High-Voltage Test Techniques
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1 High-Voltage Test Techniques Dieter Kind Kurt Feser 2nd Revised and Enlarged Edition With 211 Figures and 12 Laboratory Experiments Translated from the German by Y. Narayana Rao Professor of Electrical Engineering (Retd.) Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India Vieweg / SBA Publications
2 Vll LIST OF CONTENTS 1 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST TECHNIQUES Generation and Measurement of High Alternating Voltages Characteristic Parameters of High Alternating Voltages Test Transformer Circuits Construction of Test Transformers Performance of Test Transformers Compensation for a Capacitive Load Generation of High Voltage in a Series Resonant Circuit Requirements on a Voltage Source for Pollution Tests Measuring Technique for Determining the Characteristic. Parameters of a Test Setup Protection of Test Transformers Peak Value Measurement with Sphere-Gaps Voltage Measurement Using High-Voltage Capacitors Peak Value Measurement with a High-Voltage Capacitor as Series Impedance Peak Value Measurement with Capacitive Voltage Dividers Measurement of R.M.S. Values by Means of Electrostatic Voltmeters Measurement with Voltage Transformers Generation and Measurement of High Direct Voltages Characteristic Parameters of High Direct Voltages Properties of High-Voltage Rectifiers The Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit Voltage Multiplier Circuits Electrostatic Generators Measurement with High-Voltage Resistors Measurement of R.M.S. Value by Means of Electrostatic Voltmeters Voltmeter and Field Strength Meter Based upon the Generator Principle Measurement of High Direct Voltages with Rod - Gaps Other Methods for the Measurement of High Direct Voltages Measurement of Ripple Factor 41
3 Vlll 1.3 Generation and Measurement of Impulse Voltages Characteristic Parameters of Impulse Voltages Capacitive Circuits for Impulse Voltage Generation Calculation of Single-Stage Impulse Voltage Circuits Generation of Lightning Impulse Voltages or Switching Impulse Voltages under Capacitive Loads Generation of Lightning Impulse Voltages under Low Inductive Loads (Transformers) Chopped Lightning Impulse Voltages Generation of Oscillatory Impulse Voltages Generation of Steep Impulse Voltages Limiting Conditions for Impulse Generators Generation of Switching Impulse Voltages with Transformers Peak Value Measurement with a Sphere-Gap Characteristic Parameters of the Transient Response of Impulse Voltage Dividers Transient Performance of Impulse Voltage Dividers Experimental Determination of the Response Characteristics of Impulse Voltage Measuring Circuits Calibration of Impulse Voltage Measuring Systems Feedback-Free Voltage Measurement with Field Sensors Measuring Instruments Associated with High-Voltage Dividers Generation and Measurement of Impulse Currents Characteristic Parameters of Impulse Currents Energy Storage Systems Discharge Circuits for the Generation of Impulse Currents ' Current Measurement with Measuring Resistors Current Measurement Using Induction Effects Other methods of Measuring Rapidly Varying Transient Currents Non-Destructive High-Voltage Tests Losses in a Dielectric Measurement of the Conduction Current at Direct Voltage Measurement of the Dissipation Factor at Alternating Voltage Measurement of Partial Discharges at Alternating Voltages LAYOUT AND OPERATION OF HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST SETUPS Dimensions and Technical Equipment of the Test Setups Stands for High-Voltage Practicals High-Voltage Testing Bays High-Voltage Research Laboratories 117
4 IX Auxiliary Facilities for Large Test Setups Fencing, Earthing and Shielding of Test Setups Fencing Earthing Equipment Shielding Circuits for High-Voltage Experiments Power Supply and Safety Circuits Setting up High-Voltage Circuits Construction Elements for High-Voltage Circuits High-Voltage Resistors High-Voltage Capacitors ' Gaps High-Voltage Electrodes -« High-Voltage Construction Kit HIGH-VOLTAGE PRACTICALS Experiment "Alternating Voltages" Fundamentals: Safety arrangements- Testing transformers - Peak value measurement - R.M.S. value measuement - Sphere-gaps Experiment Evaluation Experiment "Direct Voltages" Fundamentals : Rectifier characteristics - Ripple factor - Greinacher doubler circuits - Polarity effects - Insulating barriers Experiment, Evaluation Experiment "Impulse Voltages" Fundamentals : Lightning impulse voltages - Single stage impulse voltage circuits - Peak value measuement with sphere-gaps - Breakdown probability Experiment Evaluation Experiment "Electric Field" Fundamentals : Graphical field determination - Model measurements in electric fields - Field measuements at high-voltages - Numerical field calculation 170
5 3.4.2 Experiment Evaluation Experiment "Liquid and Solid Insulating Materials" Fundamentals : Insulating oil and solid insulating material - Conductivity measurement - Dissipation factor measurement - Fibre bridge breakdown - Thermal breakdown - Breakdown test Experiment Evaluation Experiment "Partial Discharges" Fundamentals : External partial discharges (Corona) - Internal partial discharges - Gliding discharges Experiment Evaluation Experiment " Breakdown of Gases" Fundamentals : Townsend mechanism - Streamer mechanism - Insulating gases Experiment Evaluation Experiment "Impulse Voltage Measuring Technique" Fundamentals : Multiplier circuit after Marx - Impulse voltage divider - Impulse voltage-time curves Experiment Evaluation Experiment "Transformer Test" Fundamentals : Specifications for high-voltage tests - Insulation coordination - Breakdown test of insulating oil - Transformer test with alternating voltage - Transformer test with lightning impulse voltage Experiment Evaluation Experiment "Internal Over voltages" Fundamentals: Neutral shift - Earthing coefficient - Magnetization characteristic - Jump resonance - Sub-harmonic oscillation Experiment Evaluation 246
6 ] xi 3.11 Experiment "Travelling Waves" Fundamentals : Lightning overvoltages - Switching overvoltages - Surge diverter - Protective range - Waves in windings - Impulse voltage distribution Experiment Evaluation Experiment "Impulse Currents and Arcs" Fundamentals : Discharge circuits with capacitive energy storage - Impulse current measurement - Forces in magnetic field - Altenating current arc - Arc quenching Experiment Evaluation APPENDIX Safety Regulations for High-Voltage Experiments Calculation of the Short-Circuit Impedance of Transformers in Cascade Connection Calculation of Single-Stage Impulse Voltage Circuits Calculation of Impulse Current Circuits Calculation of the Impedance of Plane Conductors Statistical Evaluation of Measured Results Direct Determination of Probability Values ( Series Stressing ) Determination of the Distribution Function of a Measured Quantity Determination of the Confidence Limits of the Mean Value of the Breakdown Discharge Voltage Details for the Determination of Breakdown Discharge Voltages with a Given Probability "Up and Down" Method for Determining the 50% Breakdown Discharge Voltage Specifications for High-Voltage Test Techniques 294 REFERENCES 296 SUBJECT INDEX 306
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