Content Reviewer (CR) Swati Katiyar Senior Research Fellow, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur Language Editor (LE)
|
|
- Virginia Chandler
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Component-I(A) - Personal Details Role Name Affiliation Principal Investigator Prof.MasoodAhsanSiddiqui Department of Geography, JamiaMilliaIslamia, New Delhi Paper Coordinator, if any Dr. M P Punia Head, Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur Content Writer/Author (CW) Dr. M P Punia BISR, Jaipur Content Reviewer (CR) Swati Katiyar Senior Research Fellow, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur Language Editor (LE) Component-I (B) - Description of Module Items Subject Name Paper Name Module Name/Title Description of Module Geography Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY Module Id RS/GIS-19 Pre-requisites Objectives Keywords Student will get to know how aerial photography is done. Student will acquire skill how to study data and apply aerial photography data 1.
2 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY Outline Aerial photography is a branch of remote sensing technology. Aerial photographs presents "bird's-eye" view of the Earth in central projection and are proved to be commanding tool for studying the Earth's feature. They are useful for cartographers and planners to gather detailed measurements from aerial photos in the preparation of maps. Skilled interpreters make use of aerial photos to determine land-use and other phenomena on the Earth. Aerial photos have high degree of radial distortion. The topography is distorted, and until corrections are made for the distortion, measurements made from a photograph are not accurate. Aerial photographs are first-rate data source for many types of projects, particularly those require spatial data from the same location at periodic intervals over a length of time. This module discusses concepts of aerial photography, their properties, types of photography. Photography means the art, hobby, or profession of taking photograph, a) measuring the photographs, b) reducing the measurement to some usable form such as map,
3 c) developing and printing the film or processing the digitized array image. Photography is construction of permanent images by means of imposing light on sensitized surfaces (film or array inside a camera), which ultimately giving rise to a new form of visual art. 1.1 Introduction Photographing from air is basically known as aerial photography. The word aerial derived in early 17th century from Latin word aerius, and Greek word aerios. The term "photography" is derived from two Greek words phos meaning "light" and graphien meaning "writing" means "writing by light". Aerial photography comes under the branch of Remote Sensing. Platforms from which remote sensing observations are made are aircraft and satellites as they are the most widespread and common platforms. Aerial photography is a part of remote sensing and has wide applications in topographical mapping, engineering, environmental science studies and exploration for oil and minerals etc. In the early stages of development, aerial photographs were obtained from balloons and kites but after the invention of aircrafts in 1903 aircrafts are being used widely for aerial photographs. The sun provides the source of energy (electromagnetic radiation or EMR) and the photosensitive film acts as a sensor to record the images. Diversifications observed in the images of photographs shows the different amount of energy being reflected from the objects as recorded on the film. Nowdays aerial photography also become digital where values of reflected electromagnetic radiation is recorded in digital numbers. Characteristics of Aerial Photographs: Synoptic view: Recording or taking aerial photographs spatially over large area is like birds eye view from the top. These technologies allows
4 discriminating and detecting small scale features and spatial relationships among them. Time freezing ability: They are defined as virtually permanent records of the existing conditions on Earth s surface at one point of time, and further can be used as past document. Capability to stop action: They provides a stop action view of dynamic state and are used in studying the variable/dynamic phenomena such as flooding, moving wildlife, traffic, oil spills, forests fires, changing dynamics in natural phenomenon etc. Three Dimensional perspective: Aerial photographs provide a stereoscopic view of the Earth s surface where one can make horizontal and vertical measurements. Spectral and spatial resolution: Aerial films are susceptible to electromagnetic rays in wavelengths ((0.3 µm to 0.9 µm) beyond spectral sensitivity of the human eye (0.4 µm to 0.7 µm). Availability: Airborne photographs can be taken on user specific time and make permanent record at a range of scales for any area. 1.2 Factors that influence Aerial Photography Scale Scale is define as the ratio of distances between two images on an aerial photograph and the actual distance between the same two points/objects on the ground, in other words the ratio f/h (where f is the focal length of the camera lens and H is the flying height above the mean terrain), shown in figure 1. Change in scale from photograph to another is because of the variations in flying height other factors that further affect the scale variations are tilt and relief displacements. Aerial photograph, the image should be of the highest
5 quality. To guarantee good image quality, recent distortion-free cameras are used. Some latest versions of cameras have image motion compensation devices to eliminate or reduce the effects of forward motion. Depending upon the requirements, different lens/ focal length/film /filter combinations can be taken in use. Fig 1. Scale of photograph Source- 26/ch8.htm Camera/Film/Filter Combinations Aerial Cameras: Aerial Cameras are special cameras that are built for mapping which have high geometric and radiometric accuracy. Airborne camera are built with exactness and purposely designed to expose a large number of films/photographs in speedy succession with the ultimate in geometric fidelity and quality. Aerial cameras generally have a medium to large format, with
6 good quality lens, a large film magazine, a mount to hold the lens, the camera in a vertical position and a motor drive. There are various types of aerial cameras such as Aerial mapping camera (single lens), Reconnaissance camera, Strip camera, Panoramic camera, Multilens camera, multiband aerial cameras, Digital camera. Aerial Films Aerial film is multi layer emulsion laid on a stable anti-halation base. Generally aerial films are available in rolls that has cross section of about 10 inch in wide and 200 to 500 ft in length. Types of Film Depending upon the suitability for different purpose and unique situations variety of films are available that are used. Panchromatic and natural color films are the two most commonly utilized films. These two films along with infrared and false colour form the basic media used in aerial photography. As shown below in fig.2. Fig 2. Types of film photographs
7 Source- 26/ch8.htm Panchromatic: Panchromatic, more often termed black and white, is the most commonly encountered film employed for photogrammetry. The sensitive layer consists of silver salt (bromide, chloride, and halide) crystals suspended in a pure gelatine coating which sits atop a plastic base sheet. The emulsion is sensitive to the visible (0.4- to 0.7-µm) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Colour: Natural colour also known as true colour film.. The multilayer emulsion is sensitive to visible region of electromagnetic spectrum. There are three layers of gelatine containing sensitized dyes, one each for blue ( µm), green ( µm), and red ( µm) light. Green and red layers are also sensitive to blue wavelengths. Visible light waves first pass through and react with the blue layer and then pass through a filter layer which halts further passage of the blue rays. Green and red waves pass through this barrier and sensitize their respective dyes, causing a chemical reaction and thus completing the exposure and creating a true colour image. Infrared: Current aerial infrared film is offered as two types: black and white infrared and colour infrared. Black and White Infrared have the emulsion sensitive to green ( µm), red ( µm), and part of the near infrared ( µm) portions of the spectrum and renders a gray-scale image. (Fig.3)
8 Fig 3. Visible Spectrum Source: rtmid/2627/articleid/13742/vegetation-analysis-using-vegetation-indicesin-envi.aspx Colour Infrared: Colour Infrared film is commonly termed as false colour. The multilayer emulsion is sensitive to green ( µm), red ( µm), and part of the near infrared ( µm) portions of the spectrum. A false colour image contains red/pink hues in vegetative areas, with the colour depending upon the degree to which the photosynthetic process is active (Fig:4). Fig 4. Vegetative areas Source: n_to_remote_sensing_of_biomass
9 Flight Direction It is advisable that aerial photography is flown in tiles to cover the chosen area in designated flight line(shown in fig 5). For easiness in handling, it is prudent to keep the number of tiles to minimum. The flight direction of the strips/tiles is therefore kept along the length of the area. This direction may be any suitable direction along a natural or man-made feature and should be clearly specified. The further transmission process and data collection is shown in fig 6. Fig 5. Flight Line Source: en_a.html
10 Fig 6. Flight direction and signal receiving process Source- Time The time at which aerial photograph taken is very important, as long, deep shadows tend to doubtful details, where as undersized/small shadows tend to mark out some details effectively and are generally fruitfull in improving the interpretational values of a photograph. Based on experience, aerial photography should be flown when the sun's elevation is 30 degrees above the horizon or three hours before and after the local noontime. Season Factors such as seasonal variations in light reflectance, seasonal changes in the vegetation cover and seasonal changes in climatological factors are the tip points for choosing the suitability of season.. The purpose for which aerial photography is flown also dictates the season. For example, for photogrammetric mapping, geological or soil survey purposes, the ground should be as clearly visible as possible.
11 Atmospheric Conditions As mentioned before, the presence of particles (smoke or dust) and molecules of gases in the atmosphere tends to reduce contrast because of scattering, especially by the heavier particles; therefore the best time for photography is when the sky is clear, which normally in India is from November to February. The presence of dust and smoke during the pre monsoon summer months and of clouds during the monsoon months forbids aerial photography during these periods. Stereoscopic Coverage To examine the Earth's surface in three dimensions, aerial photography is normally flown with a 60 % forward overlap and a 25 % side lap, to provide full coverage of the area(fig.7a and b). This is an essential requirement from the photogrammetric mapping point of view to obtain data both on planimetry and heights using the stereoscopic principle of observation in 3-D and measurement techniques with stereo plotting instruments. Stereoscopic viewing also helps in interpretation, as the model is viewed in three dimensions. Fig 7(a) Overlap required to get the full coverage of area Source-
12 Fig 7(b) Overlap required to get the full coverage of area Source Classification of Aerial Photograph There are different criteria to classify aerial photographs. Different criteria are scale, tilt angle, angular coverage, type of film and spectral bands. Depending upon these criteria aerial photographs can be classified as follows (fig 8a, 8b): A. Scale Large scale: between 1:5,000 and 1:20,000 Medium scale: between 1:20,000 and 1:50,000 Small scale: smaller than 1:50,000
13 Fig 8(a) Small scale and large scale difference Source- Fig 8(b) Difference in levels of scale Source- B. Camera Orientation Vertical: When the vertical photograph is taken it evident that optical axis of camera should be vertical or nearly vertical. (Tilt is within 3 ).
14 Fig 9(a) Camera orientation for various types of photograph Source- Oblique: a. Low oblique: Photograph is taken with strongly tilted optical axis but not to the extent that horizon appear in the photograph (horizon does not appear but tilt is more than 3 ). (Fig 9b) Fig. 9(b)Low oblique Source- Sourcettp:// apg.htm
15 b. High oblique: Photograph is taken with deliberately tilted optical axis enough from the vertical to show the Earth's horizon (horizon appears in the photograph). Fig. 9(c) High oblique Source: ng/ apg.htm Horizontal or terrestrial: Photograph is taken with camera axis horizontal. Convergent Photography: It is a sequential pair of low oblique in which the optical axes converse towards one another. in this kind of photography both the photographs cover the same area but from different locations. C. Angular Coverage: Angular coverage is a function of focal length and format size. Narrow Angle: Angle of Coverage Less than 20 0 (Large Focal length) Used for General interpretation, intelligence and mosaics. Normal angle: Angle of coverage between used for general interpretation, mapping, ortho-photography, and mosaics. Wide angle: angle of coverage used for general interpretation, general purpose photography for normal terrain, resource mapping and mosaics.
16 Super-wide angle: angle of coverage more than Used for General purpose mapping of flat areas D. Film Black and white panchromatic: This is most broadly used type of film for photogrammetric, mapping and interpretation. Black and white infrared: This is used interpretation and intelligence and in hazy environment as IR can penetrate through haze. Colour: This is used for interpretation and mapping. Colour infrared/ false colour: This is used for vegetation studies, water pollution, and crop studies E. Spectral Coverage/Response Multispectral: Depending upon the number of spectral bands. 1.4 Obtaining Aerial Photography As per the existing policy of the Government of India, all types of aerial photographs are classified documents (secret or restricted), depending upon the location and its strategic importance. The Surveyor General of India coordinates all activities relating to the execution of aerial photographic tasks for all civilian needs. The coordinating authority performs the following functions : Design and issue of the specifications for photographic tasks. Layout and priorities, clearance from various agencies and distribution of tasks among the three flying agencies. Flight planning and evaluation for suitability of the executed tasks. Distribution of photographs to the indenter. Accounting for the above.
17 1.5 Project planning for Aerial Photography Project planning for doing aerial photography operation involve 3 basic phases A. Flight Planning B. Planning for ground control C. Estimation of cost A. Flight planning: Basic elements of flight planning are finalisation of flying height, ground distance between successive exposures, ground spacing between flight lines. Several factors must be taken into consideration in planning the flight map, important are the followings: I. Purpose of photography II. Photographic scale III. Allowable scale variations IV. Relief Displacement V. Photographic tilt VI. Crab and Drift VII. Flying height VIII. Orientation of topography Many of the factors are closely interrelated like scale, focal length, flying height. I. Purpose of photography The aerial photography is generally conducted for specific purpose. All the specifications are set to fulfil the purpose. The majority of photogrammetric activities involve the compilation of topographic maps in a stereoscopic plotting
18 instrument. For such purpose wide-angle photography is required to get appropriate base-height ratio that enhances vertical accuracy. If the topography is very flat, a super-wide angle camera is used. Standard 60% forward overlap and 15 to 30% sidelap is satisfactory for topographic mapping as it provides complete stereoscopic coverage of the area without any gap. Orientation of the flight line is generally kept along the length of the area, which also satisfy economic criteria. A Photography for aerial mosaics should ideally be from highest feasible altitude and should contain overlap as per the topography. If the ground is fairly flat, then 60% overlap and 15 to 30% sidelap is satisfactory. If the terrain is rugged, both overlap and sidelap should be increased. The main objective here is to hold the effects of relief displacement to a minimum. (Fig. 10) Fig. 10 How photography is done and its purpose Source- _plan.jpg
19 Photography taken for the production of ortho-photos, favourable orientation of the flights lines are in a direction normal to the general trend of the topography. If ortho-photos are to be pieced together to form an ortho-mosaic, the photographs should be taken with a constant sun angle, and at the same season of the year. Otherwise, the tone and texture variation between the individual ortho-photos will be quite pronounced and objectionable. If your purpose is photogrammetric triangulation, the flight plan is governed by the topographic mapping considerations. Flight lines are planned to give 60% overlap in both directions, so that any internal pass point or tie point lying in the shaded area will appear on nine photographs, resulting in nine pair of collinearity equations for the point. The alternate flight strips can then be used for the topographic mapping. It does strengthen block triangulation, 60% overlap in both directions is used also for the determination of ground points for cadastral surveys and for establishing fill-in-ground control. Each internal point in the block will appear on at least four photographs, thus strengthening its ground position in the analytical intersection solution. Photographic Scale Photographic scale is determined by use of photographs. User should be able to recognise his features of interest and able to resolve the smallest objects that need to be identified. (Fig. 11) According to scale other parameters like flying height, camera, orientation of flight lines etc. are finalised.
20 Fig. 11 Scale of Photograph Source-Self Allowable Scale Variation Scale variation in a photograph or between photographs is caused by variation in the ground elevation, by a variation in flying height, or both. If the terrain is undulating with large height differences, scale variation will be more. Higher the elevation result into larger the scale and lower the elevation result into smaller the scale. Example:- Two photographs taken over terrain having an average elevation of 120 m above the datum and a range in elevation from 50 to 180m. In each case, the average scale is to be 1:2500. With a 152-mm focal length (f), the required flying height computed is 500m (H) above the datum. At an elevation of 50m, the scale is Scale on average elevation of 120m = f/h = 152 mm/380 ( )m = 1:2500 Scale on elevation of 50m = f/h = 152 mm/380 (450)m = 1: Scale on elevation of 180m = f/h = 152 mm/380 (320)m = 1: 2105
21 Scale variation also affects photographic coverage because rising or falling of terrain with respect to the flying height alter the scale considerably, and is an important factor to be considered when relatively low-altitude photography is taken for mapping purpose. If terrain rises, the overlap between successive photographs decreases if the photographs are taken with a constant time interval between exposures. The width of terrain covered by the photographs becomes narrower as the terrain elevation increases. In such situation side lap also decreases and if it is not planned well, gaps between the flight strips may occur in the high areas. Relief Displacement Mathematically it is the magnitude of displacement in image between the top and bottom of elevated object i.e. the apparent leaning of elevated objects away from the principal point (Fig.12).Practically every point on the vertical aerial photograph is displaced from its datum photograph position because of its elevation above or below the datum. There is no relief displacement at Nadir. Relief displacement on any pair of adjacent photograph always occur in opposite directions because the relief displacement on each photograph radiates outward from a point near the centre of photograph. relief displacement will decrease as the flying height will increase. It is also evident that to maintain a certain scale as the flying height is increased the focal length must be increased. Relief displacement is very important in the way that it enables us to calculate the height of objects. At the same time it relief displacement affects the construction of mosaics. Since mosaicking consists of piecing adjacent photographs together to form one composite picture, large relief displacement on successive photographs will make it difficult or even impossible to form a continuous uninterrupted picture. Relief displacements on any pair of adjacent photographs always occur in opposing directions, because the relief
22 displacement on each photograph radiates outward from the principal point of the photograph. As seen in the diagram relied displacement will decrease as the flying height is increased. It is also evident that to maintain a certain scale as the flying height is increased, the focal length must be increased. These principles are taken into account when the flight plan is designed. Source-Self Fig. 12 Relief Displacement
23 In general, relief displacement has no adverse effect upon map compilation in a stereoscopic plotting instrument. In fact, as the relief displacement increase, the more positively can elevations be measured in the instrument. TILT OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS The tilt of a photograph may be resolved into two components. One is the amount in the direction of flight, and the other is the amount in the direction normal to the flight line. The first is called y-tilt, or angle Ø. The second is called x-tilt, or angle φ. When a photograph has undergone a y-tilt, the overlap on one side will be greater than the desired amount of overlap, while the overlap on the opposite side will be smaller than the desired amount. Two successively exposed photographs with opposite y-till will cause the increase or decrease in overlap to accumulate, whereas y-lilt in the same direction will, to a great extent, cancel the sidelap to increase in overlap. An x-tilt of a photograph will cause the sidelap to crease on one side of the flight line and to decrease on the opposite side. The effect of y-tilt on overlap can be taken into account by using the viewfinder to control the overlap. If a fixed interval between exposures is held, as with the use of an intervalometer, the effect of y-tilt on overlap must be allowed for by decreasing the theoretically desired overlap. The effect of x-tilt on sidelap must be allowed for by decreasing the computed spacing between flight lines slightly to produce a slight increase in the desired sidelap. This adjustment helps to ensure proper coverage, and at the same time allows for certain abnormal relief displacements. As shown in Fig. 9(a).
24 CRAB AND DRIFT Crab is the term given to designate the angle formed between the flight line and the edges of the photograph in the direction of flight. It is caused by not having the focal plane of the camera squared with the direction of flight at the instant of exposure. The effect of crabbing is shown in (Fig. 13). Under normal flying conditions, the camera can be corrected to allow for crabbing by a rotation of the camera about the vertical axis of the camera mount. The consequence of crab is to condense the effective breadth of exposure of the photography. Fortunately the sidelap allowance will in most instances prevent gapping between flight strips caused by crab. Flight line Source-Self Fig 13: Effect of Crab Drift is caused by the failure of the aircraft to stay on the predetermined flight line. If the aircraft drifts to one side or the other of the flight line, loss of some sidelap would be observed on the side opposite to the direction of drift. Drifting from the predetermined flight line is the most common caused serious gapping between adjacent flight lines. Gapping may be due to a poor flight-line map, even though the pilot actually keeps the aircraft on the flight line as drawn on the map. (Fig. 14)
25 Flight Line Source-Self Fig. 14 Effect of Drift SELECTION OF FLYING HEIGHT Once overlap requirements are finalised, other parameters of flight planning decided out of them flying height is important. Several interrelated factors that affect the selection of flying height, such as desired scale, focal length of camera, relief displacement, permissible tilt, etc. need to be finalised. Others factors to be considered are the precision of the photogrammetric equipment used to compile topographic maps from the photography, physical limitations of the stereoscopic plotting instrument to be used in the map compilation, and factors peculiar to same forms of large-scale mapping. Various types of photogrammetric equipment used in the process of map compilation contain a certain inherent precision, but it is different for each type. In general, the greater the precision in the system, the greater may be the flying height. This relationship is advantageous, because when the flying height is doubled it increases the ground coverage per photograph by four times, and by a long way reduces the needed amount of ground control. Since vertical accuracy in a photographic map is the limiting factor in the photogrammetric process, the flying height is quite often related to the contour interval of the finished map. The relationship is expressed as a precision factor, and is designated as the C- factor of the photogrammetric equipment (including the operator). Thus,
26 Flying height = (contour interval) (C-factor) The C- factor is understood to be that value, used to calculate the flying height, which will build photography satisfactory to obtain the desired vertical accuracy in the map.
Volume 1 - Module 6 Geometry of Aerial Photography. I. Classification of Photographs. Vertical
RSCC Volume 1 Introduction to Photo Interpretation and Photogrammetry Table of Contents Module 1 Module 2 Module 3.1 Module 3.2 Module 4 Module 5 Module 6 Module 7 Module 8 Labs Volume 1 - Module 6 Geometry
More informationnot to be republished NCERT Introduction To Aerial Photographs Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Introduction To Aerial Photographs Figure 6.1 Terrestrial photograph of Mussorrie town of similar features, then we have to place ourselves somewhere in the air. When we do so and look down,
More informationSample Copy. Not For Distribution.
Photogrammetry, GIS & Remote Sensing Quick Reference Book i EDUCREATION PUBLISHING Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001 Website: www.educreation.in Copyright, 2017, S.S. Manugula, V.
More informationPHOTOGRAMMETRY STEREOSCOPY FLIGHT PLANNING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DEFINITIONS GROUND CONTROL INTRODUCTION
PHOTOGRAMMETRY STEREOSCOPY FLIGHT PLANNING PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DEFINITIONS GROUND CONTROL INTRODUCTION Before aerial photography and photogrammetry became a reliable mapping tool, planimetric and topographic
More information11/25/2009 CHAPTER THREE INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION (CONT D) THE AERIAL CAMERA: LENS PHOTOGRAPHIC SENSORS
INTRODUCTION CHAPTER THREE IC SENSORS Photography means to write with light Today s meaning is often expanded to include radiation just outside the visible spectrum, i. e. ultraviolet and near infrared
More informationPhotogrammetry. Lecture 4 September 7, 2005
Photogrammetry Lecture 4 September 7, 2005 What is Photogrammetry Photogrammetry is the art and science of making accurate measurements by means of aerial photography: Analog photogrammetry (using films:
More informationBasics of Photogrammetry Note#6
Basics of Photogrammetry Note#6 Photogrammetry Art and science of making accurate measurements by means of aerial photography Analog: visual and manual analysis of aerial photographs in hard-copy format
More informationFollowing are the geometrical elements of the aerial photographs:
Geometrical elements/characteristics of aerial photograph: An aerial photograph is a central or perspective projection, where the bundles of perspective rays meet at a point of origin called perspective
More informationGeometry of Aerial Photographs
Geometry of Aerial Photographs Aerial Cameras Aerial cameras must be (details in lectures): Geometrically stable Have fast and efficient shutters Have high geometric and optical quality lenses They can
More informationEXAMPLES OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS PRODUCED FROM SPACE AND ACHIEVED ACCURACY CARAVAN Workshop on Mapping from Space, Phnom Penh, June 2000
EXAMPLES OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS PRODUCED FROM SPACE AND ACHIEVED ACCURACY CARAVAN Workshop on Mapping from Space, Phnom Penh, June 2000 Jacobsen, Karsten University of Hannover Email: karsten@ipi.uni-hannover.de
More informationHigh Resolution Sensor Test Comparison with SPOT, KFA1000, KVR1000, IRS-1C and DPA in Lower Saxony
High Resolution Sensor Test Comparison with SPOT, KFA1000, KVR1000, IRS-1C and DPA in Lower Saxony K. Jacobsen, G. Konecny, H. Wegmann Abstract The Institute for Photogrammetry and Engineering Surveys
More informationAerial photography: Principles. Frame capture sensors: Analog film and digital cameras
Aerial photography: Principles Frame capture sensors: Analog film and digital cameras Overview Introduction Frame vs scanning sensors Cameras (film and digital) Photogrammetry Orthophotos Air photos are
More informationAtmospheric interactions; Aerial Photography; Imaging systems; Intro to Spectroscopy Week #3: September 12, 2018
GEOL 1460/2461 Ramsey Introduction/Advanced Remote Sensing Fall, 2018 Atmospheric interactions; Aerial Photography; Imaging systems; Intro to Spectroscopy Week #3: September 12, 2018 I. Quick Review from
More informationAcquisition of Aerial Photographs and/or Satellite Imagery
Acquisition of Aerial Photographs and/or Satellite Imagery Acquisition of Aerial Photographs and/or Imagery From time to time there is considerable interest in the purchase of special-purpose photography
More informationSFR 406 Spring 2015 Lecture 7 Notes Film Types and Filters
SFR 406 Spring 2015 Lecture 7 Notes Film Types and Filters 1. Film Resolution Introduction Resolution relates to the smallest size features that can be detected on the film. The resolving power is a related
More information2019 NYSAPLS Conf> Fundamentals of Photogrammetry for Land Surveyors
2019 NYSAPLS Conf> Fundamentals of Photogrammetry for Land Surveyors George Southard GSKS Associates LLC Introduction George Southard: Master s Degree in Photogrammetry and Cartography 40 years working
More informationCEE 6100 / CSS 6600 Remote Sensing Fundamentals 1 Topic 4: Photogrammetry
CEE 6100 / CSS 6600 Remote Sensing Fundamentals 1 PHOTOGRAMMETRY DEFINITION (adapted from Manual of Photographic Interpretation, 2 nd edition, Warren Philipson, 1997) Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing:
More informationMINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF LAND MANAGEMENT SURVEYING AND MAPPING SECTION PHOTOGRAMMETRY UNIT
SEP. 2011 MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OFFICE OF LAND MANAGEMENT SURVEYING AND MAPPING SECTION PHOTOGRAMMETRY UNIT SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR: GROUP 1: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY/PHOTOGRAMMETRIC LAB SERVICES
More informationAn Introduction to Geomatics. Prepared by: Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq خاص بطلبة مساق مقدمة في علم. Associate Professor of Surveying IUG
An Introduction to Geomatics خاص بطلبة مساق مقدمة في علم الجيوماتكس Prepared by: Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq Associate Professor of Surveying IUG 1 Airborne Imagery Dr. Maher A. El-Hallaq Associate Professor
More informationMSB Imagery Program FAQ v1
MSB Imagery Program FAQ v1 (F)requently (A)sked (Q)uestions 9/22/2016 This document is intended to answer commonly asked questions related to the MSB Recurring Aerial Imagery Program. Table of Contents
More information746A27 Remote Sensing and GIS
746A27 Remote Sensing and GIS Lecture 1 Concepts of remote sensing and Basic principle of Photogrammetry Chandan Roy Guest Lecturer Department of Computer and Information Science Linköping University What
More informationChapters 1-3. Chapter 1: Introduction and applications of photogrammetry Chapter 2: Electro-magnetic radiation. Chapter 3: Basic optics
Chapters 1-3 Chapter 1: Introduction and applications of photogrammetry Chapter 2: Electro-magnetic radiation Radiation sources Classification of remote sensing systems (passive & active) Electromagnetic
More informationAcquisition of Aerial Photographs and/or Imagery
Acquisition of Aerial Photographs and/or Imagery Acquisition of Aerial Photographs and/or Imagery From time to time there is considerable interest in the purchase of special-purpose photography contracted
More informationIntroduction to Remote Sensing
Introduction to Remote Sensing Spatial, spectral, temporal resolutions Image display alternatives Vegetation Indices Image classifications Image change detections Accuracy assessment Satellites & Air-Photos
More informationChapters 1-3. Chapter 1: Introduction and applications of photogrammetry Chapter 2: Electro-magnetic radiation. Chapter 3: Basic optics
Chapters 1-3 Chapter 1: Introduction and applications of photogrammetry Chapter 2: Electro-magnetic radiation Radiation sources Classification of remote sensing systems (passive & active) Electromagnetic
More informationOutline Remote Sensing Defined Resolution Electromagnetic Energy (EMR) Types Interpretation Applications
Introduction to Remote Sensing Outline Remote Sensing Defined Resolution Electromagnetic Energy (EMR) Types Interpretation Applications Remote Sensing Defined Remote Sensing is: The art and science of
More informationChapters 1 & 2. Definitions and applications Conceptual basis of photogrammetric processing
Chapters 1 & 2 Chapter 1: Photogrammetry Definitions and applications Conceptual basis of photogrammetric processing Transition from two-dimensional imagery to three-dimensional information Automation
More informationFOR 353: Air Photo Interpretation and Photogrammetry. Lecture 2. Electromagnetic Energy/Camera and Film characteristics
FOR 353: Air Photo Interpretation and Photogrammetry Lecture 2 Electromagnetic Energy/Camera and Film characteristics Lecture Outline Electromagnetic Radiation Theory Digital vs. Analog (i.e. film ) Systems
More informationRemote Sensing. Measuring an object from a distance. For GIS, that means using photographic or satellite images to gather spatial data
Remote Sensing Measuring an object from a distance For GIS, that means using photographic or satellite images to gather spatial data Remote Sensing measures electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted
More informationLesson 4: Photogrammetry
This work by the National Information Security and Geospatial Technologies Consortium (NISGTC), and except where otherwise Development was funded by the Department of Labor (DOL) Trade Adjustment Assistance
More informationRemote Sensing is the observation of the Earth from satellites or aircrafts.
Remote Sensing? Remote Sensing is the observation of the Earth from satellites or aircrafts. Sensors mounted on these platforms capture images of the Earth that reveal features may or may not apparent
More informationAn Introduction to Remote Sensing & GIS. Introduction
An Introduction to Remote Sensing & GIS Introduction Remote sensing is the measurement of object properties on Earth s surface using data acquired from aircraft and satellites. It attempts to measure something
More information746A27 Remote Sensing and GIS. Multi spectral, thermal and hyper spectral sensing and usage
746A27 Remote Sensing and GIS Lecture 3 Multi spectral, thermal and hyper spectral sensing and usage Chandan Roy Guest Lecturer Department of Computer and Information Science Linköping University Multi
More informationOutline Remote Sensing Defined Resolution Electromagnetic Energy (EMR) Types Interpretation Applications 2
Introduction to Remote Sensing 1 Outline Remote Sensing Defined Resolution Electromagnetic Energy (EMR) Types Interpretation Applications 2 Remote Sensing Defined Remote Sensing is: The art and science
More informationHIGH RESOLUTION COLOR IMAGERY FOR ORTHOMAPS AND REMOTE SENSING. Author: Peter Fricker Director Product Management Image Sensors
HIGH RESOLUTION COLOR IMAGERY FOR ORTHOMAPS AND REMOTE SENSING Author: Peter Fricker Director Product Management Image Sensors Co-Author: Tauno Saks Product Manager Airborne Data Acquisition Leica Geosystems
More informationGovt. Engineering College Jhalawar Model Question Paper Subject- Remote Sensing & GIS
Govt. Engineering College Jhalawar Model Question Paper Subject- Remote Sensing & GIS Time: Max. Marks: Q1. What is remote Sensing? Explain the basic components of a Remote Sensing system. Q2. What is
More informationGeo/SAT 2 INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING
Geo/SAT 2 INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING Paul R. Baumann, Professor Emeritus State University of New York College at Oneonta Oneonta, New York 13820 USA COPYRIGHT 2008 Paul R. Baumann Introduction Remote
More informationVERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY Mike Craig Cooperative Research Centre for Landscape Environments and Mineral Exploration, Geoscience Australia. PO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601. E-mail: mike.craig@ga.gov.au
More informationCHAPTER 8 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
CHAPTER 8 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS An aerial photograph is any photograph taken from an airborne vehicle (aircraft, drones, balloons, satellites, and so forth). The aerial photograph has many uses in military
More informationBlacksburg, VA July 24 th 30 th, 2010 Remote Sensing Page 1. A condensed overview. For our purposes
A condensed overview George McLeod Prepared by: With support from: NSF DUE-0903270 in partnership with: Geospatial Technician Education Through Virginia s Community Colleges (GTEVCC) The art and science
More informationRemote Sensing Platforms
Types of Platforms Lighter-than-air Remote Sensing Platforms Free floating balloons Restricted by atmospheric conditions Used to acquire meteorological/atmospheric data Blimps/dirigibles Major role - news
More informationIntroduction to Remote Sensing
Introduction to Remote Sensing 1 Outline Remote Sensing Defined Electromagnetic Energy (EMR) Resolution Interpretation 2 Remote Sensing Defined Remote Sensing is: The art and science of obtaining information
More informationA map says to you, 'Read me carefully, follow me closely, doubt me not.' It says, 'I am the Earth in the palm of your hand. Without me, you are alone
A map says to you, 'Read me carefully, follow me closely, doubt me not.' It says, 'I am the Earth in the palm of your hand. Without me, you are alone and lost. Beryl Markham (West With the Night, 1946
More informationNorth Carolina Property Mappers Association
North Carolina Property Mappers Association SECTION 1 AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 1.1 Introduction Photogrammetry is defined by the American Society of Photogrammetry as the art, science, and technology of obtaining
More informationLeica ADS80 - Digital Airborne Imaging Solution NAIP, Salt Lake City 4 December 2008
Luzern, Switzerland, acquired at 5 cm GSD, 2008. Leica ADS80 - Digital Airborne Imaging Solution NAIP, Salt Lake City 4 December 2008 Shawn Slade, Doug Flint and Ruedi Wagner Leica Geosystems AG, Airborne
More informationPrinciples of Photogrammetry
Winter 2014 1 Instructor: Contact Information. Office: Room # ENE 229C. Tel: (403) 220-7105. E-mail: ahabib@ucalgary.ca Lectures (SB 148): Monday, Wednesday& Friday (10:00 a.m. 10:50 a.m.). Office Hours:
More informationModule 3 Introduction to GIS. Lecture 8 GIS data acquisition
Module 3 Introduction to GIS Lecture 8 GIS data acquisition GIS workflow Data acquisition (geospatial data input) GPS Remote sensing (satellites, UAV s) LiDAR Digitized maps Attribute Data Management Data
More informationWhat is Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry What is Photogrammetry Photogrammetry is the art and science of making accurate measurements by means of aerial photography: Analog photogrammetry (using films: hard-copy photos) Digital
More informationCOMPARISON OF INFORMATION CONTENTS OF HIGH RESOLUTION SPACE IMAGES
COMPARISON OF INFORMATION CONTENTS OF HIGH RESOLUTION SPACE IMAGES H. Topan*, G. Büyüksalih*, K. Jacobsen ** * Karaelmas University Zonguldak, Turkey ** University of Hannover, Germany htopan@karaelmas.edu.tr,
More informationMicrowave Remote Sensing (1)
Microwave Remote Sensing (1) Microwave sensing encompasses both active and passive forms of remote sensing. The microwave portion of the spectrum covers the range from approximately 1cm to 1m in wavelength.
More informationInt n r t o r d o u d c u ti t on o n to t o Remote Sensing
Introduction to Remote Sensing Definition of Remote Sensing Remote sensing refers to the activities of recording/observing/perceiving(sensing)objects or events at far away (remote) places. In remote sensing,
More informationIntroduction to Remote Sensing
Introduction to Remote Sensing Outline Remote Sensing Defined Resolution Electromagnetic Energy (EMR) Types Interpretation Applications Remote Sensing Defined Remote Sensing is: The art and science of
More informationRemote Sensing. Ch. 3 Microwaves (Part 1 of 2)
Remote Sensing Ch. 3 Microwaves (Part 1 of 2) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Radar Basics 3.3 Viewing Geometry and Spatial Resolution 3.4 Radar Image Distortions 3.1 Introduction Microwave (1cm to 1m in wavelength)
More informationCSI: Rombalds Moor Photogrammetry Photography
Photogrammetry Photography Photogrammetry Training 26 th March 10:00 Welcome Presentation image capture Practice 12:30 13:15 Lunch More practice 16:00 (ish) Finish or earlier What is photogrammetry 'photo'
More informationremote sensing? What are the remote sensing principles behind these Definition
Introduction to remote sensing: Content (1/2) Definition: photogrammetry and remote sensing (PRS) Radiation sources: solar radiation (passive optical RS) earth emission (passive microwave or thermal infrared
More informationAerial photography and Remote Sensing. Bikini Atoll, 2013 (60 years after nuclear bomb testing)
Aerial photography and Remote Sensing Bikini Atoll, 2013 (60 years after nuclear bomb testing) Computers have linked mapping techniques under the umbrella term : Geomatics includes all the following spatial
More informationAerial Photo Interpretation
Aerial Photo Interpretation Aerial Photo Interpretation To date, course has focused on skills of photogrammetry Scale Distance Direction Area Height There s another side to Aerial Photography: Interpretation
More informationLarge Scale Photogrammetric Maps for Land Planning
Large Scale Photogrammetric Maps for Land Planning A lva F. W arren Clyde E. Williams & Associates, Inc. South Bend, Indiana Introduction It is my purpose to give a brief explanation of the method of making
More informationAR M. Sc. (Rural Technology) II Semester Fundamental of Remote Sensing Model Paper
1. Multiple choice question ; AR- 7251 M. Sc. (Rural Technology) II Semester Fundamental of Remote Sensing Model Paper 1. Chlorophyll strongly absorbs radition of : (b) Red and Blue wavelength (ii) Which
More informationAERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS An aerial photograph is any photograph taken from an airborne vehicle (aircraft, drones, balloons) satellites, and so forth). The aerial photograph has many uses in military
More informationProcessing of stereo scanner: from stereo plotter to pixel factory
Photogrammetric Week '03 Dieter Fritsch (Ed.) Wichmann Verlag, Heidelberg, 2003 Bignone 141 Processing of stereo scanner: from stereo plotter to pixel factory FRANK BIGNONE, ISTAR, France ABSTRACT With
More informationRemote sensing image correction
Remote sensing image correction Introductory readings remote sensing http://www.microimages.com/documentation/tutorials/introrse.pdf 1 Preprocessing Digital Image Processing of satellite images can be
More informationCanImage. (Landsat 7 Orthoimages at the 1: Scale) Standards and Specifications Edition 1.0
CanImage (Landsat 7 Orthoimages at the 1:50 000 Scale) Standards and Specifications Edition 1.0 Centre for Topographic Information Customer Support Group 2144 King Street West, Suite 010 Sherbrooke, QC
More informationMONITORING RUBBLE-MOUND COASTAL STRUCTURES WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRY
,. CETN-III-21 2/84 MONITORING RUBBLE-MOUND COASTAL STRUCTURES WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRY INTRODUCTION: Monitoring coastal projects usually involves repeated surveys of coastal structures and/or beach profiles.
More informationRelief Displacement of Vertical Features
G 210 Lab. Relief Displacement of Vertical Features An increase in the elevation of a feature causes its position on the photograph to be displaced radially outward from the principle point. Hence, when
More informationRemote Sensing. The following figure is grey scale display of SPOT Panchromatic without stretching.
Remote Sensing Objectives This unit will briefly explain display of remote sensing image, geometric correction, spatial enhancement, spectral enhancement and classification of remote sensing image. At
More informationDr. Achim Z i c k 1 e r JENOPTIK JENA GmbH, GDR 69 Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Platz 1
14th International Congress of ISP Commission 1 Hamburg 1980 Werking Group - Frasented Paper Dr. Achim Z i c k 1 e r JENOPTIK JENA GmbH, GDR 69 Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Platz 1 MKF-6 Multispectral Camera from
More informationwho can combine geographic information systems with satellite data are in demand in a variety of disciplines.
U.S. Department of Labor identified geotechnology (including remote sensing, GIS and GPS) as one of the most important emerging and evolving fields, along with nanotechnology and biotechnology 1. who can
More informationOutline. Introduction. Introduction: Film Emulsions. Sensor Systems. Types of Remote Sensing. A/Prof Linlin Ge. Photographic systems (cf(
GMAT x600 Remote Sensing / Earth Observation Types of Sensor Systems (1) Outline Image Sensor Systems (i) Line Scanning Sensor Systems (passive) (ii) Array Sensor Systems (passive) (iii) Antenna Radar
More informationAPPLICATIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED WITH AIRBORNE MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING
APPLICATIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED WITH AIRBORNE MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING James M. Ellis and Hugh S. Dodd The MapFactory and HJW Walnut Creek and Oakland, California, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Airborne digital frame
More informationVisionMap A3 Edge A Single Camera for Multiple Solutions
Photogrammetric Week '15 Dieter Fritsch (Ed.) Wichmann/VDE Verlag, Belin & Offenbach, 2015 Raizman, Gozes 57 VisionMap A3 Edge A Single Camera for Multiple Solutions Yuri Raizman, Adi Gozes, Tel-Aviv ABSTRACT
More informationHISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING
HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING IMPORTANT PERIODS The beginning: photography and flight (1858-1918) Rapid developments in photogrammetry (1918-1939) Military imperatives (1939-1945) Cold wars and environmental
More informationFOR 474: Forest Inventory. FOR 474: Forest Inventory. Why do we Care About Forest Sampling?
FOR 474: Forest Inventory 1. Advanced Forest Inventory The Need for Forest Sampling Brief Intro to Remote Sensing and GIS Readings: FOR 474: Forest Inventory Related Courses! FOR 274: Forest Measurements
More informationCALIBRATION OF OPTICAL SATELLITE SENSORS
CALIBRATION OF OPTICAL SATELLITE SENSORS KARSTEN JACOBSEN University of Hannover Institute of Photogrammetry and Geoinformation Nienburger Str. 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany jacobsen@ipi.uni-hannover.de
More informationMapping Cameras. Chapter Three Introduction
Chapter Three Mapping Cameras 3.1. Introduction This chapter introduces sensors used for acquiring aerial photographs. Although cameras are the oldest form of remote sensing instrument, they have changed
More informationCHARACTERISTICS OF REMOTELY SENSED IMAGERY. Spatial Resolution
CHARACTERISTICS OF REMOTELY SENSED IMAGERY Spatial Resolution There are a number of ways in which images can differ. One set of important differences relate to the various resolutions that images express.
More informationIntroduction to Photogeology
Geological Mapping 1 Academic Year 2016/2017 Introduction to Photogeology Igor Vlahović igor.vlahovic@rgn.hr Today we will say a little about basic photogeological analysis of terrain: about aerial photographs,
More informationLAB 2: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY PART 1: INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
E&ES 328 Remote Sensing Laboratory LAB 2: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY Due February 22, 2012 PART 1: INTERPRETATION OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY Some of the first aerial photography, employed during
More informationMicrowave Remote Sensing
Provide copy on a CD of the UCAR multi-media tutorial to all in class. Assign Ch-7 and Ch-9 (for two weeks) as reading material for this class. HW#4 (Due in two weeks) Problems 1,2,3 and 4 (Chapter 7)
More informationTHE NATIONAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY PROGRAM: AN AERIAL SYSTEM IN SUPPORT OF THE UNITED STATES SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE
THE NATIONAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY PROGRAM: AN AERIAL SYSTEM IN SUPPORT OF THE UNITED STATES SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE Donald L. Light U.S. Geological Survey MS 511 National Center Reston, Virginia 22092
More informationInterpreting land surface features. SWAC module 3
Interpreting land surface features SWAC module 3 Interpreting land surface features SWAC module 3 Different kinds of image Panchromatic image True-color image False-color image EMR : NASA Echo the bat
More informationActive and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing
Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Passive remote sensing system record EMR that was reflected (e.g., blue, green, red, and near IR) or emitted (e.g., thermal IR) from the surface of the Earth.
More informationFLIGHT SUMMARY REPORT
FLIGHT SUMMARY REPORT Flight Number: 97-011 Calendar/Julian Date: 23 October 1996 297 Sensor Package: Area(s) Covered: Wild-Heerbrugg RC-10 Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Southern
More informationREMOTE SENSING. Topic 10 Fundamentals of Digital Multispectral Remote Sensing MULTISPECTRAL SCANNERS MULTISPECTRAL SCANNERS
REMOTE SENSING Topic 10 Fundamentals of Digital Multispectral Remote Sensing Chapter 5: Lillesand and Keifer Chapter 6: Avery and Berlin MULTISPECTRAL SCANNERS Record EMR in a number of discrete portions
More informationNREM 345 Week 2, Material covered this week contributes to the accomplishment of the following course goal:
NREM 345 Week 2, 2010 Reading assignment: Chapter. 4 and Sec. 5.1 to 5.2.4 Material covered this week contributes to the accomplishment of the following course goal: Goal 1: Develop the understanding and
More informationBaldwin and Mobile Counties, AL Orthoimagery Project Report. Submitted: March 23, 2016
2015 Orthoimagery Project Report Submitted: Prepared by: Quantum Spatial, Inc 523 Wellington Way, Suite 375 Lexington, KY 40503 859-277-8700 Page i of iii Contents Project Report 1. Summary / Scope...
More informationACTIVE SENSORS RADAR
ACTIVE SENSORS RADAR RADAR LiDAR: Light Detection And Ranging RADAR: RAdio Detection And Ranging SONAR: SOund Navigation And Ranging Used to image the ocean floor (produce bathymetic maps) and detect objects
More informationFinal Examination Introduction to Remote Sensing. Time: 1.5 hrs Max. Marks: 50. Section-I (50 x 1 = 50 Marks)
Final Examination Introduction to Remote Sensing Time: 1.5 hrs Max. Marks: 50 Note: Attempt all questions. Section-I (50 x 1 = 50 Marks) 1... is the technology of acquiring information about the Earth's
More informationContents Remote Sensing for Studying Earth Surface and Changes
Contents Remote Sensing for Studying Earth Surface and Changes Anupma Prakash Day : Tuesday Date : September 26, 2008 Audience : AMIDST Participants What is remote sensing? How does remote sensing work?
More informationTopographic mapping from space K. Jacobsen*, G. Büyüksalih**
Topographic mapping from space K. Jacobsen*, G. Büyüksalih** * Institute of Photogrammetry and Geoinformation, Leibniz University Hannover ** BIMTAS, Altunizade-Istanbul, Turkey KEYWORDS: WorldView-1,
More informationLecture 2. Electromagnetic radiation principles. Units, image resolutions.
NRMT 2270, Photogrammetry/Remote Sensing Lecture 2 Electromagnetic radiation principles. Units, image resolutions. Tomislav Sapic GIS Technologist Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University
More informationHigh Resolution Multi-spectral Imagery
High Resolution Multi-spectral Imagery Jim Baily, AirAgronomics AIRAGRONOMICS Having been involved in broadacre agriculture until 2000 I perceived a need for a high resolution remote sensing service to
More informationLecture Series SGL 308: Introduction to Geological Mapping Lecture 8 LECTURE 8 REMOTE SENSING METHODS: THE USE AND INTERPRETATION OF SATELLITE IMAGES
LECTURE 8 REMOTE SENSING METHODS: THE USE AND INTERPRETATION OF SATELLITE IMAGES LECTURE OUTLINE Page 8.0 Introduction 114 8.1 Objectives 115 115 8.2 Remote Sensing: Method of Operation 8.3 Importance
More informationImportant Missions. weather forecasting and monitoring communication navigation military earth resource observation LANDSAT SEASAT SPOT IRS
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Pranjit Kr. Sarma, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Geography Mangaldai College Email: prangis@gmail.com Ph. No +91 94357 04398 Remote Sensing Remote sensing is defined
More informationNATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA COURSE CODE: ESM238 COURSE TITLE: ELEMENTS OF REMOTE SENSING AND AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA COURSE CODE: ESM238 COURSE TITLE: ELEMENTS OF REMOTE SENSING AND AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION 2 ELEMENTS OF REMOTE SENSING AND AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION By Dr. Oyekanmi
More informationAERIAL SURVEYS COMPANY PROFILE
AERIAL SURVEYS COMPANY PROFILE Aerial Surveys, previously known as GeoSmart, is an innovative aerial photography and geospatial mapping service provider Our services enable customers to make better business
More informationHD aerial video for coastal zone ecological mapping
HD aerial video for coastal zone ecological mapping Albert K. Chong University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Phone: +64 3 479-7587 Fax: +64 3 479-7586 Email: albert.chong@surveying.otago.ac.nz Presented
More informationPhotographic Interpretation Handbook, United States Forces: Section 09 Height and Depth Finding from Parallax
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln DOD Military Intelligence U.S. Department of Defense 4-1944 Photographic Interpretation Handbook, United States Forces:
More informationTechnical Evaluation of Khartoum State Mapping Project
Technical Evaluation of Khartoum State Mapping Project Nagi Zomrawi 1 and Mohammed Fator 2 1 School of Surveying Engineering, Collage of Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum,
More informationProject Planning and Cost Estimating
CHAPTER 17 Project Planning and Cost Estimating 17.1 INTRODUCTION Previous chapters have outlined and detailed technical aspects of photogrammetry. The basic tasks and equipment required to create various
More information