NON-CONTACT VOLTAGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENT USING THE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL SENSOR
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1 NON-CONTACT VOLTAGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENT USING THE ELECTRIC POTENTIAL SENSOR, University of Sussex, UK R.J. Prance A. Aydin S. Beardsmore-Rust M. Nock C.J. Harland P.B. Stiffell P. Watson D. Smith H. Prance W.Gebrial S. Mukherjee J. Skinner C. Antrobus
2 Outline Background to Electric Potential Sensor (EPS) technology Performance as non-contact voltage sensor Performance as non-contact electric field sensor Applications Array imaging 1-D and 2-D Conclusions
3 Background Electric Potential Sensor (EPS) Behaves like a perfect voltmeter Measures spatial electric potential or electric field No real current is drawn from the sample (displacement current only) Non invasive/non contact capacitive measurement Sample is not loaded by sensor Specifications (generic) Input resistance up to ~ 1018 Ω Input capacitance down to ~ F Voltage noise referred to input < 30nV/ Hz (for >10Hz) Bandwidth quasi DC to 100MHz An ultra low noise electric potential probe for human body scanning, R.J. Prance, A. Debray, T.D. Clark, H. Prance, M. Nock, C.J. Harland, A.J. Clippingdale, Meas. Sci. and Tech.,11, , (2000)
4 Electric Potential Sensor Generic Integrated Electric Potential Sensor (EPS) Essential features Guarding Bootstrap Neutralisation Stable DC bias current
5 Electric Potential Sensor Noise performance and bandwidth are functions of both the probe design and the application (b) Remote mode (c) Contact mode
6 Electric Potential Sensor EPS- modes of operation Source Source Remote mode Contact mode
7 Background Signal coupling Magnetic: strong coupling weak coupling (Transformer) (Magnetometer) Contact mode Remote mode Electric:
8 Electric Field testing Vac Balanced AC source. Differential EPS. 10 cm baseline. 1cm exposed electrode tip. Tip area 10 mm2. Coupling capacitance < F + EPS vo
9 Electric Potential Sensor Individual EPS frequency response curves. Combined differential frequency response (preliminary data only)
10 Noise and minimum detectable signal in agreement. Corresponds to ~1 mv/m. Rotating vane E field meters ~ 10 V/m. Lab based instrument ~ 10 mv/m. Electric Potential Sensor
11 Applications Body electrophysiology, ECG, EEG, EOG, EMG; Electric potential probes new directions in the remote sensing of the human body, C. Harland, T.D. Clark, R.J. Prance, J. Meas. Sci. and Technol. 13, , (2002) Security, dielectric movement; Remote monitoring of biodynamic activity using electric potential sensors, C.J. Harland, R.J. Prance, H. Prance, Proc. Electrostatics 2007, March 2007, Oxford. Non-Destructive Testing of materials; Non-contact imaging of carbon composite structures using electric potential sensors, W Gebrial, R J Prance, C J Harland, P B Stiffell, H Prance, T D Clark, Meas. Sci & Tech. 17(6), , (2006) Imaging of circuits; Noninvasive imaging of signals in digital circuits, W. Gebrial, R.J. Prance, T.D. Clark, C. J. Harland, H. Prance, M.J. Everitt, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(3), , (2002) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; Acquisition of a nuclear magnetic resonance signal using an electric field detection technique, R J Prance, A Aydin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007)
12 Electrophysiology ECG contact mode High resolution ECG traces (0.5-30Hz) Electric potential probes new directions in the remote sensing of the human body, C. Harland, T.D. Clark, R.J. Prance, J. Meas. Sci. and Technol. 13, , (2002)
13 EEG contact mode EEG from occipital region of brain through hair showing α-blocking a) Time domain f) Frequency domain Body electrophysiology
14 Body electrophysiology EEG contact mode EEG from occipital region of brain showing α-blocking Joint time-frequency spectrogram (red regions show α rhythm) Remote detection of human electroencephalograms using ultrahigh input impedance electric potential sensors, C. J. Harland, T. D. Clark, and R. J. Prance, App. Phys. Lett. 81(17), (2002)
15 Body electrophysiology EOG contact mode Eyeball movement Eyelid movement Applications of Electric Potential (Displacement Current) Sensors in Human Body Electrophysiology, C. J. Harland, T. D. Clark and R. J. Prance, Proc. 3rd World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, Banff, Canada, , (2003)
16 Body electrophysiology ECG remote mode Electric potential probes new directions in the remote sensing of the human body, C. Harland, T.D. Clark, R.J. Prance, J. Meas. Sci. and Technol. 13, , (2002)
17 Body electrophysiology ECG remote mode Comparison of remote cardiac signals at different distances with an SaO2 timing reference.
18 Body electrophysiology ECG remote mode Cardiac signal from sensors mounted in chair back Respiration signal obtained from heart rate variability data.
19 Body electrophysiology Dielectric movement - remote mode Signal from the remote sensing of human body movement using the EPS as a through-the-wall surveillance (TWS) device.
20 Materials characterization
21 Materials characterization Two dimensional raster scan of a sample with a 2mm fault using 200A at 23Hz (line of best fit data subtraction used)
22 Materials characterization Composites - Voltage scan mode (a) Photograph of an uncoated woven carbon fibre fabric Sample. (b) EPS voltage scan image of (a) for a sample probe distance and scan step interval both set at 0.15 mm. Non-contact imaging of carbon composite structures using electric potential sensors, W. Gebrial, R. J. Prance, C. J. Harland, P. B. Stiffell, H. Prance, T. D. Clark, Meas. Sci and Tech. 17(6), , (2006).
23 Materials characterization Carbon Fibre CZC A@30Hz Air - 0.3mmgap Smoothed V (rms) steps along the x-axis 70 Carbon Fibre CZC A@30Hz Air Gap 0.3mm whole length - Smoothed Composites - Current scan mode Blind trial; one control sample and one preloaded sample V (rms) steps x-axis Technique for determining the internal integrity of composite laminates, Prance RJ, Antrobus C, invited talk, NAFEMS 2006 conference, June 2006, Crewe Hall, Cheshire
24 Materials characterization Insulating materials - dielectric properties Non-invasive dielectric measurements with the Scanning Potential Microscope, A J Clippingdale, R J Prance, T D Clark and F Brouers, J Phys D 27, , (1994)
25 Circuit imaging Applications - scanning IC surfaces (potential distributions) INA101 differential amplifier 100Hz signal amplitude (red in phase, blue out of phase) INA101 differential amplifier 100Hz modulation applied to power supplies (red in phase, blue out of phase) Non-contact VLSI imaging using a scanning electric potential microscope, R.J. Prance, T.D. Clark, H. Prance, A. Clippingdale, Meas. Sci. and Tech. 9(8), , (1998)
26 Circuit imaging High resolution image of 240µm x 100µm area of INA101showing variation of spatial potential above surface
27 Circuit imaging Applications - scanning IC surfaces (propagation delay) Noninvasive imaging of signals in digital circuits, W. Gebrial, R.J. Prance, T.D. Clark, C. J. Harland, H. Prance, M.J. Everitt, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73(3), , (2002)
28 Electric field NMR Pulse NMR - Demonstration of pulse NMR E-field readout system Use a 90o RF pulse to tip the magnetisation into the X-Y plane. When the pulse stops look for the free induction decay signal (FID) from the Larmor precession of the spins. RF pulse Magnetic field Ho (Z) time H1 Free induction decay signal X time Magnetic dipole µ Y
29 Electric field NMR NMR results - frequency domain Power x10 6 2x10 6 3x10 6 4x10 6 5x10 Frequency (Hz) Electric field NMR a new technique, R. J.Prance, A. Aydin et al, EUROMAR conf., July 2006, York
30 Circuit imaging Voltage scan of 12mm x 8mm section of circuit board using a linear array of 8 sensors Non-invasive imaging using an array of electric potential sensors, W. Gebrial, R. J. Prance, C. J. Harland, T. D. Clark, Rev. Sci. Inst., 77, (2006)
31 Conclusions Non-contact potential and electric field sensing demonstrated. Wide range of applications already at proof of principle stage. Enhanced sensors under development. 1-D and 2-D arrays now operational. Technology moving to commercialisation with partners.
32 Electric Potential Sensor International patents WO 03/048789, basic EPS sensor technology (2002) Filing , NMR electric field technique (2006) Filing , new measurement techniques (2006) Filing , enhanced sensor techniques (2006) Filing XXXXXXX.X, signal to noise enhancement (2007) 16 element array for body surface potential mapping. Further Information URL -
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