Contents. Preface to Volumes 1 and 2 Volume 1 Editor Biographies List of Authors List of Reviewers

Transcription

1 Contents Preface to Volumes 1 and 2 Volume 1 Editor Biographies List of Authors List of Reviewers xvii xix xxiii xxv Part I Real aperture array radar 1 Introduction to real aperture array radar 3 Ulrich Nickel Reference 5 1 Target parameter estimation and array features 7 Ulrich Nickel Abstract Introduction Basic concepts and results of array antennas Plane wave at single frequency Band-limited signals Narrowband and broadband beamforming Difference beamforming and monopulse estimation Design factors for arrays Influence of element patterns Thinned arrays Arrays with sub-arrays Space-time arrays Array accuracy requirements IQ-de-modulation errors Bandpass filter errors AD-converter limitation Antenna pattern shaping Adaptive interference suppression Adaptive beamforming principles Estimation of adaptive weights Determination of the dimension of jammer sub-space (dimjss) Other aspects of implementation 53

2 vi Novel radar techniques and applications volume Parameter estimation and super-resolution Maximum likelihood estimation and monopulse Super-resolution Super-resolution applied to sub-arrays Super-resolution combined with adaptive interference suppression Adaptive target number determination Extension to space-time arrays Embedding of array processing into full radar data processing Adaptive monopulse Adaptive detection Adaptive tracking Conclusions and final remarks 88 Acknowledgements 90 List of symbols and functions 91 List of acronyms 92 References 93 2 Robust direct data domain processing for MTI 99 Diego Cristallini, Wolfram Bürger and Richard Klemm Abstract Introduction Notation and signal model Robust D 3 -STAP RD 3 -STAP with dimension reducing transformations Results of RD 3 -STAP Simulative case study Application of RD 3 -STAP filter to real data Applications of RD 3 -STAP RD 3 -STAP filter in the SAR-GMTI case Target DOA estimation with RD 3 -STAP Conclusions Glossary 131 References Array radar resource management 135 Alexander Charlish and Fotios Katsilieris Abstract Management architecture Task management Search management Confirmation management Track management 149

3 Contents vii 3.3 Priority assignment Rule-based assignment Fuzzy logic Scheduling Queue schedulers Frame-based schedulers Comparison of schedulers Summary 165 Glossary 166 References 166 Part II Imaging radar 173 Introduction to imaging radar 175 Christoph H. Gierull Onset 175 Twentieth century 175 Twenty-first century 176 Outlook 180 Acknowledgement 181 References VideoSAR imaging for real-time persistent surveillance 183 Anthony Damini, Richard W. Linderman and Dennis Fitzgerald Abstract Introduction VideoSAR imaging Image formation theory Back-projection for VideoSAR image formation Non-coherent integration of back-projected images Image ambiguities Autofocus considerations Change detection Background Amplitude change detection Coherent change detection Real-time VideoSAR implementation Challenges mapping core VideoSAR algorithms onto GPGPUs System overview High-speed data acquisition High-performance computer SAR image formation software VideoSAR visualization 217

4 viii Novel radar techniques and applications volume Image compression and scaling VideoSAR GUI Summary and outlook 219 List of acronyms and abbreviations 220 References High-resolution wide-swath SAR 223 Ishuwa Sikaneta and Delphine Cerutti-Maori Abstract Introduction The swath-resolution trade-off Approaches to improving the swath to resolution ratio Outline of the chapter Under-sampled SAR signals Note on notation The multi-channel signal as a superposition of vectors Uniform spatial sampling Uniform spatial sampling with an across-track baseline for a narrowband system Uniform spatial sampling with an across-track baseline for a wideband system Non-uniform spatial sampling Section summary SAR signal model Scene measurement through multiple antenna patterns Demodulation Space-based SAR orbital motion Relation between the look vector and the velocity vector Stationary phase solution SAR processing with adequate sampling Narrowband approximation Section summary Multi-channel processing for HRWS Matrix-vector model for the aliased signal A cost function for HRWS processing Section summary Multiple channels from sub-arrays Uniform phased-array antenna configuration Uniform phased-array for yaw-steered systems with no moving targets Simulation Example of HRWS data and signal processing Section summary Chapter summary A.1 Simplification of the signal model for narrowband systems 259

5 Contents ix 5.A.2 Minimization of the cost function 261 References SAR interferometry 265 Andrea Monti-Guarnieri, Fabio Rocca and Stefano Tebaldini Abstract Introduction InSAR generalities Digital elevation models (DEM) from the interferometric phase Phase unwrapping and DEM generation Coherence: the temporal stability of the targets Baselines, coherence and wavenumber shift Co-registration Terrain motion measurement through the interferometric phase The atmospheric contribution to the interferometric phase Other phase noise sources Multipass methodologies: persistent scatterers and small baseline D displacement measurements Applications of differential InSAR: land subsidence and infrastructure monitoring Infrastructure monitoring SAR tomography of penetrable media TomoSAR imaging principles Real data processing Applications Polarimetric SAR tomography The future of InSAR 300 Acronyms 303 References Space-based SAR ground moving target indication 313 Christoph H. Gierull, Ishuwa Sikaneta and Delphine Cerutti-Maori Abstract Introduction Background Adding MTI on space-borne SAR MODEX on RADARSAT Classic imaged-based SAR-GMTI SAR displaced phase centre antenna SAR along-track interferometry Strong non-homogeneous clutter Coherent multichannel SAR-GMTI Spatial diversity via aperture switching and toggling Imaging STAP (istap) 330

6 x Novel radar techniques and applications volume Extended DPCA (EDPCA) Parameter estimation Cramér Rao bound (CRB) Optimized CRB via time-multiplexed antenna tapering Improved CRB using multistatic configurations Wide-area SAR-GMTI ScanSAR GMTI HRWS-GMTI Conclusions and outlook 355 References Interferometric and tomographic SAR 361 Gianfranco Fornaro and Antonio Pauciullo Abstract Introduction SAR interferometry Basic concepts Decorrelation of radar echoes Differential interferometry Multi-pass differential interferometry Coherent stacking interferometry Persistent scatterers interferometry The two-step A-DInSAR approach SAR tomography Multi-dimensional tomography imaging methods Beamforming Singular value decomposition Capon filter Compressed sensing Detection of concentrated scatterers Further aspects on multi-look processing of interferometric SAR data 398 Acknowledgements 402 References Bi- and monostatic SAR-GMTI 407 Ingo Walterscheid, Diego Cristallini and Robert Kohlleppel Abstract Introduction Geometry for joint monostatic and bistatic SAR-GMTI Detection and localization performances Association of monostatic and bistatic detections Direct association in densely populated target scenarios Association by target tracking Simulation results 420

7 Contents xi 9.5 Joint monostatic and bistatic SAR-GMTI Experimental results Moving target detection Imaging Conclusions 435 Appendix A: Data synchronization 436 Glossary 439 References Multistatic and MIMO ISAR techniques 445 Debora Pastina and Marta Bucciarelli Abstract Introduction Distributed ISAR system DISAR geometry and concept MIMO ISAR formations configuration Distributed ISAR point spread function Theoretical DISAR PSF Theoretical performance analysis Experimental validation Distributed ISAR images formation DISAR focusing techniques Theoretical performance analysis Experimental validation Motion estimation based on distributed ISAR data Conclusion 482 Acknowledgements 483 Glossary 483 References Focussing moving objects using the VSAR algorithm 489 Luke Rosenberg, Mark Sletten and Jakov Toporkov Abstract Introduction VSAR processing Focussing with a moving target Velocity SAR VSAR limitations Ground-based demonstration with the NRL FOPAIR system The NRL FOPAIR system Emulating an MSAR system VSAR demonstration using FOPAIR Airborne demonstration with the NRL MSAR system NRL MSAR system Pre-processing 503

8 xii Novel radar techniques and applications volume Example dataset Example dataset Applications of velocity processing Target detection Velocity ISAR Conclusion 513 Acknowledgements 513 Appendix A: Derivation of Doppler components 513 References 514 Part III Passive and multistatic radar 517 Introduction to passive and multistatic radar 519 Pierfrancesco Lombardo References Bistatic clutter modelling 535 Hugh Griffiths and Riccardo Palamà Abstract Radar clutter Clutter models Mean reflectivity Clutter statistics Bistatic clutter models Bistatic geometry Bistatic sea clutter Bistatic land clutter Statistical properties of bistatic clutter Clutter in passive bistatic radar Forward scatter Target echo signal and clutter Experimental measurements Bistatic clutter measurements Practical considerations in bistatic radar trials Clutter spikes Summary 558 Acknowledgements 558 References Forward scatter radar 563 Marina Gashinova, Liam Daniel, Alexander Myakinkov and Mikhail Cherniakov Abstract Introduction Radar topology and electromagnetic wave scattering mechanism 564

9 Contents xiii Monostatic, bistatic and forward scatter radar topology Forward scatter cross-section Target FSCS pattern Power budget, signature of moving target and optimal signal processing in FSR Power budget analysis Target signature in FSR Optimal signal processing in FSR Clutter in FSR Vegetation clutter Sea clutter Air target tracking in CW FSR Target resolution in forward scatter radar FSCS and coverage when tracking air target Mathematical model of measuring process. Maximum likelihood estimation of trajectory parameters Potential accuracy of trajectory parameters measurement Iterative algorithm of co-ordinate estimation Experimental tracking results 612 List of abbreviations 613 References Radar imaging of building interiors 621 Fauzia Ahmad and Moeness G. Amin Abstract Introduction Beamforming for imaging stationary indoor scenes Data-independent beamforming Compensation of wall propagation effects SAR imaging using attributed scattering centre features for characterization of building interior structure Canonical scattering models Feature extraction Illustrative example Correlogram-based pattern matching for building feature extraction Illustrative example Building feature extraction using overcomplete dictionaries OCD design Atom definition Illustrative example Conclusion 651 List of acronyms 652 References 653

10 xiv Novel radar techniques and applications volume 1 15 Short-range passive radar potentialities 661 Fabiola Colone Abstract Introduction Maritime surveillance applications Signal processing scheme and its peculiarities Experimental results against small RCS targets Vehicular traffic monitoring Vehicles detection using different illuminators of opportunity Target localization based on a network of passive sensors Indoor surveillance applications Experimental results for indoor target detection and localization Resolution improvement via ISAR techniques Steps toward target classification: cross-range profiling of targets Conclusions 708 Acknowledgements 709 List of acronyms 710 References GNSS-based passive radar 719 Michail Antoniou and Mikhail Cherniakov Abstract Introduction Monostatic, bistatic and GNSS-based SAR Monostatic SAR Bistatic SAR GNSS-based SAR GNSS overview GNSS signals GNSS signal power GNSS-based SAR power budget Spatial resolution GNSS-based SAR signal processing Signal synchronization Image formation Experimental results Fixed receiver Airborne receiver GNSS-based SAR potential for advanced techniques Coherent change detection Multi-perspective imaging Multistatic imaging for spatial resolution improvement 758

11 Contents xv 16.9 Summary 761 Acknowledgements 762 List of Acronyms 762 References Airborne passive radar 767 Krzysztof Kulpa, Damian Gromek and Bartek Dawidowicz Abstract Airborne passive synthetic aperture radar Signal dynamic range considerations Range and cross-range resolution in airborne passive SAR Airborne passive SAR experiments APSAR conclusions Target detection in airborne passive radar Monostatic case Received signal model Estimation of the multichannel passive radar parameters Time datacube Target detection in passive airborne radar Clutter cancellation in airborne passive radar Measurement campaigns Airborne passive radar conclusions 809 References Multi-illuminator and multistatic passive radar 821 Heiner Kuschel, Fabienne Hoffmann and Alexander Schroeder Abstract Introduction Multistatic PCL configurations Multi-band PCL systems with spectrally orthogonal illuminators Passive radar processing for sensors using FM broadcast transmitters Illuminator properties Direct signal suppression Passive radar processing using digital broadcast transmissions Illuminator properties Single versus multi-frequency networks Signal reconstruction A hybrid passive radar processing concept A multi-illuminator passive radar system Multistatic, multi-illuminator passive radar applications A multistatic PCL cluster for low-level target gap coverage 837

12 xvi Novel radar techniques and applications volume A passive radar based warning sensor network for aviation obstacles Perspectives for multistatic multi-illuminator PCL systems 844 List of acronyms 847 References Passive MIMO radar networks 851 Daniel E. Hack, Lee K. Patton and Braham Himed Abstract Introduction Signal models Passive MIMO radar Active MIMO radar Passive source localization Centralized GLRT detection Passive MIMO radar Active MIMO radar Passive source localization Detector comparisons Probability distributions Detection sensitivity Simulation scenario Dependence on reference and surveillance SNR Dependence on signal length Discussion Detection ambiguity Dependence on waveform ambiguity Simulation scenario AMR ambiguity PSL ambiguity PMR ambiguity Conclusion 880 References 881 Index 885