Apex Spectral Technology, Inc.

Transcription

1 Apex Spectral Technology, Inc. Presents Dispersion Processing and Interpretation With ADF October 12, 2017

2 Dispersion or Frequency Dependent P-wave Velocity Seismic data is riddled with dispersion the presence of which undermines conventional E&P techniques. Dispersion = f(perm, viscosity, thickness, and lack of surface tension) Hydrocarbons have lower viscosity & little surface tension causing a DHI 2

3 PSTM Amplitude Salt 3 3

4 Dispersion Dispersion associated with an anomalously thick, very high porosity/perm wet sand Dispersion associated with known hydrocarbon fields. 4

5 Below the Ziet-Gharib Salt Layer Amplitude Oil Pay Dispersion 5

6 Dispersion PSTM Amplitude ADF images a gas field and provides important stratigraphic detail showing the sweet spots. The relationship between amplitude and pay is unclear. 6

7 PSTM Amplitude Dispersion Kareem gas pay Matulla oil pay 7

8 Time Structure Shallow UK N. Sea Central Graben Over Pressured Deep Oil & Gas Fields Deep PSTM Amplitude Dispersion 8

9 1975: White Prediction vs. Implicit Industry Assumption Vp Industry assumption White prediction White mathematically modeled dispersion at high frequencies. 50 Hz Frequenc 20,000 Hz 9

10 Fractures in the ice matrix cause dispersion By Andreas Bick in

11 Dominant Frequency Drops A M P L I T U D E Amplitude x Traveling wave bandwidth narrows Incident Wavelet Bandwidth at Amplitude x Reflected Wavelet Bandwidth at Amplitude x Frequenc 11

12 Apex Spectral Selected the La Creciente No. 3 Well Spot Selected Location by Apex, the La Creciente No. 3 (good gas well) La Creciente No. 2 (tight, non-commercial) Proposed location to Apex La Creciente No. 1 (Gas discovery well) The Well Tested 25 MMCF Per Day 12

13 A Spectra that Flowed 25 MMCF per day Seismic Trace Frequency Spectra Phase ADF AA αl DF α H Series Of Sliding Windows L1 L2 Ln Pacific Stratus La Creciente No. 3 spectra located onshore Colombia in Magdalena Basin e αl*g(f) e -αh*g(f) 13

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15 Seismic Trace Amplitude Color Bar Phase α Low+α High+DF (ADF ) α Low D. Frequency α High α Low+ α High ADF DHI anomalies can be very obvious Oil offshore Norway Alphas going off scale 15

16 Academic Acceptance 2014: Kudarova, Dalen & Drijkoningen at Delft University; SEG Paper Confirmed White Prediction 16

17 ADF is Patented and Trademarked US Patent: No. 7,243,029 US Patent: No. 7,876,643 US Patent: No. 9,551,799 EU Patent: No Australia Patent: No Australia Patent: No Australia Patent: No Canada Patent: No Canada Patent: No Japan Patent: No USA Trademark ADF (Aug 9, 2011) EU Trademark ADF (Jan 9, 2015) US Patent Application: No. 11/903,602 US Patent Application: No. 11/788,910 US Patent Application: No. 61/416,393 EU Patent Application: No WIPO Patent Application: No. PCT/US2008/ WIPO Patent Application: No. PCT/US2011/

18 Dispersion is Causing Dry Holes A Key First Principles E&P Industry Assumption Reality Deconvolution, Amplitude Q Compensation, and Elastic Impedance are all built on the same specious assumption. The result is industry exploration success as low as 1 in 10 that is accepted as normal. In sum, except for Class III AVO, frequency preserved processing is required or prospects will be missed. 18

19 Seismic Trace Spectra Seismic Trace Spectra Frequency Preserved Data Whitened Data Event Slice Event Slice Event Spectrum Event Spectrum 19

20 Seismic Trace Frequency Preserved Data Seismic Trace Whitened Data This trough has been altered to very high frequency. This stronger trough is nearly absence on the whitened data Event Slice These two troughs are fairly similar but note the TWT difference. Event Slice Event Spectrum Event Spectrum 20

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22 ADF Limitations Near shore thick very high perm wet sands cause ADF. Lack of vertical isolation causes ADF mixing. Heisenberg-Gabor limits vertical posting accuracy to typically +/- 20 ms. Minimum thickness required is roughly 8-10 meters; thinner reservoirs are screened out. 22

23 Thick Unconsolidated Coarse Grained > 30% porosity wet Sands Can Mimic Oil Sands % Φ + brine % Φ + HC 23

24 Lack of Vertical Isolation 24

25 10,000 md Gravel Or Newly Deposited Sands 1000 md 100 md 10 md 1 md An 20% porosity sand may have 100 md of perm while a 30% porosity sand may have 1000 md perm. 25

26 Well Sorted Gravel Causes Strong Dispersion due to high intrinsic perm even if it s wet 26

27 ADF DHI Effectiveness Concepts Continent Unconsolidated Continental Shelf Continental Slope Abyssal Plain More Consolidated Class III AVO Class II AVO Proximal deposition Coarser grained deposition Distal deposition Finer grained deposition 27

28 No ADF Strongly Indicates Thin sands (e.g. 20 or thinner) and or Tight sands and or Wet sands 28

29 ADF Has a large 4D Effect (i.e. Doesn t See Depleted Reservoirs) 29

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32 Time Structure Minimum Amplitude ADF 32

33 S Amplitude Dip Line N Hydrocarbons/Channel 33

34 S ADF Dip Line ADF DHI 34

35 Arbitrary Amplitude Section Arbitrary ADF Section 35

36 Time Structure Minimum Amplitude ADF Dominant Frequency Lower Dominant Frequency occurs up dip portion corresponding to more C1 hydrocarbons in the top of the reservoir. 36

37 Arbitrary Amplitude Section Arbitrary ADF Section Reservoir has been tested and found to have 60 feet of net pay, 32% average porosity and Sw 30% 37

38 Edison s summary statement: Review of over 15 wells with Miocene-Pliocene targets showed a good match to the ADF DHI cube. 38

39 Norwegian Sea PL 690 ADF DHI Results Courtesy of Svenska Petroelum Exploration AB and Aker BP ASA 39

40 Viking_Gp Time Structure Viking_Gp Max PSTM Full Stack Viking_Gp Max ADF Shale filled channel pieced together using the PSTM full stack and ADF 40

41 Viking_Gp Time Structure Viking_Gp Max ADF Paleo high? Shale filled channel? Shale filled channel? The 6407/4-2 s biggest mud log gas show ties to this anomaly Over bank deposit? Levee? 41

42 PSTM Full Stack Amplitude W Shale filled channel that looks dispersive helps set up trap ADF 42

43 The location of all leads together support the concept of a continuous in time paleo high. H3.9 Lead km² Melke Lead km² H3.9 Lead km² H4.0 Lead km² Tilje2 Lead Sq Km H3.9 Lead km² H4.0 Lead km² Rogn Lead km² H3.5 Lead km² Tilje2 Lead Sq, Km H3.5 Lead km² Rogn Lead km² Melke Lead km² H4.5 Lead km² Rogn Lead km² 43

44 Pinchouts onto paleo high? Thinning onto paleo high? Earlier Pinchouts onto paleo high? 44

45 South Louisiana fields set up by sands piling up in front of salt domes Multiple pay zones piled up dome Multiple pay zones piled up dome Multiple pay zones piled up dome Bottom slides are rotated 180 degrees Prospect 45

46 A Dry Hole Avoided Tilje2 ADF Trough above Tilje2 Min Amplitude Tilje2 Max Amplitude Apex: The trough above the Tilje2 is the top of the reservoir so the bright amplitude indicates an increase in AI and indicates tight reservoir up against the fault. This is consistent with ADF, and also consistent with a paleo-high at the time of deposition. Amplitude hugging the fault makes this look like a hydrocarbons reservoir 46

47 A Dry Hole Predicted but Unavoidable Due to Partners North Energy Press Release Sep 11, 2014 Apex predicted the well will disappoint and should be moved up dip. North agreed and went public. Statoil disagreed. The well found gas sand stringers and was abandoned. Well spotted down dip of ADF anomaly The feature which could be full of oil remains untested. Gas sand stringers? ADF anomaly conforms to time contours undulations. 47

48 Frequency Preserved PSTM Processing Materially improves amplitude bright spot response to low frequency anomalies Materially improves AVO response to low frequency amplitude anomalies 48

49 ADF Processing and Interpretation ADF quickly highlights low frequency amplitude anomalies ADF gives a superior plan view image of geology Is independent of amplitude and so see low amplitude pay Avoids tight reservoir dry holes Avoids low gas saturation dry holes Avoids teaser wells Avoids pressure depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs Reliably images high quality reservoir rock 49

50 ADF DHI Processing and Interpretation Project Locations Class III AVO basins are relatively rare and have largely been drilled. With ADF many Class II AVO basins still hold very large opportunity. Class II Basins Class III + II Basins 50

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