for optimised power converters, and heavy indstries are now convinced that optimised power control of electrical eqipment may redce the power consmption of their manfactring facilities by p to 40%. Power conversion systems will face three main challenges in the ftre: the development of indstry compliant wide band gap semicondctor materials (SiC, GaN, ), the design of new architectres of power converters and, finally, innovative soltions for packaging and thermal management on system level. These three topics will generate specific integration 22 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

23 Eropean Technology Platform challenges at both technological and system levels. Regarding the integration of new materials in power management applications, SiC and GaN will take advantage of the intrinsic added Energy Conversion FUNCTIONS Wide Bandgap Semicondctor* Materials Thermal Management Packaging Smart Conversion Systems ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Technology integration will focs on specific technologies for wide bandgap devices (doping, contacts, MOS gate), partial and total SOI, dry deep silicon etching, thin wafer technology for power vertical devices, vertical condctive vias and 3D interconnects, wafer bonding, deposition of specific materials (dielectrics, piezoelectric, high K, magnetics) and 3D wafer level packaging. As far as system integration is concerned, the following topics will be prioritised: wide bandgap devices (SiC, GaN, diamond), intelligent power switch integrating control and protection fnctions, galvanic inslation, thermal management, DC-DC integrated converters with passive devices (indctors and 3D capacitors), high temperatre drivers, energy sorces and energy scavenging. SiC GaN New sbstrates for Silicon devices Microflidics systems Advanced materials for interconnections and bonding techniqes Thick layer deposition processes and encapslation techniqes New converter architectres Figre 6: Roadmap of Energy Conversion Smart Systems vale of wide bandgap semicondctor technology over silicon. SiC device technologies have been installed in the power electronics since GaN technology, coming from ble LED and laser diode development, cold be an alternative to SiC. The first commercial prototypes have shown a 30% redction in cost compared with the same SiC device. The opportnity for progress in GaN-based power electronics is significant. The positioning of SiC devices in the silicon scenario mainly concerns high-voltage, high-temperatre and high-freqency applications. New packaging soltions, active cooling soltions, and new isolation techniqes have to be addressed to take fll advantage of the otstanding properties of this material. In addition to the wide bandgap natre of SiC, its mechanical properties, its chemical inertness and biocompatibility cold be also relevant for smart system based devices and systems that have to work nder harsh conditions (atomotive, aeronatics and space, etc.) and for biomedical applications. Chemical and biological sensors, analytical systems Developments in the past have focssed on miniatrised chemical sensors and mlti-sensor systems. In the field of gas sensing a lot of work has been devoted towards developing novel kinds of sensing materials, notably metal oxides and gas-sensitive polymers. In these materials-science investigations, a general trend towards nano strctred sensor materials can be observed. A wide variety of MEMS micro heater technologies has been developed to enable low power consmption gas sensor arrays. Frther progress in the direction of low power operation has been achieved by employing heat plse techniqes with plse drations ranging in the millisecond domain. Applying methods of mltivariate signal analysis to the mlti-sensor otpts, a mltitde of miniatrised electronic nose-type systems have been developed and demonstrated. Research on flid monitoring devices has largely focssed on classical devices sch as SAW (srface acostic wave) or silicon-based devices sch as ion sensitive field effect transistors, electrochemical mlti-electrode systems, flexral plate wave devices etc. Interesting developments involve devices bilding on wide-bandgap semicondctors sch as diamond or GaN. Wide-bandgap semicondctor devices offer wider electrochemical windows, higher stability in harsh environments and lower noise than similar Si-based devices. Sensitivity to stimli other than ph has been achieved by employing srface fnctionalisation techniqes involving the grafting of relatively small molecles p to complex bio molecles sch as proteins and DNA. Frther enabling technologies for flid monitoring devices are microflidic components (microchannels, microvalves, micropmps ). STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 23

24 Eropean Technology Platform Biological & Chemical Sensing FUNCTIONS Pre analytical modles Liqid Phase Chromatography Micro Gas Chromatography Transdction modles Srface fnctionalization IC interface, data fsion and fingerprint extractions ENABLING TECHNOLOGY MicroPmps Micro resonators for mass sensing Integrated Micro Spectrometers (IR, Visible, UV) SAW filters BAW filter for gas sensing There is sally a performance gap between MEMS-based miniatrised sensor systems and high-performance laboratory instrments. The reason is that low cost sensors often bild pon different sensing principles than those sed in laboratory instrments to achieve a specific monitoring fnctionality. For instance, arrays of inexpensive metal oxide gas sensors with a wide cross sensitivity profile are sed to sense gases and vapors in remote locations. With regard to performance sch miniatrised low-cost techniqes compete only weakly with highly specific spectroscopic techniqes sch as gas chromatography, ion mobility or mass spectrometry. This performance gap and the disparity of nderlying detection principles often presents an acceptance barrier that prevents miniatrised sensor technologies to be applied in applications traditionally served by mch higher-performance bt also blkier, heavier and more expensive laboratory instrments. Crrently there are three major trends in the development of smart analytical chemical sensor platforms: compact and reliable chemical analytical systems based on micro-spectrometry Nano devices arrays for mass sensing BAW filter for liqid phase sensing New chemistries and associated processes for cross sensitivity optimization Advanced IC soltions for snesor arrays interface Data fsion and advanced signal processing Advanced algorithms for signatre and fingerprint extraction (electronic nose) Figre 7: B&C Sensing Roadmap for Smart Systems Integration approaches (physical-optical/chemical), atonomos distribted analytical systems (sensing / actation /commnication /self calibration), and RFID tags inclding chemical sensors. All three aim at satisfying reqirements for robstness, size, cost and energy constraints that are imposed on analytical systems that increasingly need to be operated for prolonged periods of time in remote locations withot the intervention of trained hman operators. Vision sensors Bio mimetic sensors Nowadays electronic imaging is widely sed. A long jorney has been made since the first movies were recorded sing CCD cameras and today, where CMOS imager technology in synergy with memory and compting technologies has opened a wide range of applications. The most significant market is the mobile phone: with a 1.1 billion nits forecast in 2009, it represents more than 80 % of the image sensor market. Althogh originally based pon frame acqisition (image displayed on a screen) CIS (CMOS Image Sensors), the market is now also expected to grow in accordance with new applications that reqire a large nmber of dedicated imagers per system. For example, for atomotive application, pedestrian detection can be addressed sing infrared imaging. The infrared image is e can then displayed on an LCD display. Bt since the driver can hardly interpret the infrared frame in real time, R&D needs to be performed so as to embed scene analysis software within the camera head system - with the objective of otptting only the meaningfl information in terms of activating the correct warning. This new imager trend is called smart imaging. The ltimate architectre is not yet fixed bt a promising approach may be a neral network. This architectre is based pon a frame acqisition that is not displayed bt that is analyzed via neral network layers in order to generate sefl system commands. Professional imaging (medical, space, secrity & defence, indstrial inspection) represents also a large trnover even if the total qantities are mch smaller. US and Japanese companies are qite strong in this field bt Eropean companies still remain competitive and need to develop their R&D in order to remain global players. This reqires ongoing innovations in order to improve electro-optic performances in the whole spectrm ranging from X-rays, UV, visible IR and now terahertz and also hyperspectral and mltispectral imaging. Applications addressed by image sensors are broad and incldeemedical diagnostic imaging (e.g x-ray imaging for cancer detection), non destrctive testing for indstrial inspection, mltimedia, and ltimately body-worn electronics (firemen, first responders). For secrity prposes (chemicals, improvised explosives and concealed weapons), detection over the whole 24 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

25 Eropean Technology Platform Vision Systems FUNCTIONS Imager Retina Mlti spectral & hyper spectral imager Compact vision cameras/ systems Read ot circits & Data fsion In silicon data processing ENABLING TECHNOLOGY low cost Night and bad weather imagers ( FIR and NIR) Low cost Day light imagers (visible) See throgh Imagers (RX & Thz) Integrated IR + visible imagers, bilt in retina filters (plasmonics, antennas ) Hge density interconnections, wafer level packaging, TSV technologies, wafer thinning, 3D packaging On imager retina Integrated Optics On body electronics for Secrity applications (firemen, police, ) Strctral health Monitoring Finally, for all applications, the imager of the ftre needs to be very compact, with embedded intelligence, cost effective to manfactre and last bt not least very low in power consmption. Other topics, too, are emerging as major isses for the ftre. Brain-compter interfaces will revoltionise neroscience and will impact man-machine interactions in many applications, ranging from diagnosis, consmer prodcts as well as mobility and ambient intelligence. Shorter term, new generations of electro-magnetic (EM) sensors will be reqired to monitor power systems and to complete stdies on the interaction of EM Waves with living tisses. MicroCameras for (atomotive / phones) Figre 8: Smart Vision Systems Roadmap spectrm from x-rays p to terahertz is needed to acqire corroborative information. Data fsion is essential in order to ensre both fast screening and very low false alarm rates. Good nderstandings of the data content and efficient software are both still needed. In addition to compting science, new sensor technologies still need to be developed. For example, terahertz imaging is qite new and the terahertz detectors that already exist reqire ltra cooling and are still monolithic. A 2D real time room temperatre terahertz image sensor is still missing and frther R&D work is needed for terahertz imaging and spectroscopy. For mltimedia and domestic applications, cost and compactness are the key drivers. Crrent pixel sizes can be as small as 1.4 μm x1.4μm. Lowering the pixel size is a cost driver. However, going nder 1μm x1μm pixels Smart ambient sensors (domotic) Smart direction sensors (non attended vehicles) with crrent pixel architectre is not compatible with physical limits. It is becoming a real challenge to detect photons while decreasing the pixel size. The electronic indstry needs to perform R&D on new pixels in order to contine decreasing pixel size. The same trend is foreseen for non-visible imaging. Also the complete technology stack will need to evolve (from polyamide filters that are becoming too thick p to the optical system that will need to allow minimm z dimension while ensring zoom and atofocs fnctions). In order to address sch challenges, bilt-in-silicon data processing will also need to be considered. The image sensor needs to be addressed as a whole smart systems approach inclding imaging pixel, optical & data processing. Thematic priorities The following chapters present an overview of more detailed R&D priorities within a technological horizon of ten to fifteen years. These research topics and areas have been defined with the objective of achieving Eropean added vale in terms of strengthened economic competitiveness and benefits for Eropean society via the rationalization and renovation of prodct portfolios across Eropean indstry. The application fields which are most relevant for smart systems applications in Erope are atomotive, aerospace, information and telecommnications, medical technologies, the Internet of Things, safety & secrity. Each chapter otlines specific priorities along a timeline inclding technological reqirements to reach the identified goals. Where appropriate, a preliminary roadmap is presented. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 25

26 Eropean Technology Platform 26 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

27 Eropean Technology Platform 5. Smart Systems for Atomotive Applications The atomotive indstry represents 3% of Erope s gross domestic prodct and 8% of EU government s total revenes. The vehicle and eqipment manfactrers provide employment for more than 2 million Eropeans and spport an additional 10 million indirect jobs in both large companies and SMEs. The importance of the atomotive indstry is reflected in a nmber of high-level policy initiatives, sch as the Eropean CARS21 scheme, to which EPoSS relates in accordance with the EUCAR and ERTRAC gidelines on the critical research sectors necessary to sstain this Eropean sector s competitiveness. The atomotive sector is the largest R&D investor in Erope (20% of total manfactring R&D) and constittes a major driver for the development and diffsion of new technologies and innovations throghot the economy. Stronger Eropean partnerships and visions are reqired to face the challenges raised by a growing dependence on primary energy, primary materials (steel, alminim), by societal demands, particlarly in terms of the environment and road safety, and by the need for innovation in design and fnctionality whilst avoiding negative side effects: Fatalities: Despite the pledge to ct Erope s 57,000 fatalities by 50% before 2010, today more than 40,000 still meet their end on Erope s roads in car accidents every year. Road accidents are the main case of death in the nder-34 age grop. Microtechnology has already played a sbstantial contribte to redce fatalities from 600 to less than 200 per million vehicles, bt to prse the long term perspective of zero fatalities new considerable efforts have to be made in the development of higher level smart sensing and actating devices that can assist and anticipate the driver s actions in dangeros sitations. Congestion: 1% of Erope s GDP is wasted in congestion. Total Oil Consmption and CO 2 Emissions: Transport represents 73% of oil consmption in Erope 6. The crrent efforts to improve the efficiency of Internal Combstion Engines are impressive; Erope is at the forefront of all major achievements in this area with the highest efficiency diesel, gasoline and gas engines. Transport is responsible for more than 26% of green hose gas emissions in the EU. The progress to redce this has been impressive and the EU target of 120 grams CO 2 per kilometre by 2012 is a testimony of this intention. By the end of the next decade 95 g/ km will be called for, and even less in the decade thereafter 7 (Similarly, noxios emissions are expected to have decrease by 80% from 1997 to 2010). EPoSS envisions the development of novel smart integrated technologies to enable a radical redction of critical oil dependence and emissions. In short, by Smart Integrated Systems EPoSS is aiming for continos prosperity by breaking the link between growth in transport capacity and the increase of hydrocarbon dependence, polltion, congestion and deaths. Significant efforts will be made to continosly develop smart systems The focs of EPoSS also addresses the development of smart systems enabling a qicker move to the era of fll electrical mobility. Smart Systems are the key enabling technologies to meet and exceed the obligations to make Erope a low carbon economy by 2020: Following Commissioner Janez Potocnik s observation that..making the Eropean transport indstry greener, safer and smarter can act enhancing traffic safety with a long term vision to achieve zero fatalities on Eropean roads, improving the interaction between driver and vehicle as well as passenger comfort and the driving experience, advancing the efficiency of conventional internal combstion engines sch that gasoline and natral gas engines become as efficient as diesel, and diesel become asclean as gasoline and natral gas engines. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 27

28 Eropean Technology Platform ally boost or indstrial competitiveness by redcing Erope s greenhose emissions by 20%, generating 20% of Erope s final energy se from renewable sorces and increasing energy efficiency by 20% 8. EPoSS is dedicated to deliver all the technologies, processes and components needed for highly innovative smart vehicle systems that can overcome the crrent adversity. Consmer Indstrial Atomotive Temprange 0 C to 40 C -10 C to 70 C -40 C to C Hmidity Low Environmental 0% to 100% Prodct life time 6-18 months 5 to 10 years Up to 15 years Tolerated failre rates Below 5-10% Below 1% << 1ppm Figre 9: Comparison of reqirements for consmer, indstrial and atomotive systems Aims The mltidisciplinary integration of technologies and competences addressed by EPoSS is calling for comprehensive approaches that go beyond the capabilities of single components the challenge of Smart Systems Integration. Figratively, sensors and actators are the nerves and arms, and controllers and power semicondctors are the brain and mscles of smart vehicles. The stringent demands for safety and comfort have led historically to a continos adding-on of new fnctionalities with an average 15% weight increase of all car segments as well as a growing electrical power demand at an average of 100W/year over the last 17 years. Up to 5 km of wiring, sensors, processors, actators are common in cars nowadays. The application of smart electronic engine control strategies with a processing power approaching one billion instrctions per second and microtechnologies for precise mltistep fel injection and air control has allowed continos improvements in fel efficiency of 1% per year over the last 20 years. Thanks to that, and in spite of the increasing energy demand, the goal of emissions redction below 120g/km before 2012 has already been met by several vehicles of Eropean manfactrers. A comparable rate of growth in processing power can also be observed in the forthcoming real-time integrated mlti-spectral and mltifnctional vision systems for safety and driver assistance. In comparison with the consmer and the indstrial sectors, the atomotive domain has mch more stringent specificationsin combination with higher demands pon long term spply, integration level, innovation and cost pressres. Creating mlti-disciplinary technologies, approaches and specifications, the EPoSS atomotive SRA is set to be a reference for advanced micro- and nano- technology developments in general. The priorities of R&D in smart systems for atomotive applications are clstered arond safety, driver assistance and convenience, energy efficient and environment friedly smart power trains and sbsystems also with a focs on enabling technologies for fll electrical vehicles, and cross-over technologies. Rather than contining the logic of add-on fnctionalities with add-on components, EPoSS is addressing a pervasive approach aiming at a global resorces optimisation and overall system simplification. Research Priorities The research priorities of EPoSS are covering technologies, fnctionalities and methodologies that take p the general challenges formlated by the Eropean atomotive indstry. Technologies and fnctionalities need to be combined to bild atomotive systems. Methodologies are the process-oriented dimension to create applications as well as technologies and fnctionalities. The research priorities in the atomotive sector can be divided into six areas of particlar interest: safety, driver assistance, convenience, energy efficiency, smart power train, and Cross-over or secondary. Safety incldes active and passive vehicle systems to protect the driver and the passengers as well as other road sers. The major R&D objectives for the next 15 years are: Driver information on vehicle dynamic limitations (e.g. traction, crve speed, grond clearance); adaptive hman machine interface (HMI) systems to interact with the driver based on the specific sitation; a personalised safety system adapted to characteristics of the individal (e.g. weight, age, size); driver drowsiness monitoring to sense and predict dangeros driver sitations (e.g. sleep recognition); road safety in cities (i.e. at low speed); pedestrian protection systems inclding reacting and avoiding strategies (e.g. backover avoidance); collision mitigation systems to atomatically redce impact severity; emergency braking systems for navoidable accidents; vision enhancement systems inclding night vision and blind spot monitoring, and vehicle interaction systems to allow cooperative driving sing car to car and car to infrastrctre commnication. 28 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

29 Eropean Technology Platform Driver assistance is spport to the driver in giding the vehicle. Consmer demands, technical limits, and legal isses all reqire the driver to retain fll responsibility for the vehicle. Taking accont of the hman ability to deal with complex sitations, a synergetic soltion aimed at extending driver abilities is the midterm perspective for vehicle control. The major R&D objectives here are: Lateral and longitdinal vehicle gidance systems (inclding lane-keeping and lane-change spport, ACC stop & go, and ACC for rban areas); later, semi-atonomos driving for defined sitations (e.g. atomated parking, atomatic following and gided driving); personalised driving based on individal driving patterns, constittion, and appropriate vehicle adjstments; active load-management systems controlling chassis systems and the sspension based on the weight distribtion in the vehicle; adaptive hman-machine interfaces for sitation specific interaction (sing e.g. force feedback, head p displays, and speech recognition systems), and adaptive light projection systems for a better illmination of the vehicle s forward scene (sing, e.g., trning lights, projection, atomatic high beam). The objective is that the adaptive technical systems provide optimal driver spport taking accont of vehicle and driver capabilities and characteristics. EPoSS will bild pon networked fnctionalities sing nmeros sensor inpts to collect information, (shared) comptational power to analyse and interpret sitations and decide on appropriate measres, and a variety of actators for operations to assist the driver in a smart and sitation-specific way. Convenience addresses secondary driver and passenger reqirements (beyond vehicle gidance). Convenience is one of the major decision factors for vehicle prchase. To feel good in a car, first of all the vehicle has to be safe. Therefore appropriate warnings and atomatic interference for safety critical sitations is one of the major R&D objectives. Secondly, a car shold flfil the transport reqirements maybe a challenging demand for an increasingly crowded traffic scenario. Individal dynamic roting and spporting overall traffic measres will address this isse. Atomated secondary comfort fnctions will inclde, for example, nonfogging windscreens, anti-dazzle systems and atomated light and wipers, ser-identification systems, adaptive control elements and hman- machine interfaces (inclding sitation specific interaction, scalable and ato-adjsting vehicle control elements), a personalised environment creating a feeling of comfort and convenience (inclding e.g. adio separation, personalised srfaces, adaptive climate, forming seats and air conditioning), advanced mltimedia systems based on wireless commnication and digital broadcast technologies. EPoSS aims to follow a ser centric approach, it is not the ser who will adapt to the car or learn how to operate the systems, instead the vehicle will adapt to the ser s needs and capabilities. Sample Smart Systems In terms of both Safety and Convenience a first example employing the EPoSS approach will be a mltifnctional smart system device based on CMOS technology integrating several fnctionalities sch as lane warning, pedestrian detection, and road-sign detection, while keeping the ability to detect crossing vehicles, the stats of incoming traffic, tnnels, bridges, mist, fog, rain, and ambient light intensity and operates as controller of several actators. Networking architectres and related processing with sensors monted at different locations arond the vehicle to detect different areas in a mlti-stereo and mltispectral approach at both visible and infrared wavelengths cold make it possible to reconstrct the road environment and obstacles, ths providing the basis for novel safety, driver assistance and convenience fnctions. Micro-optics with novel materials, micro-mechanics, microelectronics, advanced packaging, advanced processing (data fsion) and wireless commnication links nderlay sch on-going developments. Energy efficiency is aiming at minimising the energy demand of axiliary systems which sally are operated continosly. Today s technologies addressing these inefficiencies inclde e.g. electric power-assisted steering. Ftre approaches are: high-efficiency energy generation with novel electrical machines and advanced operation strategies; electrification of axiliaries and the se of more efficient electrical machines; Use of thermoelectric devices for waste energy recovery from the exhast system; Energy scavenging from nsed sorces of energy, for example by the se of solar panels. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 29

30 Eropean Technology Platform Smart power train addresses the overall objective of a clean and powerfl proplsion system. The R&D objectives are: To develop a clean power train by, for example, high pressre direct injection, smart energy strategies (inclding integrated starter /generator approaches, regenerative braking, and rote planning), alternative fel concepts (based on the se of natral gas, synthetic and bio fels, hybrid vehicle concepts and hydrogen), adaptive power train soltions (e.g. scalable engines, self calibration and active friction avoidance), comprehensive energy management taking into accont all loads, and active wheels (to concentrate different fnctionalities like drive, braking, steering, sspension and diagnostics in a wheel system). Before 2020 a large share of mid and large sized vehicles are very likely to contine to be powered by Internal Combstion Engines (ICE) for which the crrent research roadmaps aim at more efficient diesel engines as clean as natral gas or gasoline engines and, vice versa, natral gas or gasoline engines as efficient as diesel engines. ICEs will contine to be a crcial area of competitiveness. Therefore, to achieve significant redctions in CO 2 emissions from conventional powertrains, EPoSS recommends working improvements of the atomatic transmissions that permit an engine to rn at the most efficient revs and smart systems enabling a widespread downsizing of internal combstion engines. Frthermore, the fndamental vehicle design and parameters like mass, aerodynamics (CdA), rolling resistance shold be optimized. Also, transverse technologies, inclding stop & start which atomatically cts the engine when the vehicle is at a standstill shold be developed reqiring a higher degree of integrated sensing, processing and actation. Electrical Powertrain Control Unit Fel Based DC Range Extender (ICE, FC, ) AC AC DC On Board Solar Cells Spercap Smart Power-Energy Management With the nmber of sensors increasing from today s to over 30 in a few years, an integrated approach inclding wireless and atonomos sensors/ actators will be necessary to handle sch complexity. Special Focs Fll Electrical Vehicle Battery Main P-Energy Roting The primary focs of EPoSS SRA section on the smart power train is to provide a framework for Smart Integrated Systems enabling efficient Fll Electrical Vehicles (EVs). EVs, de to their zero local and potentially minor green hose gas emissions, are considered the cleanest option. Of even higher importance are the opportnities that, EVs provide in terms of efficiency and flexibility in the se of energy. Taking into accont that in Erope 73% of all oil is consmed by transport, the introdction of EVs shold be a first priority for savings of the most critical sorce of primary energy. PowerTrain Management Unit DC DC DC Control Unit Accelerator Brake Vehicle Control Smart Sensing Network DC AC Control Unit Direct Drive Motor Figre 10: Integrated smart actators and sensors for the comprehensive qarter car control. Essential element to enable Efficient Flly Electrical Power trains as well as advanced safety and convenience concepts. Wheel Magngear Wheel Interestingly, the broad introdction of EVs shold not even be an isse for tility providers and grid operators: Estimating the energy consmption of an EV to be abot some 100Wh/km (e.g. for a mid size vehicle) and taking into accont on average km travelled per year, it can be stated that one million vehicles wold reqire jst a few TWh of energy which is jst a small fraction of the annal electricity otpt of an EU member state. The se of on board solar cells cold frther redce this percentage. Leveraging mass se of EVs however is crrently facing several weaknesses amongst which are: limited driving range, high cost and overall limited efficiency. For the most part of these isses, soltions may be fond at the level of the sbsystems for energy storage, electric power train, and energy management. As demonstrated for the internal combstion engine previosly, it can be expected that smart system technologies combining novel microsystems and advanced ICT 30 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

31 Eropean Technology Platform soltions will be the key enablers for the reqired gain in performance. The key fnctional blocks of an electrical power train are shown in Figre 11. The energy and power from the accmlators is first DC-DC converted to a higher voltage, and then it is efficiently copled by a DC-AC inverter to the direct drive motor, which in its most advanced implementation integrates a magnetic gear for adaptable torqe transmission. A high degree of system intelligence is reqired for an efficient bidirectional energy-power flow both from the energy-power sorces (accmlators-solar cells-range extender) to the wheels and dring braking from the wheels to the accmlators. All elements reqire their own process management and interconnections by a smart sensing network to continosly adapt their operation for maximm efficiency and minimm se of energy. According to EPoSS, R&D priorities related to the fll electric vehicle inclde smart systems for the management of energy storage systems, intelligent power electronic devices, active control nits for electric motors and wheels, smart integration of range extenders, and advanced vehicle to grid connection systems. Smart Systems for the Management of Energy Storage Systems Beyond the relatively small energy density of the single battery cell, which today is the biggest roadblock for the EV, the integration of cells into a battery pack is an important isse particlarly concerning safety, cost, manfactrability, diagnostics, maintenance, repair and recycling. Soltions for these challenges may be fond in both passive measres (e.g. packaging and thermal management) and active measres for electrical monitoring and adaptive control. External Data Processing Unit The R&D identified and classified as most rgent is in the domain of energy management system architectres and fast active switching elements, as well as the establishment of evalation and testing standards. Continos advancement on smart Power/Energy Management Systems of accmlators will be reqired, integrating fnctionalities for the determination of the vale of the battery, failre diagnosis, cell eqilibration and crisis management, ths providing safety for the fll life cycle of the battery inclding the end of life, and advanced fnctionality sch as energy/power roting and ECU commnication. Priority R&D needs to be addressed at the earliest possible instance to inclde the development of an ageing model and measres for the protocol of ageing, as well as for energy deploying circits. Operating at the global level this wold help with the choice of accmlators, or it cold be applied to a combination of batteries and spercapacitors, and at the local level of single battery cells the R&D cold provide a new way of extending the battery life. Frther key R&D needs are globally the development of charge and discharge algorithms, and locally the application of power electronics for monitoring and switching individal cells. Body/Inertial Unit Corner ECU Magnetic Encoder Boncer accelerometer TPMS By Wire Actation Figre 11: Key elements of the electrical power train inclding the option of a fel based range extender and on-board solar cells Intelligent Power Electronic Devices Power electronic devices of importance for the electric vehicle inclde DC/DC converters, inverters for the main drive and the axiliaries as well as battery chargers and vehicle to grid connectors. Development of these devices faces challenges de to the high crrents and temperatres which they have to withstand. Intelligent soltions for sch isses are a particlar property of smart system optimisation. The most important and most rgent R&D topics inclde thermal management (i.e. sensing, cooling, the se of thermally stable materials like SiC and/or GaN), packaging technology, the development of passive components, and the voltage/crrent rating of semicondctor devices. Additionally, integration vs. partitioning of modles has to be considered. Three distinct technologies will continosly evolve to higher and higher degree of smartness: Power Switching Components, Power Electronics with Partitioned Intelligence, and Local STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 31

32 Eropean Technology Platform Level Power/Energy Roters. Power Switching Components are characterized by their power loss at a particlar freqency. Their critical fnctionalities inclde reliability and failre management properties like for example failre prediction, self diagnosis, sht down processes, and self healing capabilities. R&D needs refer to materials, modle development, and failre prediction, degradation conditions, advanced deterministic concepts, falt-spporting topologies, and design for test. Power Electronics with Partitioned Intelligence will reqire balancing between intelligent and deterministic algorithms and ths reqires special design approaches. Local Level Power- Energy Roters are characterized crrently by the integration of passive and active devices which may lead to a sophisticated and costly interface. R&D reqirements inclde, for example, an intelligent strategy for control at local level. The most rgent general R&D needs are related to the weight, torqe density and cost efficiency of electric motors and to packaging. A frther need is in modelling, which in the midterm may lead to architectral optimiza Active Control Units for Electric Motors & Wheels Electric motors significantly affect the performance of a vehicle, e.g. regenerative and electric braking, fll torqe at all vehicle speeds, and the opportnity to distribte the power between several motors, if wheel motors are sed. Making se of these properties reqires active and adaptive control measres that take into accont the driver s intentions, the state of the road and the state of charge of the battery, that is, a fll range of fnctions optimised by smart systems technologies. tion of electric drive trains as well as to new measres for vehicle health monitoring and falt diagnosis. Smart Traction Control Units for Vehicle Dynamics (as part of a qarter car concept, see Figre 10) are very likely to be sed in higher performance EVs. Their fnctionalities inclde good torqe controllability over a wide speed operating range, high torqe density, high efficiency and low cost as well as regenerative braking, anti-lock braking/traction control, and falt diagnosis and tolerance. Foremost R&D needs for sch smart systems cover the investigation of robst traction control techniqes, power qality and stability stdies of the vehicle s electrical systems, the analysis of safety critical failre modes and the nderstanding of their conseqences, methods and tools for health monitoring and falt diagnosis as well as measres for compliance with EMI/EMC and power train safety standards. ACC Parc TPMS Sensor TPMS Sensor Environmental Temperatre Airconditioning e.g. CO2 Wireless Sensor Network PL ECU Bs Time Triggered High Speed Data Transfer Smart Integration of Range Extenders The need for long-hal driving, even thogh representing jst a minor fraction of the standard Precrash Sensing Data Fsion Blind Spot Detection Remote Keyless Access Passenger Comfort Remote Keyless Access TPMS Sensor TPMS Sensor Figre 12: Ftre applications of smart wireless devices in atomotives Light sensor Parking Assistant drive cycle in Erope, is considered a key fnctionality for ser acceptance of alternative drive trains. Given the range restrictions of batteries, advanced electric vehicles will be eqipped with a range extender that recharges the battery if needed. Sch range extenders may be highly-efficient combstion engines or fel cells possibly assisted by solar panels. Managing the efficient se of the range extender, one has to take into accont varios parameters inclding the state of charge of the battery, the driver s intentions, the traffic sitation etc. Ths, range extenders also call for smart system soltions. The most important and rgent R&D needs associated to the integration of range extenders are smart systems based soltions for energy storage management and strategies for integration. In view of the two most apparent range extender technologies, R&D related to plg-in batteries and to effective combstion engines (taking into accont exhast standards) are reqired. Generally, the effective se of range extenders reqires information exchange on the availability 32 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

33 Eropean Technology Platform of power. Smart systems that will play a role for the integration of range extenders into the EV are the Energy Management Assistant and an On Board System optimising the generation and accmlation of Solar Energy (smart photovoltaic or simply photovoltaic in motion). The Energy Management Assistant, aimed at minimising energy consmption in reglar se, shold have energy roting capabilities and shold be aware of the availability and limitations of power. Other key fnctionalities span a range from an HMI based trip planner (allowing e.g. the alteration of plans) to thermal control of the combstion engine and its after treatment devices. R&D is reqired particlarly in the area of controller topologies, interface parameters, data management and the application of advanced control strategies. Frthermore, some research on assessment criteria (NEDC) is needed. An Board System for generation and accmlation of Solar Energy will be called for as soon as solar cells can be sed on board the vehicle, i.e. probably in abot five years from now for the first significant commercial introdction. An interesting fnctionality wold be a direct link from the solar cells to the grid, and in terms of life cycle considerations, it wold be good to match the lifetimes of solar cells with those of the electronics. R&D is reqired particlarly in the domain of non-planar solar cells that can be applied to the car, in the area of electronics integration, and in general strategies for the se of solar power asking for instance, which to charge, the battery or the sper capacitors or delivering the energy to the grid. Research projects on these topics shold start as soon as possible. Incandescent Lamps 135 mm Integrated Inorganic LED 15 mm Advanced Vehicle to Grid Connection Systems The Vehicle to Grid (V2G) concept adds fnctionality to the basic charging and metering capabilities of a power plg by allowing bidirectional roting of energy between the battery and the (smart) grid. This way, batteries can be considered part of the grid that in peak times may be available for power reglation. A V2G system has to anticipate and be aware of the ser s charging needs and the state of the grid, and ths wold be a smart system providing both new fnctionality and new bsiness opportnities at the interface between the car and the energy spplier. General R&D needs related to V2G systems cover mainly three areas: the development of basic control algorithms and appropriate hardware, research in ser acceptance, and the development of new bsiness models at the interface of vehicle and grid inclding leasing concepts for batteries and life cycle cost sharing between the EV owner and the tility company. All these topics are considered being Brake-Light Trn Light Reversing-Light Rear Fog-Light RFID Tag Thin Film Photovoltaic Cells 5 mm Ambient Light Sensor Thin Film Battery Figre 13: Lighting System Evoltion driven by Smart Systems Soltions of high rgency, and ths have to be considered at the earliest possible instance. Two smart systems for the V2G connection can be envisioned: an On-board and an Off-board Charging and Metering devices. The On-Board Charging and Metering Device will enable the integration of plg-in hybrid vehicles into the grid. It shall be eqipped with navigation aids based on GPS and with wireless commnication connecting the device to the compters of the grid operator. This will enable the device to identify which tility is rnning the nearest local power plg. In addition, the Onboard Charging and Metering Device will combine metering and charging capabilities with safe and trsty operation and simple power grid awareness. R&D needs (to be addressed early on) are identified to be on charger topologies, contactless charging, increased drability and general redction of cost, weight and size. The Off-Board Charging and Metering Device will provide fll V2G or Vehicle to Home (V2H) fnctionality and may be spported broadly by the tilities. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 33

34 Eropean Technology Platform Crossover Fnctionalities The fifth topic addresses the crossover fnctionalities and methodologies which find applications in several other non atomotive contexts. These inclde data fsion and management, advanced hman machine interface concepts, manfactring and design methodologies, integration, secrity, privacy and robstness. Robstness, for example, can no longer be solved at the component level. Especially for safety critical systems a breakdown cannot be tolerated. New measres and comprehensive approaches will ensre fnctional robstness far beyond today s possibilities R&D topics to reach this objective inclde: a better nderstanding of failre scenarios and mechanisms, improved ageing and lifetime test procedres, failre tolerant components and systems, lifetime monitoring and failre prediction, advanced and robst networks, shared resorces and flexible hardware and software architectres together with robst component soltions and manfactring technologies. Some very promising bt also challenging technologies are: torqe measrement, camera technologies, integration of antennas, energy scavenging, image and speech recognition, and 3D packaging and integration. Rather than single technologies and fnctionalities, a collection of specific soltions is needed to bild the reqired advanced applications. Scavenging-harvesting of solar, vibration and heat energy cold provide primary power to sensors and actators thereby redcing complexity, (i.e. a scavenger provides the possibility to either avoid or redce the se of connectors and cables and allow wireless connection) and also yield primary power to the electrical power train. Frther research and development is envisaged by EPoSS in wireless technologies to redce both system complexity and cabling which acconts for Atomotive Technologies APPLICATION Safety Driver Assistance Convenience Energy Efficiency Smart Power Train ENABLING TECHNOLOGY of abot 25 kg in mid sized cars and p to above 100kg of copper wires in lxry cars. Atonomos wireless technologies are envisioned for most non safety-critical inter-vehicle sensor networks inclding for instance smart sensor networks for battery monitoring and low power actators. Ftre applications of smart wireless devices are expected in car-to-car as well as car-to-infrastrctre commnication. (Figre 12). Another example of a mltidisciplinary approach leading to a higher level of both smartness and system integration is the lighting system shown in Figre 13. When compared with a conventional LED taillight, the reslt of a first level of integration can be smmarised as follows: thickness redction (factor of 10), increased efficiency/power redction (-70%), weight redction (-50%), for-life operation, simplified installation, cost redction. According to EPoSS ftre research in this area shold envisage the development of flly atonomos Adaptive & Personalized Safety HMI, Driver Workload Management incl. Driver Monitoring, Sitation-Adaptivity Safe Vehicle Emergency Call, more atonomos atomatic Interventions, affordable Safety Integration and Consolidation of Sensors, Actators & Fnctionalities: Robstness & Affordability Highly Atomated Driving atonomos parking, atomatic following, gided driving Permanent Information ( Always on ) wireless commnication, personalized in-car mltimedia, technological convergence Secondary & spporting Fnctionalities, Anti-fog Windscreen, adaptive passenger compartment, in-vehicle-wellness Energy Efficient Axiliaries Use of Solar Cells ICE power train High Pressre direct Injection, Exhast after treatment, alternative Fels, Transmission Towards fll Electric Powertrain Energy Consmption & Management, regenerative braking, HVAC, Smart Wheel Figre 14: Research priorities for atomotive technologies lighting systems adaptable to different conditions of visibility, integrating both solar energy converters and energy storage, combining hybrid inorganic and organic materials with sensors and wireless commnication links all integrated into a single flexible printed-electronic mltilayered foil. Demonstrated in Figre 13, conventional taillights (left), a first level of system integration (centre) with solid state emitting sorces, novel nanoscaled high efficiency phosphors and planar micro optics integrated directly on the external polymeric cover, and (right) expression of the EPoSS concepts of a flly atonomos system integrating in a mltilayered foil planar light sorces, solar cells, thin film battery, processing nit, ambient sensors and an RF commnication link. 34 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

35 Eropean Technology Platform Research Strategy 2020 and Beyond Once a principle or idea has been created, more than a decade of development is sally necessary before it can be exploited in the atomotive sector. The design of a new vehicle spans three to seven years depending on the availability of appropriate soltions and on the complexity and degree of innovation in the vehicle. The period in which the vehicle will be prodced ranges again between three and seven years, which limits the scope for introdcing new ftre technologies. The average age, a vehicle reaches is abot 10 years, which translates into a slow market penetration for novel soltions, even if a 100% eqipment rate is assmed. In sm, innovations in atomotive technology are rather long-term. The short and midterm atomotive R&D perspective (p to 2015) is driven by cstomer, legislative and competitive reqirements. The five (ot of six) chosen application clsters: safety, driver assistance, convenience, energy efficiency and smart power train reflect these needs. To improve safety, three major approaches will be followed: a better nderstanding of the sitation based on sensors to collect information abot the environment; the merging of passive and active safety towards personalised and sitation-specific accident mitigation measres, and the active interaction of road sers towards a collaborative traffic approach. The nderlying technologies are sensors to characterise the sitation completely (traffic, vehicle and driver), comptational networks to analyse and obtain decisions, commnication protocols and infrastrctre for interaction, and smart actators and hman-machine interfaces which act appropriately. Driver assistance and convenience calls for comparable measres. Based on a comprehensive nderstanding of the Electrical Vehicle APPLICATION Energy Management Systems Intelligent Power Vehicle2Grid Active Control Units ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Advanced Battery Management System On Board Charging & Metering Devices Power Switching Comps traffic, vehicle and driver sitations, appropriate spporting measres are chosen. Sbseqently, the hmanmachine interface becomes of prime importance, aiming for an adaptive and personalised system. In parallel, convenience aspects will gain frther in importance. The objective is to develop personalised vehicles adapted to the driver and changing their attribtes to personal and sitationspecific needs. The aim of Energy efficiency is calling for the optimisation of the combstion process and the axiliary systems. On the short term, this does not reqire any changes to established systems. The mid-term approach is the optimisation of the original system, perhaps also inclding additional axiliary systems. The EPoSS approach is seeking to solve problems and challenges at a specific level, ideally exploiting the systems potential of the whole vehicle. Ths the midterm R&D soltions which EPoSS focses on are a combination of emerging technologies and the optimisation of existing fnctions. Finally, yet importantly, smart power train applications are a major R&D Power Electronics with Partitioned Intelligent Loc. Level Power/Energy Roter Off Board Charging & Metering Devices Traction Control Unit for Vehicle Dynamics Figre 15: Specific research priorities for Electrical Vehicles focs in order to respond to the challenges of lower fel consmption and fewer emissions. High-pressre injection systems and exhast after-treatment are short term perspectives; R&D of ICEs will contine in all directions in that it will be crcial to enhance the efficiency and emission control of the conventional power train as well as that of fll parallel hybrids and of the range extender approach reqired by fll electrical vehicles. One example of a visionary mid-term perspective for an efficient small sized Electrical Vehicle is that the average daily energy generated by on-board smart solar cells, based on the 2008 photovoltaic technologies, is sfficient to drive the vehicle 15km in central Erope and p to 25 km in sothern Erope. On a world basis the largest reqest is for rban mobility where 80% of the Eropeans travel less than 20 km per day. As a conseqence, photovoltaic technologies are expected to be more and more conted amongst the research priorities for the atomotive environment. To provide a long-term R&D perspective (p to 2050) two inpts are taken into accont: first, the mid STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 35

36 Eropean Technology Platform term R&D perspective visalised in Figres 14 &15 and, second, anticipated major societal trends. These trends are mega-cities with more than 10 million inhabitants, polltion, ageing and fel/energy shortage. Scenarios of never-ending traffic jams, nacceptable polltion in the cities and frther accelerating global warming, isolated individals in societies with an average age of 50 years, all leading to restricted personal mobility, are to be avoided. element on the way to ftre prodcts and featres - will provide the reqired soltions for sophisticated Eropean vehicles. The linkage between the platforms will be ensred by individal stakeholder s commitments in the varios platforms, by co-ordinated activities throgh organisations like ACEA/EUCAR and CLEPA as well as by commonly spported activities among the Eropean Technology Platforms. Possible soltions inclde: fll penetration of zero-emission proplsion systems based on regenerative energies; commnicating vehicles with electronic safety regions srronding them and safety systems to avoid fatalities and to mitigate accidents; cooperative driving, redcing the nmber of dangeros sitations and sing the existing infrastrctre as well as possible, inclding intermodal transport, and adaptive vehicles with advanced hman-machine interface concepts inclding the ability for atonomos driving on demand to allow everybody to stay mobile. It is evident that sch soltions can no longer be based on single fnctions bt need complex and interacting system soltions. EPoSS will, together with adjoining technology platforms, prepare and investigate sch soltions for or ftre. To smmarise, EPoSS focses on Smart Systems Integration starting from application reqirements and exploring all possible scales and potential technologies. The technology platforms ENIAC (nano-electronics), ARTEMIS (embedded systems), Photonics21, ERTRAC (transport technologies and approaches) and EPoSS - as the linking 36 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

37 Eropean Technology Platform 6. Smart Systems for Medical Applications Smart systems are critical in driving innovations in the field of medical technology, as they provide the basis for information-based care and cre which will contribte to soltions addressing the increasing challenges in healthcare. Non-limiting examples will be given of applications which will come into reach once the EPoSS research priorities are introdced into the practice of cre and care. The integration of microsensors and micro-actators in prodcts for cre and care will provide the healthcare professional with more advanced and improved options to treat and take care of patients and will enable patients to attain a better qality of life, even when sffering from chronic diseases. The seamless linking of sch microsystems to a telemetric and telediagnostic infrastrctre will significantly redce response time, and simltaneosly contribte to containing cost of the pblic healthcare system. To make sre that the innovations in technology can be implemented in a clinical setting, it is important to focs on aspects related to their application. Therefore, apart from the three areas in which technological breakthroghs are expected, separate attention will be paid to the embedding of smartsystem enabled technological approaches into integrated healthcare soltions. Smart miniatrized devices Biochemical sensors or, in short, biosensors, that detect specific moleclar markers in minte amonts of body flids or body tisse have the potential to revoltionize medical healthcare and, more specifically, medical diagnostics. Moleclar biology and medical sciences are advancing to a point that hman health and disease can be traced to the moleclar level. New biosensor and lab-on-a-chip technologies are expected to dramatically change ftre medical workflow, paving the way for personalized medicine. Figre 16: Smart Systems for Moleclar Diagnostics in Point-of-Need Applications: Integrated platforms that provide the entire sample processing chain from Sample Taking and Preparation to Data Processing, Storage and Commnication (Sorce: Franhofer ENAS) Developments in integrated biosensors can lead to new opportnities in settings where an extensive laboratory is not available or is not reliable (e.g., in the case of point-of-care testing), or in applications where rapid information on disease characteristics is essential (e.g., information on cardiac enzymes in acte cardiovasclar disease). Important parameters for modern bio-analytical technolo- STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 37

38 Eropean Technology Platform gies are sensitivity, speed, low sample volme, ease-of-se, reliability, and low cost. Smart, miniatrized devices are essential bilding blocks for the creation of new biosensing technologies for sensitive and rapid biological detection in complex samples sch as blood, saliva, rine, etc. Three critical phases need to be addressed in biosensor research: Figre 17: Transceiver Modles for optical oxygen measrement in the blood (ELBAU GmbH) Modles: biosensor modles with ctting-edge performance for sample pretreatment, detection, mltiplexing, etc.; Integration: integration of different modles into a system that displays adeqate bio-analytical performance (biological sensitivity, specificity, speed, mltiplexing) whilst maintaining ease-of-se and cost efficiency; Optimization, operation and validation of an integrated biosensing system in actal application cases based pon patients and a control poplation, as well as by making se of established biobanks. New biosensor technologies are needed which in addition to being sensitive, specific and rapid are able to cope with variations in environmental conditions, can deal with variability in biological samples and are reliable in the hands of nskilled sers. Clearly, the performance of a biosensor is not only determined by its sensitivity and speed of operation, bt also depends on correct sampling and sample pretreatment and the interpretation of the measred data (Figre 16). These steps are essential for the commercial sccess of these platforms. System integration is therefore a key factor in the sccess of point-of-need diagnostic biosensors, thereby motivating the development of smart miniatrized devices with a high degree of integration. Sch integrated devices consist of actators and sensors, and have to combine properties like ease of se and high accracy at the same time. Flly integrated systems mst inclde fnctionalities sch as sample taking, sample preparation and sample pre-treatment, with sample and liqid transport abilities and sensing fnctionalities. Frthermore, data processing and data storage are important elements of sch systems. The integration of complex sensors into small or even implantable smart systems will permit robst fnctionality and biqitos availability of relevant biochemical data, which provides the basis for evidence-based medicine and may save lives in critical sitations. Portable Diagnostic Systems APPLICATION Biosensors Lab on a chip Neral measrement and stimlation ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Microflidics Ftre developments in system integration will be based on novel reagent storage and release concepts. In order to bridge the gap between academic lab-on-chip demonstrators and near-prodct prototypes, special attention has to be given to the development of low-cost prodction technologies, for the prodction of devices and consmables. Hybrid, mlti-material soltions provide the basis for sch Lab-on-Chip platforms, incorporating low-cost manfactring rotes for active cartridges, bt also for precise and robst sensor soltions (e.g., integrated sensors based on magnetic particles, electrochemical sensors, CMOS sensors, SPR or other evanescent-field based optical sensors) (Figre 17). Another important ftre focs will be the validation of Lab-on-Chip systems in clinical settings. Therefore pilot-scale prodction lines operating within the rigoros QA/QC framework needed for reglatory approval have to be established in order to prodce a sfficient nmber of qalified Labon-a-Chip cartridges. Finally, in addition to biosensors and Lab-on-Chip systems there are opportnities for a manifold of miniatrized devices to be sed as front-end for system integration. Examples are Mltiple sensing agents, reliable sample-taking, spectroscopy Biocompatible srfaces and materials, packaging Biomarkers/labels In-vitro lab-on-chip sample preparation Flexible / stretchable electrodes and electronics Figre 18: Smart Systems for Portable Diagnostics Roadmap 38 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

39 Eropean Technology Platform Service center implantable systems which can be reabsorbed by the body after se (e.g. wireless temperatre sensors), non-invasive sensors based on transdermal principles, devices for responsive administration of medication (e.g. Parkinson patch controlled by inertial sensors). Atonomosly operating networked devices A key element in health management is the assessment of the actal health stats of a person. For that prpose smart sensor systems have to be developed that can be either worn on the body or integrated into the home environment. The sensors will not only give information on the vital body signs of a person, bt also on his/her activities and other contextal information. All this information can be sed to diagnose diseases at a very early stage. Algorithms for the diagnosis of the health stats are amongst the most important elements of the system. In addition, the data will serve as inpt for therapy or lifestyle recommendations. Lifestyle and therapy recommendations will be given by a healthcare professional in person, or in an atomated way by means of a ser interaction device. User interaction and motivational schemes are Mobile Home Figre 19: Smart sensors systems for vital information Service center reqired in order to actally invoke a behavior change of the ser. On the professional side, i.e. in the hospital or the primary care facility, the physicians and nrses need spport in order to deal with the large amont of data that sch systems will generate. Decision spport engines and care plan atomation are examples of the research that is reqired in this field (Figre 19). As an example, a significant nmber of patients with stroke or trama related disabilities need to re-learn everyday behaviors. Sensors and electronic systems enabling closed loop feedback will provide significantly faster recovery, in some settings giving access to niqe rehabilitation possibilities. Haptic feedback as well as behavioral monitoring and mltisensory feedback to the patient provide an improved acceptance of the therapy as well as a steeper recovery crve. Networked devices are eminently sited in relation to chronic diseases, which typically are nder-diagnosed and nder-treated. The goal of the EPoSS research priority is to introdce a systematic approach to improve health care particlarly for people with chronic disease, delivering care more effectively and efficiently by enabling an active, participatory, role of patients in their own care, and spporting care providers with the means to better assist their patients in managing their illness. Technologies that enable care providers to diagnose better and to organize the self-care and professional care more effectively, will have sbstantial impact on both the social and economic brdens of the ageing society. A key technological enabler for a tre atonomosly operating networked device comprises a system architectre that enables atonomos operation of its varios generic bilding blocks. These blocks typically comprise sensors and sensor interfaces, signal processing and storage, commnication, and power modles. A flly integrated (CMOS-based) programmable Figre 20: Revoltion in drg delivery with potential ftre application of implantable devices mastering chronic diseases STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 39

40 Eropean Technology Platform platform is desired to achieve cost efficient and ltra-low-power (ULP) devices. A secondary aim is to increase reliability and robstness. At present, wireless sensor devices are heavily resorce constrained and typically lack ULP processing resorces to perform data analysis locally. Crrent devices typically send raw data for remote analysis, ths consming the majority of their power bdget on radio commnication. To minimize radio traffic (beneficial for device power and network scalability) and to raise the level of device atonomy, there is a clear need to introdce ULP local processing resorces nlikely to be provided by existing (RISC and DSP) processor soltions. In addition, there is a strong need to frther innovate (BAN and PAN) short range radios and wake-p mechanisms. This incldes not only optimizing radio and network protocols towards lower average and peak power, bt also improving antenna design for on- and off-body commnication. Active energy management of wireless sensor nodes and networks is another mst that shold enable a (dynamic) trade-off between ULP behavior and actal conditions. Soltions for resorce-efficient network secrity and data access control are essential for the deployment of sensor devices collecting highly-personal information. Another key technological enabler in atonomos sensor platforms is the availability of sitable power systems which comprise an energy sorce or bffer, power conversion modle, and means of (re)charge. These systems shold not only be designed towards technical reqirements (e.g. energy bdget), bt also to personal reqirements, sch as nobtrsiveness. For small and integrated sensor nodes in the home environment solid-state thin-film power sorces (and capacitors) can be effectively tilized, while for larger on-body sensor platforms shapeable and/or flexible batteries can be employed that can enable the In- and ex-vivo technologies APPLICATION Diagnostic & imaging devices Therapetic and drg delivery systems Minimally invasive srgery Physiological parameters monitoring ENABLING TECHNOLOGY systems to be body-conformal. To redce ser interference and maintain nobtrsiveness, integrated wireless (indctive) charging and energy harvesting will also be amongst topics of interest. Applications as shown in Figre 19 will become possible, which can be worn on the body, give information on the vital body signs of a person, bt also on his/her activities and other contextal information (left). All information can be recorded at home or mobile, in a remote setting, and commnicated to a service centre, where data is integrated and interpreted, and decisions can be taken by professionals to provide advice to the individal person, or to take immediate action, when necessary. Highly miniatrized low-power wireless devices Optical moleclar imaging (probes and instrmentation) Mltimodal miniatrized imaging (e.g., optical + ltrasond) Micro machined devices for high resoltion imaging Atomated drg delivery pmp Biocompatible packaging Electronic textile or foil technology for robstness/comfort In-vivo drg delivery ( electronic pill ) Devices for cell therapy & transfection (personalized medicine) Active implantable medical devices (defibrillator, nerostimlator, etc.) Novel transdcers Biocompatible smart robotics Minimally invasive biopsy devices and tools Non-invasive measrement and sensing systems (cardiac, inslin, saliva, ) Figre 21: Roadmap of Smart Systems for in- and ex-vivo applications Robst and adaptive systems Robst and adaptive integrated systems will deliver new fnctionalities that can be sed to sstain patients with chronic disease or may provide assistance dring therapy. They will open p novel possibilities of treatment, also at remote locations, enabling independent living, and for monitoring and optimization of medical treatment. A nmber of application areas can be envisaged in a clinical and hospital setting, bt with significant potential for application at home and away. In a clinical setting one may think of systems for innovative and minimally invasive srgery. Use of navigation technologies and advanced mlti-mo- 40 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

41 Eropean Technology Platform Transition Point Self Care Home platform Professional Care Telemedicine platform Figre 22: Closing the loop in integrated disease management, bridging professional care settings and the home dal imaging technologies will improve accracy and otcome of therapy. Sensors, for example integrated in catheters, will provide data to srgeons to gide interventional procedres with increased safety, less radiation and improved patient otcome. Novel, miniatrized and cost-effective high performance and extremely reliable ltrasond transdcers offer new opportnities for intra-operative imaging. De to their fast response times they may be sed in conjnction with slower, more information-rich imaging modalities to provide realtime inpt to gide therapy. Attractive concepts for ltrasond transdcers are micro-machined devices. They will enable large bandwidth and ths a high depth resoltion in addition to operation at high freqencies, e.g. in the MHz range. Devices processed on silicon enable integration with electronics, and offer low-cost prodcts in mass prodction. Examples are, amongst others, piezoelectric micro-machined ltrasond transdcers. Implantable devices are examples of smart systems which may be increasingly applied home and away, offering assistance to failing heart fnction, and in the ftre also providing spport to neral fnctions and potentially to other bodily fnctions. Other examples are devices for application of drgs on demand, and for pain therapy and management, offering options to master chronic illness. Sch medical devices at present are mainly sed on the body, bt will be increasingly internalized. Miniatrization is essential to minimize their invasiveness. In-vivo diagnostic devices, sch as diagnostic pills or miniatrized sensors, may be integrated in closed loop systems, together with internal and atonomos devices for drg delivery. Atonomos power, self-diagnosis, remote control and external transmission of data are important technological challenges to be considered in the development of these smart systems (Figre 20). The example shown here is the intelligent pill, targeted at assisting drg development and enabling new therapies for debilitating and life-threatening digestive tract disorders sch as Crohn s disease, colitis and colon cancer. Jst as miniatrization is paramont in the development of atonomos Integrated Healthcare Soltions APPLICATION Atonomos networked devices Care robots In-hospital patient telemetry Ot-of-hospital doctor / patient data transmission Digital Hospital & personalized care based on expert systems for analysis and decision spport ENABLING TECHNOLOGY implanted devices, it is essential that the design of the whole system is optimized to a geometry best sited to a particlar sensing (i.e. monitoring) or treatment application. This will imply, amongst other things, organ conformal devices that ths consist of flexible electronic systems. Key enablers are the se of flexible silicon platforms in which all fnctionality is embedded, manfactred tilizing sbstrate transfer processing. Additionally, devices can be processed onto non-rigid or polymer sbstrates. As these diagnostic devices are also to be sed in-vivo, biocompatibility of sbstrates and, more importantly, packaging needs to be checked and frther developed. Moreover, the se of these new carriers will ndobtedly reqire a reanalysis of crrent processing rotes for integrated devices. Jst as with on-body conterparts, in-vivo sensor platforms reqire integrated sensor, Energy scavenging Low-power commnication (radio, etc.) Standardization of commnication technology Data secrity (privacy) Wireless power technologies Cognitive radio (white spaces) Remote patient monitoring Robotics and safe & reliable systems Data integration from varios analytic sorces Digital patient data networking Smart data redction methods for medical data analysis software (algorithms) Figre 23: Roadmap of Smart Systems for Integrated Healthcare Applications STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 41

42 Eropean Technology Platform signal processing, commnication and power modles. However, the emphasis will be, even more strongly, on miniatrization and redcing power consmption. Enablers herein are CMOS-compatible bilding-blocks that can be combined sing, for example a System in Package (SiP) approach, sch as solid-state thin-film power sorces that can be recharged sing non-contact charging or in-body scavenging (i.e. by redction of bio-fels). Integrated healthcare soltions The innovations in medical technology enabled by the introdction of smart systems need to be implemented in cre and care in order to take effect. In this section attention will be paid to integrated healthcare soltions, introdcing a holistic view to cre and care, sch as represented by the Care Cycle approach, providing the holistic approach to healthcare schematically depicted in Figre 22. Implementation of the opportnities offered by innovations in medical technology reqire consideration of the total healthcare architectre reqired for their introdction into a clinical setting, bt increasingly also in distribted settings, ltimately at home. The integration of technology-enabled information-based healthcare soltions needs to be considered for major care settings, which have a major inflence on workflow and accessibility aspects. As health-economic evidence is reqired to gain pblic endorsement and re-imbrsement for technology-innovation in healthcare, significant clinical stdies need to be part of the research programme in order to test new systems in the field. While most of today s healthcare is focsed on the treatment of already present conditions, prevention has been identified as a very sccessfl tool to minimize the impact of risk factors on the health sitation of the patient-to-be. Unobtrsive sensors for certain conditions (e.g. monitoring movement, critical load conditions to bone, stress monitoring) can provide an early feedback to patients with an identified risk condition, minimizing the impact or even preventing the occrrence of a clinical condition. Sch a scenario will connect the sensors to a telemetric network with adeqate access rights granted by either the patient him/herself or a trstee to allow risk assessment and taking preventive action, if the risk level is increased (e.g. high blood pressre in a stressfl environment). Examples of major care settings which will be significantly inflenced by the introdction of smart systems are: Digital Hospital: Patient-centric care in the digital hospital spporting mltiple mlti-disciplinary care teams in all phases: diagnosis, treatment and nrsing. Time is Mscle: Acte care models covering all the phases from the event at an emergency location, diagnosis and treatment in a hospital, concentrating on shortening the time between event discovery and start of treatment. Hospital at Home: Inter-mral care covering the post-intervention phases from discharge at the hospital, care at home and rehabilitation. Home and ot-door models Continos Care: Inter-mral care related to managing chronic disease models by mlti-disciplinary care teams (e.g. clinician, GP, home care nrse, physiotherapist ), concentrating on preventing re-hospitalisation by early detection of degeneration of the health stats of the patient. - - Care integrated in Ambient Assisted Living: Embedding an extra-mral care for chronic diseases in the Assisted Living approach. Holistic Health Management: managing the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the diagnosis and treatment of disease or infirmity, for persons in their whole life, from conception to grave in a cross domain context. Considerations and changes in integral care and cre are smmarized in the table below. Conclsion Smart systems are key components serving medical technologies, which are at the basis of innovative breakthroghs in healthcare and cre: providing the inpt for evidence-based and pre-emptive medicine, and enabling longer independent living with a better qality of life. Breakthrogh technologies are discssed within the framework of the three EPoSS priorities, focsing on potential implementations in different major care settings of the ftre: the Digital Hospital, Time is Mscle (rapid response), Hospital at Home, and several Home and Ot-door models of integrated and holistic approaches to cre and care. Trning the opportnities offered by the EPoSS technologies into clinical practice forms the main objective of the application field Medical Technology providing meaningfl innovations in cre and care. 42 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

43 Eropean Technology Platform Collect new types of patient data Collect relevant non-medical data Collect patient data in new ways Data collection at patient location Digital Hospital Time is Mscle Hospital at Home Home and ot Physiological Physiological Physiological biological, genetic, biological, biological, Activity, movement, weight, location In-body, on-body In-body, on-body In-body, on-body, nobtrsive nobtrsive Room in clinic, bedside Amblance At home At home, on the move Process raw data to information Back-end server Back-end server Back-end server Back-end server, local Information processing to spport decision making Data access by relevant care givers Data access to relevant data by patients Present aggregated data at relevant locations Spport mlti-disciplinary teams, workflow, task oriented dashboards, electronic commnication Spport electronic commnication between patient to caregiver Integration of services in context of care delivery organisations Integration of services in context of non care organizations (AAL) Back-end server CDSS Clinicians, nrses Back-end server for CDSS Paramedics, clinicians Clinicians, GPs, pharmacists, home care nrses Back-end server for CDSS Clinicians, GPs, pharmacists, home care nrses, physiotherapists, dieticians,... Bed-side At home At home, on the move Anywhere, any time Clinicians, nrses, pharmacists, Clinicians Amblance, emergency room, intervention room Paramedics, clinicians Anywhere, any time Clinicians, GPs, pharmacists, home care nrses Clinicians, GPs, home care nrses Home care organisations Early detection Targeted therapy Relapses Prevention New treatment technologies Treatment at patient location Treatment compliance by care givers Gided, minimal invasive srgery Room in clinic, bed-side Treatment protocols related to evidence based medicine Portable treatment devices defibrillator, heart massage Remote actators Anywhere, any time Clinicians, GPs, home care nrses, pharmacists, physiotherapists, dieticians,... Clinicians, GPs, home care nrses Home care organisations Home care organizations, AAL services Enforce or adjst treatment regime, lifestyle advice Gided rehabilitation exercises, behavior management Amblance At home At home, on the move Treatment protocols related to evidence based medicine Back-end server for CDSS Home care organisations Treatment protocols related to evidence based medicine Treatment protocols related to evidence based medicine Treatment compliance by patients Direct feed back and intervention Monitoring, medication management, behavior management Monitoring, medication management, behavior management Local analysis and feedback Figre 24: Fnctions for the integrated care models STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 43

44 Eropean Technology Platform 44 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

45 Eropean Technology Platform 7. Smart Systems for the Internet of Things Vision Smart Systems open the way towards mlti dimensional, contextaware, and smart environments that can bridge the real, virtal and digital worlds by sing wireless connectivity for energy efficient and environmentally friendly applications and services. The Internet of the Ftre, or as it is commonly called, the Ftre Internet, will reslt from a synergic merge of today s compter networks with the Internet of Media (IoM), the Internet of Services (IoS) and Internet of Things (IoT) into a common global IT platform. Among those components, or Working Grop has its main focs on the Internet of Things. There is no standard definition for the IoT; often, it is defined as the network formed by things/objects having identities and virtal personalities, operating in smart spaces sing intelligent interfaces to connect and commnicate with sers, social and environmental contexts. Semantically, the Internet of Things cold be defined as a world-wide network of niqely addressable interconnected objects, based on standard commnication. Using this network, smart wireless identifiable devices will be able to seamlessly interact and commnicate with the environment, thereby helping to make or society more efficient, secre and inclsive. While the crrent Internet is a collection of rather niform devices, heterogeneos in some capabilities and very similar in terms of prpose and properties, the ftre IoT will exhibit a mch higher level of heterogeneity, as totally different objects, in terms of fnctionality, technology and application fields will belong to a common commnication environment. Under this vision, objects will be able to transport themselves, implementing flly atomated processes and ths optimising logistics; they will be able to harvest the energy they need; they will configre themselves when exposed to a new environment, show an intelligent behavior when faced with other objects, deal seamlessly with nforeseen circmstances; and, finally, they will self dispose, helping to preserve the environment, at the end of their lifecycle. Figre 25: Smart RFID System on Al strap In this context smart wireless identifiable devices (EMID-Electro Magnetic ID: USID-Ultra Sond ID, RFID-Radio Freqency ID, MMID-Millimetre waves ID, etc,) will form the backbone of an Internet of Things infrastrctre allowing new services and enabling new applications. These smart wireless identifiable devices will provide the means for the fsion of the real, virtal and digital worlds, creating a map of the physical world within the virtal space by sing a high temporal and spatial resoltion and combining the characteristics of biqitos sensor networks and other wireless identifiable devices, whilst reacting atonomosly to the real world and inflencing it by rnning processes that trigger actions, withot direct hman intervention. Technology From the Technological point of view, in order to realise the vision of the IoT, several advances mst be carried ot by the research commnity: Energy Energy in all its phases of harvesting, conservation and consmption is a key isse for the ftre. There is a need to research and develop soltions in this area, having as an ltimate objective a level of entropy as close as possible to zero. Crrent technology development is inadeqate in this respect, and existing processing power and energy capacity is too low to cope with STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 45

46 Eropean Technology Platform ftre needs. The development of new and more efficient and compact energy storage sorces sch as batteries, fel cells, and printed/polymer batteries etc; as well as new energy generation devices copling energy transmission methods or energy harvesting sing energy conversion, will be the key factors for the roll ot of Figre 26: Polymer Strap on alminim sbstrate with slot antenna atonomos wireless smart systems. Intelligence The Intelligence of devices, in particlar as regards context awareness and inter-machine commnication, is considered a high priority for the IoT. This context awareness will be strongly related to information received via sensors, corresponding sensor networks and the capabilities of localisation, as well as the possibilities to inflence via according actators. Besides this, environmental context identification can also be ser related or social. Commnication capabilities will have to inclde mlti-standard as well as mlti-protocol compatibility. Frthermore, the development of ltra low power designs for mobile IoT devices and a new class of simple and affordable IoT-centric smart systems will be an enabling factor. In that context the terminology of ltra low power design is a broad one - from high efficiency front-ends, ltra low power processors/microcontrollers cores, ltra low power signal processing capabilities, ltra low power sensors to low power base stations (see also Chapter telecommnication ). However the intelligence of local IoT nodes will be heavily restricted by size, cost and the need to massprodce in high speed, roll-to-roll manfactring processes, ths keeping the distribted intelligence on a rather low level and accordingly qite specific. Processing of accmlated information will take place separately. Commnication Commnication, in terms of physical wave transmission and protocols, will be the cornerstone of the novel IoT architectre. Machine-to-Machine technologies will be central: context-awareness and sitation-specific behaviors will shape the interaction between objects. In the ftre, application- specific antennas will need to be developed in order to allow the smooth fnctioning of applications and services; these antennas will eventally evolve into smart devices themselves, able to reconfigre themselves, and to adapt to the specific application needs and to their srronding environment. Integration The integration of chips and antennas into non-standard sbstrates like textiles and paper, even metal laminates and new sbstrates with condcting paths and bonding materials adapted to harsh environments and for environmentally friendly disposal, will become mainstream technologies. RFID inlays with a strap copling strctre will be sed to connect the integrated circit chip and antenna in order to prodce a variety of shapes and sizes of labels, instead of direct monting. Indctive or capacitive copling of specifically designed strap-like antennas will avoid galvanic interconnection and ths increase reliability and allow even faster prodction processes. The target mst be to physically integrate the RFID strctre with the material of the object to be identified, in sch a way as to enable the object to physically act as the antenna. This will reqire ltra-thin strctres (< 10 μm), as well as printed electronics, which are both robst and flexible. Interoperability It is a common experience that two different devices might not be interoperable, even if they are sing the same standard. Ftre tags mst reliably integrate different commnication standards and protocols that operate at different freqencies and allow different architectres, centralised or distribted, and be able to commnicate with other networks nless and ntil global, well defined standards emerge. Trst and Secrity There is a vital need to have a technically sond soltion to garantee privacy and the secrity of the cstomers in order to have a widespread adoption of any object identification system. While in many cases the secrity has been done as an add-on featre, it is likely that pblic acceptance for the IoT will happen only when strong secrity soltions are in place. Long term secrity protection is a necessity, one which takes into accont the prodct lifecycle. Applications Under the crrent vision, the IoT will have an even more fndamental impact on or society than has the Internet & mobile technologies or even today s acclaimed Information Era. The ftre biqitos IoT will make it possible for virtally any object arond s to exchange information and work in synergy with each other in order to dramatically increase the qality of or lives. We will be wearing smart clothes, made of smart fabrics, which will interact with the Climate Control of or cars and homes, selecting the most 46 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

47 Eropean Technology Platform sitable temperatre and hmidity levels for the person concerned; smart books of the ftre will interact with the entertainment system, sch as a mlti-dimensional, mlti-media Hypertext bringing p on the TV screen additional information on the topic we are reading in real time; and so on. Many application areas are foreseen for the ftre IoT embracing atomatic meter reading, home atomation, indstrial monitoring, military, atomotive, aeronatics, consmers (Personal Area Networks), retail, logistics (shipping tracking storing, managing the spply chain), food traceability, agricltre, environmental and energy monitoring, healthcare, pharmaceticals, and pblic and private safety and secrity. Initially, RFID technology, which is the fondation of the IoT, was stdied in order to replace the bar code in retail applications. Whilst crrently being tested in a variety of pilot projects, and showing mltiple benefits over the older systems, the adoption of RFID has been slowed down by several factors, sch as the mch higher cost of an RFID tag over bar code labels, necessary technological improvements within the transmission of metals and liqid items, and privacy concerns. In the ftre thogh, IoT technology will not be limited only to identification, bt, sing the atonomos roting of data packets in today s internet as a model, the next evoltion step will be the integrated atomation and individalization of material flows. For that prpose, logistics objects will be eqipped with RFID tags which contain not only identification attribtes bt also information regarding the destination, roting, priority, and processing steps of the object. Today, wireless sensors are already part of crrent home applications, in systems like air-conditioning or secrity. They cooperate in a strictly defined system to flfil a precisely defined task. Normally, those systems are closed and cannot exchange any other kind of information. The ftre IoT will create a continm of objects, and will change radically environments like or homes. We can jst imagine a few of the applications that will be possible throgh the development of the IoT. Some of those applications are described in specific sections in this SRA, sch as medical, atomotive and aerospace. Research Priorities The roadmap for the realisation of the IoT is, as we can expect, long and strewn with obstacles. The research priorities are bilt on the five pillars that will form the basis for developing smart wireless identifiable systems: Heterogeneity: heterogeneos commnication protocol, sensor technologies, and the combination of different antennas, batteries, power generation and displays. Mltifnctionality: mlti fnctional miniatrised and smart RFID devices and readers operating at different freqencies and protocols, that have improved qality, performance and cost effectiveness, that are secrity/privacy friendly, and are world wide compatible and transparent for the ser. Flexible and adaptable RFID devices (passive/active), that incorporate sensing and actating devices in a wide range of materi Mltidisciplinary: different disciplines are involved spanning from micro/nano to commnication protocols and integration Convergence: the convergence of different technologies like nano/micro, sensor, flat batteries/ printed, printed antennas, silicon/ polymer, als depending on the application reqirements. Integration: very high levels of miniatrization and integration, small size, low power and low cost reqirements that imply high integration sing a combination of system on chip (SoC) and system in package (SiP) implementation The key research priorities for the next years are the following: Intelligent systems A clear research priority focses on system intelligence. Context-awareness and inter-machine information exchange will be central to the IoT. In the coming period, there is therefore the need to stdy a global architectre for the IoT, where peer-to-peer commnication models, the shift of already existing bio-inspired approaches from a centric view to a distribted one, in which intelligence is pshed towards the edge of the system, and the development of atonomos devices able to generate atomatic code and behaviors, will play a central role. The research priorities will focs on increasing and adapting the intelligence at the device level by the integration of sensors and actators, new power efficient hardware/software secrity architectres, highly efficient, mltistandard and adaptive commnication sb-systems, adaptable antennas (smart beam steerable phased array antennas, mlti freqency band antennas, on chip antennas (OCA), coil on chip, printed antennas, embedded antennas and mltiple antennas sing different sbstrates and 3D strctres), and miniatrised smart RFID readers spporting mlti standards to be sed with mobile devices for different applications. Energy sstainability A strong emphasis will be pt on energy efficient and self-sstainable STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 47

48 Eropean Technology Platform systems. Novel ways to harvest energy from the environment mst be explored and developed, in order to create systems that reqire little external energy, if any. Efficiency in processing and in commnication mst also be achieved throgh novel programming paradigms and the frther development of energy efficient protocols and smart antennas. Research efforts will focs on mltimodal identifiable sensing systems enabling complex applications sch as implants monitoring vital signs inside the body and drg delivery sing RFID, whilst harvesting energy from different sorces. Research on printed batteries manfactred with sensor, thin film solar (thermal) cells for energy harvesting, vibration and piezoceramic devices for energy harvesting, (or even micro fel cells for long term power generation) wireless power spply to sensors and thin batteries with lifetimes of 10 years. Hybrid energy generation, storage and transmission based pon a combination of RF, piezoelectric and battery power generation. Privacy and Secrity Many of today s concerns abot the wide adoption of the IoT lie in the poplar belief that both privacy and secrity will be compromised. In order to reverse this belief, sond technological soltions mst be developed, together with legislators at national and spra-national level. Extensive dissemination of the reslts of these discssions mst also be ndertaken by all IoT actors. The research will focs on RFID with privacy control and energy efficient cryptography algorithms and the se of non-linkable digital transfers for disgising digital transactions, e.g. a combination of different identification technologies to increase the secrity and privacy by sing private, revocable ID enabling sers to be the sole owners of the object s identity. Harsh Environments and Integration into Materials Internet of Things / RFID APPLICATION Intelligent systems Energy Sstainability Integration into materials Energy Harvesting ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Atonomic devices M2M Commnication Smart Power Spply Energy Storage Resorces Energy Efficient Protocols Secrity Architectres Printed electronics Smart antennas Energy Efficient Cryptographic algorithms Figre 27: Roadmap Smart Systems for Internet of Things Crrent trends show that the research process from application specific antenna designs to smart antennas, sitable for different applications and materials, will finally lead to the integration of devices into non standard sbstrates. These sbstrates, and their operational fields, might have very specific reqirements, and the resilience of these smart electronic components mst therefore be extremely high. Research will focs on RFID devices with sensing capabilities that are embedded in composite parts, by sing antennas, integrated electronics, micro sensors, materials and special assembly techniqes for operation in harsh environments (large temperatre, pressre variations, etc.) or, if implanted, reqiring biocompatible fnctionality STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

49 Eropean Technology Platform 8. Smart Systems for Information and Telecommnication Vision Smart Systems will create a single personal mltifnctional gateway to connect the individal with the machine world. an invisible, zero-carbon-footprint commnications infrastrctre miniatrised, long-life devices for one-toch installable, smart, scalable machine-to-machine networks The story of smart systems, and the new hardware technologies that they reqire, is closely entwined with that of commnications. Miniatrised, atonomos smart systems will nlock key bottlenecks in the expansion of existing personal commnication services. They will also enable new applications that reqire extensive machine-to-machine commnications. Any ftre vision of personal commnications mst consider both the end-to-end system and components, both hardware and software, both ser devices and infrastrctre. Personal connectivity: How smart systems enable biqitos high-speed connectivity The commnications needs of end sers are becoming ever more complex, interacting with an ever-wider range of remotely controlled prodcts and services and interacting with other sers with ever-richer modes of commnications. The challenge is therefore to create a single mltifnctional personal gateway device to interface the individal with a mltifaceted machine world and to connect the individal with others. This device mst be tailored to the needs of the individal and be easy to se. It mst be permanently connected with lowcost, high-performance network access and have a high degree of energy self-sfficiency The other key component of personal commnications is that of the wireless access infrastrctre with which the sers devices commnicate. The infrastrctre of the ftre will be low in cost, visally nobtrsive and energy efficient, all while delivering ever increasing bandwidths. Eropean indstry has played a leading role in the roll-ot of second-and third-generation celllar commnications, with Eropean system sppliers and components pnching well above their weight in world markets. Maintain that this position depends on two key Eropean addressed developments: affordable, biqitos access to high-bandwidth wireless infrastrctre with low-carbon footprint and the contining downward pressre on component costs. Smart systems are the soltion for both. 9/10 In the forth qarter of 07 EU-headqartered eqipment providers acconted for 49% of mobile handsets shipped globally 30% of radio accessed network eqipment sales worldwide by one important Eropean manfactrer Other Eropean manfactores hold the 2nd, 3rd amd 4th positions in worldwide RAN revene share. Ubiqitos high-speed wireless connectivity with low-carbon footprint The last link of personal commnications is fast becoming the sole preserve of wireless commnications. Bt applications are ever increasing in their demand for affordable bandwidth and the demand of bandwidth per ser will increase too. Forward-looking standardisation efforts sch as ITU-ADV are considering the spply of 100Mb/s and more of data to end-sers over long ranges. Sch advances will open p new applications with positive impact on society, sch as remote video streaming in disaster scenarios, biqitos connectivity for health monitors in body area networks, and wireless broadband for rral areas. Secre commnications are also a concern of end sers. In the meantime, operators are looking beyond the capital expenditre costs of rnning STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 49

50 Eropean Technology Platform networks to minimising operational costs sch as power consmption and site costs. In each case, smart RF system hardware soltions are the key enablers: To address spectrm scarcity, freqency agile and mltiband RF transceiver soltions will provide the reqired bandwidth to deliver data rates in excess of 100Mbit/s. Advances in filtering, matching, and analoge RF processing techniqes, along with their integration of heterogeneos technologies, will be needed for tneable and switchable mlti-band operation. To more efficiently se existing spectrm, active antenna arrays will trigger the widespread adoption of MIMO and beam steering. To minimise handset size, ltracompact passive sbsystems combined with radio processing (e.g. mixing, passive and active filters) will be achieved throgh advances in SiP (system-in-package) integration of heterogeneos technologies sch as MEMS, active and passive electronics, acostic-wave filters, and bio-electronics. To minimise power consmption in base stations, highly efficient switched-mode power amplifier modles will improve power efficiency, while innovative thermal management sbsystems sch as smart fan trays will minimise the energy cost of waste heat removal. To minimise base station site costs, miniatrisation in high-power RF sbsystems will be sed in low-profile smart remote radio heads. Hardware soltions for transceivers form the necessary layer 0 in the commnications protocol stack. Hence, the above soltions reqire more than jst software or new algorithms or innovative architectres: advances in heterogeneos hardware soltions, at the core of smart system Figre 28: Wireless network of sensors for se in indstrial processes soltions, are the only way to see real improvements. Achieving hardware which is adaptable and provides high performance reqires a close integration in the one package of micro-scale mechanical, digital and active pls passive RF technologies. Competitive pressres in component manfactre Smart systems technology will help Eropean component manfactrers to maintain and increase market share and profit margins in the face of increasing competition from low-cost regions of the world. Increasing the intelligence and atonomos adaptability of previosly dmb sbsystems will enable the Eropean RF and mixed-signal component indstry to move p the spply chain, captring more of the vale of the end prodcts. Frther strengthening the ecosystem of component sppliers within Erope will help the large Eropean handset manfactrers and system integration companies to retain their R&D operations within Erope. Machine-to-machine connectivity: How effective commnications soltions enable smart systems Machine-to-machine and sensor network commnications are the next big opportnity for the commnications indstry. Large financial and societal benefits will arise from the invention and realization of miniatrised, longlife devices connected sing machine-to-machine and sensor networks. These networks mst be one-toch installable, dynamic in operation, and scalable p to millions of devices. In a wide range of smart systems, sch as medical and lifestyle devices for assisted living, in-vehicle diagnostics, environment monitoring systems, etc., connectivity between smart devices is a critical facility needed to achieve the desired ends. This is becase Smart devices often have limited local information and cognitive capabilities. Networking the devices reslts in a better informed, more intelligent overall system. Most smart systems have some level of hman and/or central spervision and control. Connectivity is therefore reqired to gather information and to distribte commands. Ths machine-to-machine (and in the case of body-area networks, man-tomachine) connectivity is a necessary nderlying component of many smart systems. Delivering that connectivity in an affordable, effective manner reqires major improvements in many dimensions: 50 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

51 Eropean Technology Platform Advances in RF antenna and filter design, packaging and modle integration will enable miniatrisation of transceiver soltions. Particlarly critical are novel radio soltions for the low-ghz (less than 2GHz) bands. New circit design techniqes and micro- generation techniqes for power will extend the operational life of remote devices. Integration of NEMS, MEMS, BAW and SAW devices, and classical integrated circitry, both active and passive, will also drive down the size of transceivers. Co-simlation of the varios technical domains, electrical, mechanical, and acostic, will be reqired for optimised soltions and low time-to-market. New scalable architectres designed specifically for the machineto-machine commnications will allow for networks of millions of devices. Improvements in techniqes for secre and reliable machine-to-machine commnications will enable mission-critical applications for sensor networks. Sccessfl development of the reqired layer 0 hardware technologies will place Eropean indstry at the forefront of opening p hge new markets in sensor networks, command and control, critical safety networks, body-area networks, vehicle-to-vehicle/vehicle-to-infrastrctre commnications and machine-to-machine commnications generally. if things become active internet sers on behalf of hmans, then the nmber of active [internet] connections cold be measred in terms of tens or hndreds of billions. ITU Ubiqity: Here, There and Everywhere, 2007 The impact will be seen at several levels: There is the potential for EU indstry to replicate the sccess of second- and third-generation celllar technologies one cold envisage Eropean system integrators taking a leading role in the eqivalent of GSM for wide-area sensor networks. The bsiness models for smart system networks are sfficiently different to that of personal commnications ths there will be new service and system providers to service the commnication demands of potentially tens of billions of devices. Smart devices enhanced with interdevice commnication will reslt in smart systems with a mch higher degree of intelligence and atonomy. This will enable the more rapid deployment of smart systems discssed elsewhere in this Strategic Research Agenda, with all the benefits accring to Eropean society as listed. For example, vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-toinfrastrctre commnications will significantly advance Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications sch as vehicle safety services and traffic management. Unobtrsive man-to-machine commnication will be instrmental for enabling the wide deployment of policies sch as e-health, e-inclsion and e-accessibility, helping ageing society with assistant devices, improving the participation of people with disabilities in the Information Society, and generally aiding natral, intitive interfaces to information technology. Technical objectives and their impact Personal connectivity This section specifically addresses the needs of smart systems that enable biqitos high-speed connectivity. There are two main drivers. One is the ongoing demand for shrinking size and redcing cost. A key challenge with respect to form factor redction is to find new approaches to overcome the large physical dimensions dictated by the long wavelengths at freqencies below 1 GHz. From a commnications perspective, freqencies below 1 GHz have the greatest range and coverage and hence contine to attract mch bsiness interest, despite the lower capacities achievable. In addition, there is a need for new fnctionality and new sbsystem architectral approaches that are not feasible today. Integration of heterogeneos technologies (a core objective of EPoSS) plays a key role here as it enables new architectres. Technological advances are needed at both component and sbsystem/ modle levels, to facilitate the new fnctionality at a smaller size and at lower cost. Component level High-linearity, low-loss, tneable components: New high-performance variable components with low loss, high linearity, and large tning ranges are needed. Applications wold inclde sb-circits like tneable matching networks with low loss to match power amplifiers and antennas over a wide freqency range. Usefl component technologies inclde ferroelectric varactors (variable capacitances) made from barim strontim titanate and variometers (variable indctances), from tneable magnetic materials (e.g. ferromagnetics or mltiferroics). Frther flexible components are of the MEMS (micro electromechanical systems) type. These are components that are heterogeneos in themselves, with moving mechanical parts at a microscopic scale altering electrical properties. High-power RF handling: For some specific applications sch as high RF power transmitters, components have to withstand large RF voltages and STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 51

52 Eropean Technology Platform crrents. Research is needed to redce losses in linearity at high RF power levels, when often component properties become a fnction of the applied signal. New design tools are needed where electromagnetic properties are analyzed in conjnction with thermal distribtions and mechanical stress conditions. The challenge is to have an integrated simlation tool, spanning both component and circit levels and covering electromagnetic, thermal, acostical and mechanical properties in one environment. Artificial materials for tneability and miniatrization: New RF artificial materials are expected to deliver soltions to shrink the size and increase tneability, while maintaining performance. One example here wold be meta-materials created ot of periodic strctres comprising switches, varactors and variometers. Besides sch materials created ot of passive strctres, one can conceive of artificial materials incorporating active non-linear devices. Artificial materials provide a large degree of freedom in shaping freqency characteristics and are expected to open a wide new range of applications sch as compact flexible filters and antennas and components like phase shifters and coplers with wide freqency agility. Other concepts sch as defected grond and defected microstrip strctres with high slow wave factor will shrink the size of line transformations. Integrated MEMS circits: To achieve the desired flexibility in fnctionality withot compromising on performance, integration of MEMS devices with other MEMS devices (often sing different processes) and the integration of MEMS with RFICs is needed. Advances are needed in hybrid integration throgh system-in-package (SIP) technology to avoid losses in performance arising from leading signals on and off chips. However the package might lead to Q-factor degradations or nwanted coplings which have to be properly controlled. The challenge for the ftre will be to find a platform technology for SiP that allows for the most flexible combination of devices of different type withot degrading performance. Hence, SiP technology will be the key to enable new fnctionality. Besides Figre 29: Miniatrized SAW filter in a CSSPls package (Sorce: EPCOS) performance gain and form-factor improvements, there are also cost advantages and higher system reliability from a shared package. Personal Commnications APPLICATION Ultra broadband, spectrm agile wireless access Energy efficient base stations Ultra compact handset transceivers Small form-factor base stations ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Modle/sbsystem level Increased integration, improved packaging and new compact architectres to redce size and increase reliability: Increased integration delivers smaller form factors (important for mltifnction handsets and for redcing base station physical footprint) and higher reliability. At the modle level, there is a need for new techniqes for the integration and packaging of a bewildering array of technologies: high-speed digital FPGAs, GaN and GaAs MMICs, LTCC, CMOS RFICs, YIG isolators, acostic filters (SAW, BAW), high-q discrete passives, LTCC, mltilayer laminates, etc. Critical in this will be the development of a new generation of SAW and BAW filters with respect to sbstrate materials and packaging, e.g. GBAW filters and band VII dplexers. More broadly, the challenge for research is to satisfy the reqirements of different domains simltaneosly, e.g. the heat transfer mst be managed withot sacrificing RF performance; monting techniqes of MMICs shold not introdce massive RF parasitics, and so on. At an architectral level, smart integration will provide more flexibility in partitioning fnctionality between the enclosed sbsystems. This will allow the exploitation of new tech- Reconfigrable and/or simltaneos mltiband RF modles Direct-to-digital power amplifiers Efficient thermal management Miniatre passive (antenna + filter) device Heterogeneos integration and packaging Acostic wave filter echnology Active antenna arrays Figre 30: Roadmap Smart Systems for Personal Commnications 52 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

53 Eropean Technology Platform nologies for low-cost, miniatrised RF systems. One example is the se of metalised plastic component in active antenna arrays this enables architectres which are cost effective where mltiple transmit chains are needed, Figre 31: Pictre of a 2.4GHz RF frontend co-assembled with BAW RF-MEMS resonators (Sorce: CSEM) e.g. for beam-steering and MIMO. Smart/flexible RF modles with digital control: From a system architectre perspective, a frther big challenge is that of freqency agility. As the freqency spectrm for wireless commnication becomes more and more fragmented, flexibility at sbsystem level mst be increased to take maximm benefit from the scattered spectrm resorces available. In wireless transceivers, freqency agility has to be implemented throghot the whole RF chain, from antennas to filters to power amplifiers to radios, where their flexibility is obtained from sing tneable components in conjnction with RF detectors. In this context, bridging circits between the control chips and the components to be controlled are also needed. In digital control, there is a trend towards lower voltages (e.g. 2.7V), whereas at the component level there is a trend towards higher tning voltages (e.g. 150V), as this brings higher component linearity. Novel integrated soltions for charge pmps incorporating digital-to-analog converters are needed for trning digital control words at low voltages into high tning voltages. At a higher level, new concepts for controlling these new flexible RF sbsystems are needed to address bilt-in self-test, health monitoring, and, critically, bilt-in self-calibration. Smart sbsystems for the RF transceivers of the ftre will rely on adaptable components to give flexibility in fnctionality and on intelligent control to steer those components in a coordinated fashion. Technologies for lower carbon footprint: In radio access systems the great consmer of power is the RF transmit chain. Therefore redcing the carbon footprint of radio networks reqires improvements in the efficiency of RF transmit power amplifier soltions. One promising research direction is to revisiting the analog-digital divide with direct-to-rf DACs and RF switched-mode power amplifiers. Finding efficient soltions for removing or scavenging the waste heat generated is also critically important. Smart fan trays can bring additional power redctions (and improved reliability) for commnications systems with forced-air cooling, throgh the deployment of smart algorithms to optimise the air flow. Improvements in heat sink and heat pipe technology will benefit smaller systems sch as femtocell basestations, access points, and the larger handsets. Machine-to-machine connectivity The ability to commnicate with either other nodes or the main network infrastrctre is an essential characteristic shared by many smart systems. This holds across a wide range of applications, from health monitoring to remote water qality sensors, from atomobile corner control nits to smart tility meters. The reqirements on the commnications transceivers needed are similar across a wide range of smart system applications: A high degree of miniatrization Extreme power efficiency High spectral efficiency Secre commnications Low cost A high degree of scalability across aggregations of very large nmbers of devices Figre 32: MEMS-based device for energy harvesting (Sorce: SINTEF) These reqirements are different from those of personal commnications transceivers the power efficiency reqirements are more demanding, the need for high data rates is lower, etc. Ths existing technology will not flly nlock the potential of smart systems frther advances are needed for feasible machine-to-machine commnications. Research is needed in the following technology areas: Hardware level Advances in RF antenna and filter design for miniatre, low-power designs: Applications sch as body area network nodes and smart dst sensor networks for strctral integrity monitoring call for nobtrsive antenna and radio soltions that fit within ltra small volmes (mm 3 level) and consme ltra-low power (mw level) for freqencies p to 11GHz. Today, antenna and radio technologies are developed separately, leading to non-optimal soltions in terms of size, power and performance. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 53

54 Eropean Technology Platform Frthermore, the physics of ltrasmall antennas make them sffer from impedance shifts, selectivity artefacts and gain losses which impact the commnication link negatively. Therefore research shold address the integrated radio hardware as a single antenna-radio microsystem, rather than as separate components. The approaches sed to achieve this wold be antenna and radio IC co-design, research into smart adaptive matching schemes, and the development of intelligent close-loop antenna and radio configration algorithms. Research is also needed for miniatrised beamsteering antennas arrays implemented sing MEMS/CMOS technologies, for improving range and redcing reqired RF power levels. Advances in low-ghz radio IC technology: The low-ghz (300MHz-2GHz range) presents significant advantages for applications sch as body-areanetworks, man-to-machine and machine-to-machine applications. Firstly, the propagation characteristics have mch lower attenation than with mlti-ghz (5GHz tens of GHz) bands, reslting in longer ranges. Secondly, nlike mlti-ghz radios, low-ghz radios can have low-crrent operation (ma-level) at low voltages (1V level). The challenge is to achieve miniatrization of low-ghz radio technology. The approaches to reach this wold inclde research on low-freqency, 1V RF MEMS technologies, on ltra-low power design in ltra deep-sbmicron RF CMOS technology, and on highefficiency DC-DC power-management soltion. Advances in packaging and modle integration for miniatre, low-power designs: To meet performance, cost and reliability reqirements while achieving dramatic size and height redctions, new packaging approaches involving high-q integrated passives, balns 11, microacostic filters, switches, power amplifiers etc. are reqired. Critical in this will be the Machine-to-machine commnications APPLICATION Wide-area sensor networks Energy atonomos sensors Implantable BAN transceivers ENABLING TECHNOLOGY development of a new generation of SAW and BAW filters with respect to sbstrate materials and packaging, e.g. GBAW filters and band VII dplexers. Also reqired is the realisation of MEMS and IC and SiP platforms for miniatre radio modles. Overall, the challenge will be to realise ltra-small (mm 3 -level), ltra-slim (few 100μm) and flexible (wearable/stretchable) RF micro-systems. Integration of NEMS, MEMS, and classical Bipolar/CMOS/SOI integrated circitry: High-performance integrated radio technology is moving towards embedding a variety of HF-, IF- and LF-MEMS technology to enhance the radio performance while redcing the volme and cost. Simltaneosly, ltra deep-sbmicron CMOS provides massive digital processing capability at low cost and power consmption, which will enable software-defined and cognitive radio paradigms. Merging both paths together cold draw on the strengths of both, compensating for the NEMS/MEMS drawbacks (e.g. process/fabrication variations and tolerances, mismatch, temperatre dependence, etc.) in the digital domain. Research shold address calibration, compensation, and on-chip test schemes for NEMS/MEMS-based radios, methodology and algorithms for Compact, long-life, low-ghz radio Scalable air interfaces Circit design for low power consmption Miniatre, low-power RFICs Energy scavenging Figre 33: Roadmap Smart Systems for M2M Commnications designing NEMS/MEMS radio architectres, and the characterization and modelling of RF NEMS/MEMS. New circit design techniqes and micro-generation techniqes: Power spply and power management are critical components of the transceiver soltions for any smart system. This is particlarly the case for widely deployed aggregations of wireless sensor nodes with a high degree of atonomos operation and ltra-small physical form factors. Radio circits and architectres mst be developed with low-power standby soltions and with minimm energy per transmitted bit as a key design metric. Research is also needed into exploiting point-of-se renewable power sorces for the transceiver section. For more complex systems, it is critical that there is research into modelling, simlation and prediction of energy se for improved energy efficiency and atomatic configration algorithms for optimization. Copled EM-thermal-acostic-mechanical simlation and modelling methods: Mch has been achieved in recent years in design tools for individal technology domains sch as low-po- 54 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

55 Eropean Technology Platform wer digital processing, analog and RF integrated circits, MEMS and NEMS systems. However, sccessfl low-cost, high-performance, miniatre radio transceiver systems reqire the simltaneos exploitation of mltiple sch domains in the same chip or package. For example, for acostic wave devices, parasitic acostical resonance phenomena also map into parasitic electrical properties. Simlation environments and modelling tools need to reflect the reality of the heterogeneos implementation environment. Research is needed into simlation packages and design tools which have close copling of the nderlying physical phenomena: electromagnetic propagation, circit-level behavior, and acostics, mechanical and thermal properties. System level New scalable architectres for the machine- to-machine commnications: ll of the existing soltions for machine-to-machine commnications are severely limited in their scalability. Celllar systems have good coverage and range, bt have high transceiver costs and power reqirements. Other soltions, sch as Zigbee, lack in capacity and coverage. Research is reqired for commnication architectres and protocols which smoothly scale over a variety of data rates, commnication dty cycles, power availability, and allowable transceiver form factors. The goal wold be soltions that can address a mltiplicity of applications and connect the estimated tens of billions of smart systems that reqire (mostly wireless) connectivity. Approaches wold inclde long-range, celllar-like systems, hierarchical approaches and flat-architectre mesh-based soltions, sing a range of freqency bands p to 11 GHz. Resilient network design and robst smart systems in the face of failre: Many smart systems are deployed in safety-critical environments sch as cars, aircraft, and medical environments. Hence the commnications reqire (a) an assred level of internal reliability in harsh environments, (b) reliability in external connectivity in the presence of interference and finally (c) falt tolerance in the event of failre. Soltions will emerge from the creation of proper safety assrance and gracefl degradation methods. Mltilevel approaches will be needed, addressing the challenges at the hardware, radio-interface, and networking levels. This will inclde the design and invention of new error detection and correction methods sitable for the low dty cycles and stringent power reqirements of many smart systems. Also, in order to create falt tolerant smart systems, advances in data fsion will be needed, with data streams coming from mltiple networks inclding wireless commnication, localisation and sensor networks. Secre commnications methods for machine-to-machine and man-to-machine connectivity: Jst as in personal commnications, data in many smart systems will need to be private and secre from deliberate interference, e.g. commnications for some smart card applications and for health monitoring platforms bilt on body area networks. Existing methods for RLC/MAC 12 encryption, protocol and interface secrity from personal wireless networks are inadeqate for the reqirements of machine-to-machine commnications. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 55

56 Eropean Technology Platform 56 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

57 Eropean Technology Platform 9. Smart Systems for Safety and Secrity Vision Statistics show that we live in a mch safer world, yet there is still a constant demand for increased safety and secrity in virtally every aspect of or lives, driven by the principle that one death is one death too many. It reflects itself in pblic demand for personal emergency and home secrity systems, and government-led protection from crime and terrorism. However, this is always accompanied by the need for personal protection withot restriction of liberty or limitation of privacy, which means that safety and secrity systems need not only to be reliable and easy to se, bt also capable of safegarding the privacy of end sers. It is in this area that the ability of ambient intelligence to recognize individals and be responsive to their individal needs will be highly valable. Smart systems can provide the necessary sensors, compting power and reliability at cost levels that allow safety and secrity to be bilt into the fabric of or environment. Safety and secrity systems can be divided into two grops: Firstly, low-cost personal smart secre portable objects and home protection systems which are affordable for consmers.: As a reslt of semicondctor integration, these types of devices are reaching simltaneosly very low cost and ease-of-se, reaching towards mass markets and every-day accessibility. This has been the case for cryptographic devices, transformed into smart cards in the early 90s and ths paving the way for e-payment, and later, as SIM modles, contribting to the wide sccess of GSM standard for mobile commnications. These secrity/privacy items are involved also with electronic commerce, atomatic identification and secrity, e-health, e-governmental and instittional, and within home and transportation applications. Key consmer markets where Eropean companies can play a leading role inclde smart cards (#1 position for Eropean players), mobile chipset platforms, trsted personal devices, paytv, e-banking and digital ID. Secondly, high-performance high-efficiency systems for applications sch as pblic transportation, stadims, bsiness and banking centres, administrative offices, pblic IT infrastrctres, border secrity, water and energy distribtion, telecommnications and other safety critical systems. Together, the systems in this second grop otline the rapidly growing e-government market and the demands for homeland and pblic secrity. New threats have arisen and attacks even with limited resorces cold have a major impact on these vital infrastrctres. The new secre soltions need to increase people s secrity withot restricting their freedoms and their mobility. The 2009 bdget reqested by the US Department of Homeland Secrity is US$50.5 billion. Erope has lanched a Secrity research program in this domain. The safety and secrity eqipment market can be estimated at approximately 25Bn, of which 5Bn relates to electronics devices, with and expected growth rate of 7%. The Eropean market is more than 1/3 of world market in this domain (approx. 10Bn). Technologies It is clear that safety and secrity not only constitte a major market in themselves, they bring protection mechanisms and are the generic enablers for many other applications and spport-related services. To make these systems trsted enogh so that we do not end p resenting them, they mst be also small, robst, and easy to se. This pts high demands on smart integration within the final prodct. Yet their reqirement to be highly trstworthy also means that they mst be complex and mlti-fnctional, so that they make decisions based not on a single parameter bt on combinations of parameters (e.g. image recognition, fingerprint, voice, iris pattern). These secre smart systems will involve the integration of a wide range of sensors, MEMS and opto-electronic devices. Sch devices will also need to commnicate reliably by wired and wireless networks, and they mst be made tamper proof and able to withstand environmental conditions that might affect their performance (e.g. radiation, chemical corrosion, shock). STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 57

58 Eropean Technology Platform The following considerations are based on strategic objectives defined by the Eropean Secrity Research Agenda for the homeland secrity segment and by the core grop for the Information Technology secrity segment. A range of technologies have to be combined to optimize soltions and allow innovative smart systems integrated prodct generations. These incorporate: Heterogeneos Materials Sensor and actator technologies Compting and connectivity components Smart packaging (SiP) Combined integration and processing The otstanding capabilities of smart system devices will be exploited in safety and secrity applications for detection, identification & athentication, secre transactions, storage & commnications, anti-tampering, positioning & localising, detection of abnormal behavior, detection of hidden dangeros objects/sbstances, for non cooperative, mobile individal or target recognition, the detection of ill and/or infectios people and warnings associated with real-time data transmission. For these applications, market opportnities exist in terms of Smart Cards, TPD devices, electronic tagging, component and eqipments, e.g. atonomos smart sensors/smart dst, imaging devices (IR, Ultra Sond, μxray, THz), NRBC 13 -sensors, biosensors, biometric scanners and sensors as well as smart clothes. Ensring safety and secrity in society and vital operations has become a considerable challenge in Erope. Technology itself cannot garantee secrity bt secrity withot the spport of technology is impossible, so there is hge development potential in this area. Important application areas for technologies that ensre safety and secrity are energy distribtion grids, telecommnication infrastrctre, water treatment and spply as well as sewerage systems, traffic and transportation, the safegarding of people, safety in indstry and service operations, real estate and office safety, and information secrity. To satisfy these needs, a broad spectrm of applications is apparent: Secre checks via ID and detection devices providing secre access within transportation, sensitive location entrances, borders and e-government services End to end interoperable secre commnication and IT infrastrctres Secre home and personal assistance The identification, localisation and tracking of platforms, goods, containers, people, emergency services and inventories Personal protection and eqipment for first responders and poplation in incident crises Mobile laboratories for deployment in areas contaminated by nclear, biological or chemical agents Sccessfl soltions mst be soght at the system level spanning materials, components, miniatrisation and the integration of converging technologies. Research Priorities Safety and secrity will be increasingly dependent on how technology can be made to serve the needs of a complex society. Several new applications have already been developed and proved for increasing safety and secrity, for example the prevention of biohazards or pandemics. In the ftre the secrity of citizens, secrity of critical infrastrctre, as well as indstrial activities, information secrity and the technologies and services of the secrity indstry will be key isses for research and development. IT Secrity This involves the fonding of the smart systems related technologies needed to meet Information Technology secrity challenges: Smart and secre device packaging Materials sed for packaging are the first barrier against attack. Three soltions exist today to remove packaging material in order to access the target modle or IC: dry and wet chemistry, mechanical tools, laser assisted pak trsted personal devices, personal emergency and home secrity systems secrity of Information Technologies within infrastrctre Secre Personal Devices Several form factors of TPD Trsted Personal devices exist: smart cards, memory sticks, RFID, RF key-sticks, terminals. Secre IT Technology for Infrastrctre Information and commnication systems have come to play a crcial role in every walk of life. Bt certain types of organisation are more vlnerable than others to the conseqences of a data secrity breach. Governments and instittions are good examples, as are financial instittions and operators of critical infrastrctre. Figre 34: New materials for secre device packages 58 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

59 Eropean Technology Platform kage de-processing. In case of attacks, access to the die is performed by sing one or a combination of these methods. However, new materials based on nanotechnology as well as new 3D integration techniqes cold make access to the die impossible. Ink projection techniqes will allow the provision of non visible condctive contacts. Another approach to tamper proof packaging is the application of new materials and strctres to inhibit the analysis of the circitry by destrctive and non-destrctive methods, like X-ray and Ultrasond. Figre 34 by example of assembly sing Throgh Silicon via technology. The access to Chip 1 is impossible sing conventional methods. IT Secrity IT Secrity Application Secre Personal Devices, inclding Smart Cards Secre IT for Infrastrctre Personal emergency and home secrity systems Fll secrity ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Obstrction technologies Athentication technologies : Biometry Tamper proof and smart reactive envelope Smart sensors for secrity Atonomos sensors fsion and wireless broadband data link in secre networking Sensor integration for monitoring EDA Tools and Process towards Secre by Design 3D secre and reactive packaging Ultrathin electronics within docments (display, sensors Smart and commnicative cameras Figre 36: Smart Systems for IT Secrity Roadmap Domain adaptive cryptos and mlti-level secrity Vlnerability analysis framework Electronics in textile towards biodevices Integrated μsensors Sensitive micro-device modles to embed inside device packages will allow the detection of any physical intrsion, piercing of the envelope or any visal intrsion like laser, UV or backward X-ray observation. Movement or pressre sensors can detect tamper actions pon coatings. Embedded micro-batteries will allow monitoring of the behavior of the overall system and can be activated sch as to erase secret and personal data in case of violation. All these sensors need be highly miniatrised and proof against false alarms. Obstrction techniqes Brying devices into mainstream PCB or electronic sbstrates will defeat crsory analysis. New changing resins will allow niqe identifications for devices. More generally Physical Uncloneable Fnctions (PUF) cold be developed. These are fnctions that are realized by a physical system in sch way that the fnction is easy to evalate bt the physical system is hard to characterize, it is a cost-effective way of generating secre keys for cryptographic prposes. 3D packaging The 3D integration of sensors and electronics is expected to be an enabling factor for miniatrized and atonomos sensor nodes in the ftre. The footprint of sensor nodes can be redced when chips are stacked. Stakking can be especially favorable for any kind of pixel based sensor where TSVs (Throgh Silicon Vias) down to an nderlying electronics chip can both increase the fill factor of the sensor and shorten the roting distance from the pixel to the read-ot circit. Miniatrization by stacking enables combinations of mltiple sensors like accelerometers, gyros, pressre sensors etc. into one sensor node even when the individal sensor devices have been manfactred separately. 3D integration of heterogeneos systems with sensors and electronics can Figre 35: 3D integrated dmmy MEMS devices with TSVs monted on a test sbstrate (Sorce: SINTEF) be more complicated than 3D integration of more homogenos systems like for example stacks of memory chips. Sensor chips or wafers are normally thicker and more fragile than reglar electronics wafers demanding deeper TSVs and more carefl process integration. TSVs and interconnect technologies for the 3D integration of sensors and electronics are emerging gradally in ongoing research programs, bt still no standards have been established. Existing TSV and interconnect technologies mst be adapted from the electronics indstry, modified and combined with special technologies developed solely for sensors. EDA flow towards secrity by design Althogh a lot of contermeasres against intrsive and side channel attacks have been proposed and sed today to get access to the secret keys and other cryptographic data, none of the contermeasres provide absolte resistance and generally are broken after a certain time. Very few criteria exist today to assert the efficiency of given contermeasres regarding smart systems. New classes of attacks will need a methodological approach to the development of contermeasres and their related assessment. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 59

60 Eropean Technology Platform Also new failre analysis approaches need to be clstered at Eropean level sch as to nderstand forthcoming attacks and to propose soltions to the design commnity. Smart Systems Research Challenges for IT Secrity The research priorities address the following areas: Several technologies apply both to IT and Homeland secrity, namely biometrics, sensor integration, the fsion of atonomos sensors. The related research will be introdced in the homeland secrity chapter. Homeland Secrity The following focses on the fondation of smart systems related technologies needed to meet the homeland secrity challenges: transactions, border access, e-governmental applications. Spectroscopy can be sed to detect trace gases and chemical agents from explosives and toxic gases prior to an incident. These kinds of sensors crrently show limited sability de to the lack of selectivity and sensitivity. Figre 37: Example of smart detection and ID Smart secred devices, reqiring new system techniqes like embedded sensors, separation of concerns as well as hardware technologies like bried components in sbstrates, sensors and cryptographic engines, miniatrization and low power consmption, resistance to side-channel attacks. Packaging and technology against conterfeits and secrity threats to the device Anti-tampering coating and encapslation New materials to conter invasive and non invasive attacks Embedded microsensors and reactive devices Smart Systems in 3D packaging offering high performing signal processing, flexible interconnect and commnications capabilities Vlnerability analysis to conter new hackers and attacks (physical analysis + reverse engineering, ). Failre analysis capabilities Design methodology Secrity Insrance and related capabilities Identification, sensors and srveillance namely for border secrity, persons identification and athentification, detection of abnormal crowd or individal behavior, detection of dangeros goods (sch as CBRN, drgs, explosives), tracing dangeros prodcts, Protecting vital infrastrctre sch as critical sites, the tilities and food spply chain, the IT and commnication infrastrctre and the transportation infrastrctre. Detection, athentication and srveillance Biometrics are one approach to allow athentication or identification of persons to access their private and personal devices, bt also to improve access control at border checkpoints, within contries and at critical infrastrctres. The techniqe shold increase the efficiency of secrity checks while giving comfort to the end ser. Data related to individals needs to be preserved so secred. Crrent concerns are aimed towards improving fingerprint sensors in speed and to allow easier positioning of the finger, to bring mlti-modal biometry (fingerprint, face, iris, retina recognition, signatre ), to minimise the reject ratio and false acceptations, and to generate cryptographic keys from personal ID data. Mlti-modal technologies need also to be technically adapted to the target applications: home comfort appliances, secred Figre 38: Example of THz imaging (Sorce: QinetiQ) Photo acostic detection combined with optical readot and qantm cascade lasers makes it possible to detect sch gases at very low concentrations, and the detection limits can be frther increased by the same p-concentration means as sed by GCMS. This is possible de to the very low volmes reqired by a photo acostic detection cell, which also means that this technology is well sited for miniatrisation. The sensitivity will be in the parts per trillion ranges, and will open for several applications within homeland secrities as well as other demanding applications. Optical spectroscopy may also be sed to redce the impact of an incident by monitoring the level of toxic gases, i.e. detection of CO, both for toxicity from a fire as well as early warning of fire to prevent loss of lives. Spectro- 60 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

61 Eropean Technology Platform scopy can also be sed to detect gas leaks and make an image of them. THz techniqes in secrity systems THz radiation bridges the gap between mm-waves and mid/far IR. Until rather recently this spectral range has received limited attention only de to the lack of efficient and low/moderate cost THz sorces and detectors. On the other hand, there are a nmber of promising applications sch as THz imaging (concealed weapon and explosive detection) and THz spectroscopy (pharmacetical, biomedical, and materials inspection applications). One prereqisite for the sccessfl exploitation of the potential of THz technology is the availability of low cost, versatile, powerfl THz emitters and highly sensitive, ncooled, small size detectors which lend themselves to the fabrication of detector arrays (1D or 2D). THz can be sed in the imaging of concealed weapons nder clothes for local or stand-off detection in secrity applications. The priority for components to be developed is related to the need of THz stand-off imaging in terms of more compact systems which can be achieved while increasing freqency. These systems will need to se improved performance components sch as higher power and more compact sorces as well as higher sensitivity more compact real time 2D array detectors in order to optimize the trade-off between higher resoltion reqirements together with higher detection range. The availability of several freqencies for sorces and detectors will be sefl for mlti spectral imaging in THz for the identification of chemical or explosive materials. THz can be sed also in mapping of biological materials. THz sensing phenomenology in DNA and related biological materials has been sed to prodce credible experimental Homeland Secrity Homeland Secrity Detection, Athentication and srveillance Vital infrastrctre secrity Emergency and secrity ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Faster fingerprint ID mm-wave to THz matrix detection imaging systems Mlti-spectral integrated IR + visible imaging IED Detection Smart and commnicative high resoltion cameras RFID tracing Hybrid GPS-WiFi-Receiver for Indoor Localisation UWB-Seeing throgh the wall radar evidence for the existence of speciesspecific resonance featres that arise from phonon mode activity at the moleclar level. These demonstrations validate earlier theoretical predictions of a link between THz resonances and internal strctre (e.g., dependent on hydrogen bonds of the doble-helix base-pairs and therefore defined a new spectroscopic approach for interrogating microscopic information (e.g., genetic information encoded in the variety and arrangement of DNA ncleotides) that cold be sefl for bio-agent detection and analysis. Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) Major technical challenges exist relating to the detection of IEDs, explosive vapors and chemical agents. Microsystems technologies have the potential to considerably enhance the detection limits, speed of detection and the realisation of man-portable detection systems for sch threats. Some of the major Microsystems technology challenges that mst be addressed are sample pre-concentration of both, vapors and liqids, extremely small sample volme pre-treatment and maniplation, the integration of miniatrised Mltimodal biometry Rapid DNA-Sensor Interoperable and certified ID Imprinted Polymer Sensors for explosives detection 3D-time-of-flight-camera Biosensors combined with physical-chemical detection Spectrometry THz sensing Interconnected lab on chip for water and food management On body electronics for Secrity applications (firemen, police, ) Figre 39: Smart Systems for Homeland Secrity Roadmap flidic and optical detection systems and the development of monolithically integrated sensor sites. In addition to the development of the sb system components, considerable challenges have to be overcome in 3D integration to develop Lab on Chip systems that are low cost and all pervasive. Critical Infrastrctre Protection Data fsion for intelligent sensors For critical infrastrctre protection, the focs is on combining data from a large nmber of dispersed cameras and sensors. Ftre applications will have to consider above 20 sensor types and above 40 simltaneos feeds. Ftre generation enhancements to be developed will inclde: Localisation of targets from trianglation across mltiple sensors, ato target-following for pan-tilt-zoom assets, wireless networking and commnication between dispersed sensors to provide an integrated srveillance system, wakep and actation to conserve power, energy harvesting and low power consmption. Related middleware is necessary to explicitly ease the process of migrating algorithms into real-time implementations (e.g. on embedded platforms). General prpose tools for STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 61

62 Eropean Technology Platform data fsion inclde tracking toolkit (easy to deploy implementations of both established and novel tracking algorithms), a Bayesian modelling Tool-kit (implementing state-of-theart Bayesian modelling algorithms), neral network approaches (a selforganising neral network approach) and video analytics. Integrated sensors The srveillance and control of environments often reqires rgged and compact systems with sensing fnctionality. Wireless sensor networks are very well sited for these environments, since wired sensors can be either too complicated or too costly to install. Wireless sensor networks demand energy efficient miniatrized sensor nodes, which again demand advanced packaging technologies for sensors and electronics. Active and passive systems for mobile vehicles protection VIP aircraft and vehicles are a specific case of critical infrastrctre of exceptional vlnerability and prone to direct attack. Their protection is extremely difficlt de to the diversity of possible threat scenarios. This creates a challenge, which reqires the employment of highly efficient smart systems and systems integration. The isses of great importance are: detecting threats, identifying threat zones and applying active and passive systems (inclding the integration of systems) on different platforms. Secring the spply chain The secre prodction and transport of goods and garanteed integrity of goods are vital to society and bsiness. Terrorist attacks can affect the system in many places. Conterfeiting of prodcts may bring secrity vlnerability and at least disrpt Eropean commercial leadership. Smart Systems Research Challenges for Homeland Secrity The research priorities address the following areas: Biometrics (facial, fingerprint, iris, retina recognition) mm-wave to THz imaging systems, enabling hidden objects detection at low cost and withot the risks associated to the crrent soltions based on X-ray imaging Spectrometry sensors, which can detect gases and chemical agents prior to accidents High resoltion / large nmber of pixels cameras, enabling precise identification by large field of view cameras Fast, high sensitivity IR sensors, for global scene analysis withot lightdependent artefacts All weather day/night imaging sensors, avoiding collisions and/or enhancing site protections Active and passive systems for individal protection Mobile scanning devices for container screening RFID tags, for tracking of identified of athorized objects Sensor fsion, as precise detection or identification withot nacceptable false alarm rate will generally be obtained only by crosschecking information coming from different type of sensors Localisation technologies Research Strategy 2005 to 2015 and beyond The roadmaps show estimated timelines of development activities for the visions of IT secrity and homeland secrity as described above. Smart Secre packaging Development of new shielding encapslation based on ink or nanomaterials Development of micro-sensors and micro-batteries for smart embedded secrity in device packaging to conter different forms of attacks All-in-one cameras The development of smart compact imagers able to operate in a broad range of sitations (day, night, bad weather conditions, on fly detection and identification ) exploiting visible/nir low light level sensors and embedded real time processing. Spectrometry sensors The development of compact infrared laser sorces and smart imagers able to visalize gas leaks in a broad range of sitations. The combination of microsystems technology with wireless commnication to miniatrize spectrometry sensor systems and enable deployment on a larger scale Fast high sensitivity IR sensors The development of high resoltion, high sensitivity, fast IR sensors to enable complex global scene analysis and real time operation THz-Applications The development of compact broadband high average power THz sorces, especially for spectroscopic measrement based sensors The development of efficient THz matrix detectors with both high detection sensitivity and transportability, especially for imaging applications Underlying technologies The technologies developed for 3D integration of heterogeneos systems with sensors and electronics have potential for a continosly redced form factor. These technologies shold be implemented into demonstrators and go throgh test programs to ensre the reqired reliability for typical applications. 62 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

63 Eropean Technology Platform 10. Smart Systems for Aerospace Vision Over the past centry aeronatics, the art of navigating in the air, has evolved tremendosly. Starting with the invention of simple machines capable only of flying, this field has created highly complex systems and devices making the distribtion and exchange of goods and people worldwide possible. A modern world withot aerospace wold simply not be possible - not mentioning the sccesses of the civil space flight. However this enormos growth also poses problems that have to be dealt with. Airborne systems will experience a dramatic change in the coming years. In order to cope with the growing demand for air transport and air transport systems, completely new pathways have to be established. As demand grows, air transport will have to become more individal, allowing for the fast, efficient and affordable transport of individals and goods. Air transport will develop into a mass transport system, with increasing demands for speed, safety, secrity, environmental cleanliness and efficiency. In line with these forecast developments, the aerospace indstry has defined the following key objectives for the year 2020: The highly cstomer oriented air transport system The passenger will expect the same services and the same comfort that he/ she is sed to at home or in the office. In-flight entertainment will have to provide high qality video and adio on-demand. Passenger comfort will have to be improved by, for example, redcing the perceived internal noise and throgh personalized passenger climate control. In addition, the cabin will have to become a flying office offering high-speed data connections and mobile (video)-telephony commnication options. The highly time efficient air transport system The time needed for boarding and de-boarding, cargo and catering operations, cleaning, and felling has to be redced in order to decrease the overall passenger flight time and aircraft grond-time. This will redce costs and increase cstomer satisfaction. The main goals that have to be achieved here are, first, to enable the air transport system to accommodate three times more aircraft movements by the year 2020 compared to Second, to redce the time spent by passengers in airports to nder 15 mintes for short-hal flights and to nder 30 mintes for long-hal flights. Third, enable 99% of flights to arrive and depart within 15 mintes of their schedled departre time, in all weather conditions. The highly cost efficient air transport system Maintenance expenditres are among the main costs for air systems operation. Maintenance strategy will have to evolve from the present timeschedled approach to a more costefficient on-demand or a predictive maintenance approach, ths increasing aircraft availability and safety. Air freight services are expected to grow by 2020 at 5-6% p.a. IATA has lanched the e-freight project to eliminate paper docments in air cargo transportation and expects a cost redction of approx 100m per year. Frther costs cold be saved by redcing the volme of misdirected baggage: IATA estimated a cost of 2,350m for lost baggage compensation in New approaches are needed to make baggage transportation and the whole cargo spply chain more efficient. The ltra green air transport system The main challenges to redce the environmental impact of operating, maintaining and manfactring aircraft and associated systems relate to fel saving, noise redction inside and otside the aircraft and fewer emissions of harmfl sbstances. These objectives reqire a better nderstanding of flight physics, innovative flow control techniqes, new lightweight materials, improved proplsion, optimized aircraft handling etc. The main targets may be formlated as follows: STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 63

64 Eropean Technology Platform Smart systems will have a decisive impact on the development of aircraft strctres, performance monitoring, engine operations, navigation, and safety systems. They will enable more precise control of aircraft while redcing the size, mass and power reqirements for operational and safety fnctions as well as energy efficiency. They will be decisive for diagnostics and predictive-maintenance management of engine, aircraft strctre and electronic sb-systems. ACARE (Advisory Concil for Aeronatics Research in Erope) - the Eropean Technology Platform of the aerospace indstry has defined a series of technological challenges in order to obtain progress in the following areas: qality and affordability, the environment, safety, air transport systems efficiency and secrity. 15 Related to these objectives the following taxonomy areas are defined: flight physics, aero strctres, pro to redce fel consmption and CO 2 emissions by 50% to redce perceived external noise by 50% to redce NOx emissions by 80% to make sbstantial progress in redcing the environmental impact of the manfactre, maintenance and disposal of aircraft and related prodcts The Electrical Aircraft FUNCTIONS By-light fnctions Fel cell APU By-wire fnctions Electrical power management ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Sensors, process monitoring and control Smart sensors and actators Detection and control devices for power network Optical components & sb-systems The ltra secre air transport system 14 The main points to address for increasing secrity in air transport are: Detection of dangeros goods or risky events in cargo operations; Detection of dangeros persons/ passenger operations, e.g. throgh spectrometer analysis and atomatic srveillance, and Real-time and remote aircraft telemetry plsion, aircraft avionics, systems & eqipment, flight mechanics, integrated design and validation, ATM, airports, hman factors as well as innovative concepts & scenarios 16. EPoSS has followed the logic of the ACARE consortim and identified those aspects where developments are likely to be affected or determined by smart systems integration. Translating the ACARE reqirements into the world of smart systems technologies, for major ftre scenarios were defined: I. The Electrical Aircraft II. The Connected Aircraft III. The Intelligent Aircraft IV. The Efficient Aircraft Research Strategy 2005 to 2015 and beyond I. The Electrical Aircraft Within less than one decade by abot the electrical aircraft scenario becomes relevant. This scenario envisages the replacement of, for example, pnematic and hydralic components with electrical actators controlled by networked and flexibly managed devices. Smart sensors and actators will permit by-wire fnctions. Within less than ten years, fel cells APUs (Axiliary Power Units) are Figre 40: Technological perspectives of the Electrical Aircraft expected, sing sensors, process monitoring and control. A new generation of optical components and optical sb-systems will then permit new by-light fnctionalities (see section II The Connected Aircraft ). Research and development of new technologies is reqired in several distinct areas (see Figre 40). Sensors: Meshed sensor networks inclding optical sensors, sensors for load, pressre, temperatre, flids, gases position and motion have to be invented, improved and integrated. These sensor networks will spport the measrement and control of, for example, energy consmption dring the flight. Actators: Actators will take over a variety of fnctions in the ftre aircraft, translating electronic or optical signals into physical action or motion. Smart actators will integrate process monitoring and device control technologies. Actators will also be necessary to switch optical filters, mirrors or other optical switches, and smart electric motors and actators will be crcial for new by-wire fnctionalities. Networks: A key isse will be the implementation of ato-reconfigrable back- 64 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

65 Eropean Technology Platform bones, falt-tolerant, flexible and adaptive plg and play networks and system architectres by making se of polymer fibres and power line networks. The Connected Aircraft APPLICATION Aircraft-to-aircraft commnication ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Ad hoc networks with flexible roting capability II. The Connected Aircraft The connected aircraft scenario is focsed primarily on the integration of the aircraft into an overall and global commnication system. Commnications technologies for aeronatical applications and for space will be interoperable with terrestrial systems and span the commnications arena from the physical, data-link and network layers to the transport commnications layer. Figre 41: Flying office The connected aircraft will very soon offer new featres for passengers throgh bi-directional broadband links, e.g. the Flying Office. Aircraft maintenance will be more efficient and costs will be redced. Remote monitoring of strctres and systems will be possible. Aircraft-to-grond commnication will be affordable by high bandwidth low cost data links. With a years time horizon adhoc networks with flexible roting capability may allow aircraft-to-aircraft commnication. The technologies reqired for these advances inclde monolithic microwave integrated circits, travelling wave tbes, micro and nanotechnology based devices, ferroelectric devices for antennas, transmitters and Affordable aircraft-togrond commnication Remote maintance The flying office receivers, modlation, coding and roting techniqes for the physical layer; advanced switching methods for the data-link layer; protocols for the network layer and transport layers, and network secrity systems that span across all the OSI layers. These networks, together with the appropriate sensors, will create the basis for lifetime monitoring of all vital fnctions of an aircraft. The following R&D isses will be addressed: Commnication: Commnication will inclde broadband access for short- and long-range connections, with low data rates with low power consmption available for short-range connections. Ad hoc networks with flexible roting and interference-free intra-cabin wireless and optical links will be provided. These network strctres will add to the ato-reconfigrable backbone systems within the individal aeroplane. Data management and processing: Very important for the connected aircraft is the isse of data coding and compression, encryption, access management and data storage. This will be crcial for safety and secrity. High bandwich low cost data links Remote monitoring of strctre and systems Provision of infrastrctre e.g. by bi-directional broadband Figre 42: Technological perspectives of the Connected Aircraft RF technology: The connected aircraft will depend fndamentally on the development of conformal and low profile antennas with mlti-freqency capability, (A)ESA-antennas, active RF-front-end satellites and smart antennas. These will garantee a stable and permanent link, tracking and control possibilities. Apart from electromagnetic antennas, optical links and optical connections will also become of interest in the near ftre. This cold relate to the isses of electromagnetic compliance and freqency band reglations, which are a critical factor in the design and development of RFdevices to be sed in aircrafts. The networks within a connected aircraft can be separated into three different layers: The layer for body-area networks (inter-airplane connection, grond, and satellite connections) The network layer for the flying office (ensring bidirectional broadband links and entertainment access) The network layer for ensring aircraft operation (towards an optical system) III. The Intelligent Aircraft The Intelligence of the aircraft will develop gradally and will peak with the all-freight, flly atomated aircraft. Over one decade a series of intelligent featres will be realised of which the first will be cabin control fnctions achieved by applying new sensing devices. Innovations in maintenance and operation, e.g. condition STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 65

66 Eropean Technology Platform dependent maintenance based on sensing fnctions and data fsion, will follow. Combined sensor and actator devices will help to realise defence assistance sbsystems. Advanced grond operations will be possible by gidance, and a redction of trnarond time will be achieved. Within one decade, it is expected to realise a fll sitational awareness of the aeroplane, which incldes all relevant information gathering and processing of the aircraft s environment and The Intelligent Aircraft FUNCTIONS Pre freight flly atomated aircraft Fll sitational awareness Advanced grond operations Defences aid sbsystems Maintainability and operation ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Secre data link and position determination Srvey of aircraft environment... Redction of trn arond time e.g. by gidance Sensors and conter-actors/measres Condition based maintenance based on sensors and data fsion Cabin control Sensing and control Figre 44: Technological perspectives of the Intelligent Aircraft Figre 43: Hydralic flid contamination monitoring sensor direct-copled feed-forward control. The flly atomated all-freight aircraft cold technologically be realised towards the year Secre data links and position determination are key reqirements for this. Significant progress will have to be achieved in integrating the following components: Sensors: Sensors and especially smart sensors are a fndamental bilding block of any intelligent system. For the intelligent aircraft, sensors will be reqired to monitor parameters sch as load, shock, vibration, corrosion, cracks in the aircraft wing and fselage strctres. Pressre, temperatre, hmidity, flids, gases and other chemical parameters need to be monitored for enabling smart system health monitoring fnctions. Measrements of chemical and biological parameters (e.g. bio pathogens) will help improving the cabin climate and ensre improved passenger health. Synthetic vision systems based on radar/lidar will provide collision warning and gide the aircraft in the air and on grond. These same systems will also be able to measre trblences and wake vortices (CAT) ahead of the plane. In terms of safety and secrity, the monitoring of lggage and passengers will be another isse. Self protection and signatre detection of approaching aircraft or other objects with the help of lidar or radar are also crcial. Actators: In addition to the actator devices already mentioned in The Electrical Aircraft section, intelligent secrity systems will reqire devices sch as high energy laser and RF-devices for conter-action and jamming. Control devices for navigation and collision avoidance will ensre airplane safety. New visionary HMIs (Hman machine Interfaces, inclding displays) have to be developed and implemented to ensre extended reliability and intelligence of flight control. Commnication: In order to add smartness to the connected aircraft, wireless technologies, remote sensing, RFID systems for lggage and goods tracking, special falt-tolerant networks and atoreconfigrable backbone strctres will have to be improved. To increase safety, firewall systems for integrated networks and other fallback strategies will need to be implemented. Data management and processing: Data handling and processing will be critical, in particlar fsion, classification, and real-time processing for closed-loop and feed-forward operation. Collision avoidance systems on-grond and in-air for atonomos aircraft operation will ensre the safety of passengers and goods. IV. The Efficient Aircraft: The Efficient Aircraft describes the ftre of the aircraft in terms of cost and performance improvements. Significant breakthroghs will be obtained in the near ftre already in the monitoring of passengers and in Figre 45: Conformal airflow sensor arrays 66 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

67 Eropean Technology Platform The Efficient Aircraft FUNCTIONS Morphing Aircraft Adaptive aerodynamics Power optimisation Enhanced all-wheater capability Passenger tracking and gidance ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Conformable controls srfaces Flow sensing/control Power control by new actators and forward control Synthetic vision based on radar... Based on wireless technologies e.g. RFID or UWB Figre 46: Technological perspectives of the Efficient Aircraft environmental roting and active load control. Power: Under the constant pressre of increasing the economic efficiency of aircraft, power management will be of foremost importance within the next years. Smart trbine control and the integration of fel cells into aircraft will play a major role. Major isses are distribtion, sensing, monitoring and control of fel cells, high efficiency fel cell reformers, water generation from fel cells and knowledge in remote powering, power transmission by light, vibration, and energy harvesting. the gidance and tracking of lggage and goods, all based on wireless technologies. By the beginning of the next decade, significant progress in aircraft all-weather capability are expected by applying synthetic vision systems based on radar/lidar and by remote warning and stabilisation systems. New actators and feed-forward control will allow effective power control and hence power optimisation. Significant progress is expected in adaptive aerodynamics, reslting ltimately in morphing aircraft strctres, particlarly morphing wings. Flow control by integrated micro sensors and actators will contribte to these developments. The development of activematerial-based embedded actators in the aerodynamic lifting composite strctre will enable effective load control devices for a series of new air vehicles. The lidar based forward looking trblence atocontrol and wake vortex warning systems to be developed nder the Intelligent Aircraft scenario will make flights less trblent in harsh weather conditions. The following isses are to be addressed: Sensors: In addition to the previosly described sensing reqirements, the ftre aircraft will reqire sensors for wireless position/localization and tracing, conformal micro airflow sensor arrays, load detection sensing devices, self-sfficient airflow sensors, and ice sensors. Wake vortex/cat, lidar/radar and harsh-environment sensors will also be integrated in the envisaged ftre aircraft. Actators: Dring flight micro-passive and activeflow control devices, EMAs, trailingedge devices and adaptive aerodynamics, anti-contamination srfaces, adaptive fnctional skins realized throgh piezo elements, actated polymer fibres or memory metals will all help to improve flight performance and physics and ths redce fel consmption. Integrated de-icing devices will ensre a short grond time even in harsh conditions and will add to the all-weather capabilities. Moreover improved tracking of goods, e.g. by RFID technology, will also contribte to redced grond time. Actators will increase passenger comfort, e.g. adjstable and self-adjsting seats and cabin climate control. Data management and processing: Travel time and fel consmption will be drastically redced throgh atomated gidance systems, bilt-in Envisaged isses for ftre smart systems in aerospace Synergies can be derived from the varios scenarios and development paths and specific technologies will serve mltiple prposes. Smmarising across the varios fnctional areas the following smart systems isses related to aerospace are key: Commnication: Broadband for short and long range, low data rate with low power consmption for short range, ad hoc networks with flexible roting, interference-free intra-cabin wireless and optical links, ato-reconfigrable backbone strctres, wireless network technologies (e.g. UWB), remote sensing, falt-tolerant networks. Sensors: Load, corrosion, cracks, pressre, hmidity, flids and gases, chemical parameters, temperatre, position and motion, microsystem-based sensor networks, meshed sensor nets, optical sensors, lidar/radar, wake vortex/cat; self-protection and signatre detection, pathogen sensing, wireless position/localisation and tracing, conformal micro-airflow sensor arrays; self-sfficient airflow sensors, harsh environment sensors STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 67

68 Eropean Technology Platform Smmary The for identified fields of application show a high potential for synergetic effects. They also show that smart systems will play a vital role in ftre aerospace. They will contribte to increased flight secrity, redced environmental impact and raised performance of transport in general. 68 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

69 Eropean Technology Platform 11. Road towards the EPoSS JTI Rational and Objectives New forms of cooperation are needed to pool all possible resorces and combine the best private and pblic efforts. Research spport mechanisms crrently applied at Eropean level are not able to scceed flly in doing this, as the direct involvement of indstry in the process of priority setting on content, strctre, and instrments of collaborative R&D is still not sfficiently developed. Aligning existing indstry technology roadmaps with those prsed by pblic athorities in research fnding programmes is a major challenge for ftre Eropean research policies. If indstry players are to make a strong contribtion to the definition of research priorities, which are closely linked to their roadmaps, the only existing mechanism crrently available to address this problem on a larger scale is the newly introdced at least in some technology sectors - model of the Joint Technology Initiative (JTI). For this prpose, the EPoSS stakeholders intend to set-p a Eropean Technology Initiative based on indstry priorities. Its primary objective consists of strengthening the technological competitiveness of national and Eropean indstry in the Smart Systems sector. As this sector is characterised by a strong presence of small and medim sized companies at all levels, one of the major objectives will be to achieve their sstainable integration into the Smart Systems vale chain. The EPoSS JTI will help to overcome the deficits of the existing fragmented landscape of pblic spport in Erope, at the varios administrative levels, and provide a coherent Eropean R&D approach as otlined in the EPoSS Strategic Research Agenda. This will have a frther positive inflence on defining national policy and encoraging a first step towards Joint Programming. Frther to the implementation of a concerted strategy and the pooling of existing bdgets from different sorces (MS, COM, and regions), it is also intended to increase the financial efforts of all the parties interested in Smart Systems technologies and conseqently to achieve the necessary critical mass and to contribte in this way to meeting the 3% Lisbon objective. The financial stability and the mltiannal work plan (for p to 7 years) will help make sch a programme credible in the eyes of the stakeholders and will garantee coherent planning, compared with other existing spport models. A well governed approach to transferring research reslts into prodcts will likewise create benefits for the indstry players as well as for the competitiveness of Erope in general. The EPoSS JTI it is expected to deliver a flexible instrment capable of taking into accont economic reqirements and technological changes. At the same time - once the initiative has been established - breacratic brdens will be redced for all parties involved. Other expected benefits inclde a higher impact and leverage of the financial contribtions made by the Eropean Commission and the Member States. Positive inflences on pblic spport priorities at member state level will be an additional reslt. The Smart Systems sector, more so than any other technology sector, represents a wide variety of companies particlarly SMEs - covering virtally all Eropean Member States. Conseqently, the EPoSS JTI will garantee the broadest involvement of Eropean companies and a high impact across Erope and its vale chains. In this way, the EPoSS JTI will offer a Eropean dimension like no other initiative can do. Eropean indstry in particlar will benefit directly from the JTI by closing the R&D spport gap thanks to a new model for implementing large, self-determined collaborative R&D projects which garantee indstry s interests and priorities. Frthermore, an increase in pblic spending on Smart Systems research will provide levels of fnding which are crrently not available. Last, bt not least, participating companies will benefit from a lower failre rate in accessing pblic fnding and acqire a pay-back garantee for their investments. STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 69

70 Eropean Technology Platform Implementation The format of the EPoSS JTI will be a programme comparable to existing R&D spport programmes. The JTI will be based on financial contribtions from indstry, the Eropean Commission and the largest possible nmber of EU Member States. The content and mechanisms of the programme will be determined by Eropean indstry within the reglations that the Eropean Union has laid down for this instrment. The format of the projects to be carried ot will be characterised by the following aspects: they will be collaborative Eropean projects gided by larger Eropean companies, bt inclding SMEs and pblic research organisations. Preference will be given to larger projects focsing on strategic indstry R&D priorities and addressing major economic and societal problems and global megatrends and which will lead to breakthroghs in terms of prodct development by focsing on indstrial R&D. It will be worthwhile to follow the rote taken by the already established JTIs, sch as Artemis and Eniac. Frthermore, by comparing the models sed for these joint initiatives with the models of other pblic-private partnerships (Clean Sky, AAL) frther positive aspects shall be identified and integrated into the EPoSS JTI approach. In particlar, the idea is being considered to implement a scheme to garantee a retrn on investment for indstry involved in setting p this initiative. The time horizon for the implementation of the EPoSS JTI will follow the common bdget planning procedres within the Eropean Commission and will therefore be incorporated into the FP7 WP for the period The first call cold then be lanched at the earliest at the end of 2010 to enable the first projects to be fnded in early However, for this to become reality, actions are reqired today to start the official process. 70 STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA

71 Eropean Technology Platform Acknowledgments This docment has been compiled by the different grops of the ETP EPoSS. In particlar the working grops Aerospace, Atomotive, MedTech, Internet of Things/ RFID, Technologies for Information and Commnication, Secrity and Key Technologies have contribted sbstantially to the content and otline of this docment. The work has been gided by the Exective Committee and the Steering Grop of EPoSS. The assembly of the varios contribtions was performed by the EPoSS office hosted by VDI/ VDE-IT. The Strategic Research Agenda is nder continos development and will be revised in case of need. Particlarly we wold like to thank the following individal persons as they have been indispensible for the setp of this docment: A. de Albqerqe, Eropean Commission R. Arning, EADS A. Bassi, Hitachi Erope B. Candaele, Thales M. Bam, FhG ENAS A. Dommann, CSEM S. Finkbeiner, Bosch G. Finking, BMBF N. di Gisto, Centro Ricerche Fiat T. Gessner, FhG ENAS W. Gessner, VDI/VDE-IT E. Haskal, Philips M. Hoege, Siemens J. Holmberg, Hitachi Erope N. Hossain FhG IML F. Ibanez, Eropean Commission T. Köhler, VDI/VDE-IT H. Kornemann, Continental H. Laatikainen, VTI S. Lange, VDI/VDE-IT G. Lgert, Siemens H. Metras, CEA-LETI G. Menges, NXP G. Meyer, VDI/VDE-IT T. Miroslaw, BUMAR F. Mllany, Alcatel-Lcent R. Nel, BOSCH P. Perlo, Centro Ricerche Fiat C. Pickering, QINETIQ H. Rödig, Infineon K. Schymanietz, EADS S. Seitz, Epcos A. Sleigh, Qinetiq A. Theel, TU Berlin D. Topham, Arts&Science O. Vermesan, SINTEF STRATEGIC RESEARCH AGENDA 71