Telecommunication Principles

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Melinda Lynn Gilmore
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1 Telecommunication Principles

2 TUTORIAL GUIDES IN ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Series editors Professor G.G. Bloodworth, University of York Professor A.P. Dorey, University of Lancaster Professor J.K. Fidler, Open University This series is aimed at first- and second-year undergraduate courses. Each text is complete in itself, although linked with others in the series. Where possible, the trend towards a 'systems' approach is acknowledged, but classical fundamental areas of study have not been excluded, neither has mathematics, although titles wholly devoted to mathematical topics have been eschewed in favour of including necessary mathematical concepts under appropriate applied headings. Worked examples feature prominently and indicate, where appropriate, a number of approaches to the same problem. A format providing marginal notes has been adopted to allow the authors to include ideas and material to support the main text. These notes include references to standard mainstream texts and commentary on the applicability of solution methods, aimed particularly at covering points normally found difficult. Graded problems are provided at the end of each chapter, with answers at the end of the book. 1. Transistor Circuit Techniques: discrete and integrated - G.J. Ritchie 2. Feedback Circuits and Op. Amps. - D.H. Horrocks 3. Pascal for Electronic Engineers - J. Attikiouzel 4. Computers and Microprocessors: components and systems - A.C. Downton 5. Telecommunication Principles - J.J. O'Reilly 6. Digital Logic Techniques: principles and practice - T.J. Stonham

3 Telecommunication Principles J.J. O'Reilly Department of Electrical Engineering Science University of Essex ~ Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Co. Ltd

4 1984,1.1. O'Reilly All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage or retrieval systems - without the written permission of the publishers. First published in 1984 by Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Co. Ltd. Molly Millars Lane, Wokingham, Berkshire, England Typeset in loon 12pt Times by Colset Private Ltd., Singapore Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data O'Reilly, 10hn 1. Telecommunication principles. (Tutorial guides in electronic engineering) Includes index. 1. Telecommunication. I. Title. II. Series. TK ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: : /

5 Preface This book provides a first introduction to the subject of telecommunications suitable for first and second year undergraduates following degree or similar courses in electronic engineering. There are very few specific prerequisites other than a general background in electric circuit principles and a level of mathematical maturity consistent with entry to engineering courses in British universities. The intention is to provide a broad perspective of modern telecommunication principles and applications. Following a general overview of telecommunications, a thorough, albeit introductory, treatment is provided of underlying principles such as signal representation and analysis, sampling, analogue and digital transmission, modulation and coding. The book concludes with a description of several important systems applications which serve as case studies to illustrate further the principles introduced and demonstrate their application in a practical context. Many people have contributed, directly and indirectly, to this book. I am especially grateful to Professor Kel Fidler of the Open University for suggesting that I write the book and for the support and guidance he has provided throughout the endeavour. The Telecommunications Research Group of the Department of Electrical Engineering Science at the University of Essex has provided a stimulating environment in which to develop my appreciation of telecommunication systems and in particular Professor Ken Cattermole has influenced my thinking greatly. Also, the close working relationship between the Telecommunications Group and British Telecom Research Laboratories has proved most fruitful and I am indebted to Drs Peter Cochrane, Ian Garrett and Mike O'Mahony of BTRL for valuable discussions. Dr Tim Dennis and his colleagues in the Visual Systems Research Group at Essex provided invaluable assistance with television picture coding for the illustrations. Finally, thanks go to Jenny, my photographic model. v

6 Contents Preface v 1 Signals, systems and communications 1 Communication signals 2 Communication channels 4 Communication Networks 14 Telecommunications Worldwide 20 2 Signal representation and analysis 23 The time domain 24 The frequency domain 28 Fourier series analysis 34 Frequency domain representation of aperiodic signals 40 Fourier transforms 41 Frequency domain representation for signals of arbitrary waveshape 46 Amplitude distribution of signals 47 3 Sinusoidal carrier modulation 53 Introduction 53 Amplitude modulation 53 Angle modulation 61 Frequency division multiplexing 62 4 Radio receiver principles 67 Tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver 69 Superheterodyne (superhet) receivers 70 5 Pulse modulation systems 76 Pulse amplitude modulation 76 Other pulse modulation schemes 82 Time division multiplexing 83 6 Pulse code modulation 86 Quantization 86 Sampling and pulse encoding 88 Non-uniform quantization 90 Differential pulse code modulation 92 PCM-TDM telephony 94 7 Digital communications 97 Digital transmission 97 The eye diagram 102 Signal design 102 vii

7 Error probability Coding for digital transmission Digital modulation 8 Systems case studies Broadcast FM radio Television systems Videotex systems Appendix: Decibels Answers to Numerical Problems Index viii

TRANSMISSION LINES FOR COMMUNICATIONS: with CAD programs

TRANSMISSION LINES FOR COMMUNICATIONS: with CAD programs Other Macmillan titles of related interest W. A. Atherton, From Compass to Computer R. V. Buckley, Control Engineering R. V. Buckley, Electronic