1. Carlton, Richard R., and Arlene M. Adler. Principles of Radiographic Imaging: An Art and a Science, 5th edition (2013).

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1 CODE: RADT 151 INSTITUTE: Health Science TITLE: Radiographic Exposure DEPARTMENT: Radiologic Technology COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course covers the principles of radiographic exposure selection and manipulation to produce quality radiographic images. Theoretical principles and mathematical calculations of basic x-ray production, characteristics of quality radiographs, exposure factors, and control of radiographic image qualities are discussed. PREREQUISITES: A grade of C or higher in HESC 105 and BIOL 111; Admission to the Radiologic Technology Program COREQUISITES: RADT 150, RADT 152, and RADT 153 CREDITS: 3 LECTURE HOURS: 3 REQUIRED MATERIALS: TEXTBOOKS 1. Carlton, Richard R., and Arlene M. Adler. Principles of Radiographic Imaging: An Art and a Science, 5th edition (2013). 2. Bushong, Stewart. Radiologic Science for Radiologic Technologists, 10th edition (2015). Other Resources: 1. CANVAS (RADT RL) - Short Unit Quizzes - Practice tests - On-line modules 2. Bushong s Workbook Worksheets by subject 3. Elsevier On-line Modules

2 ADDITIONAL TIME REQUIREMENTS: Practice time in the lab is required on a weekly basis. Time varies according to individual needs. For information on Brookdale s policy on credit hour requirements and outside class student work refer to Academic Credit Hour Policy. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this course, student will be able to: 1. Apply various concepts and terminology pertaining to radiation exposure and image production. 2. Describe the characteristics and functions of the parts of the x-ray tube and how x- radiation is produced for image development. 3. Assess the clinical significance of the selection of exposure factors on the creation of radiation exposure and image quality characteristics. 4. Analyze the clinical significance of the utilization of imaging accessory on image quality characteristics. GRADING STANDARD: PLEASE REFER TO THE COMPLETE SYLLABI AND RADIOLOGY HANDBOOK A A B B B C C D F 64 OR BELOW THE COURSE GRADE WILL BE DERIVED AS FOLLOWS: EXAM 1 20% EXAM 2 20% EXAM 3 20% FINAL EXAMINATION 20% PROJECT/PRESENTATION 20% 100% COURSE CONTENT: UNIT ONE: IMAGE PRODUCTION The student will: A. The X-ray tube

3 1. List the parts of an x-ray tube. 2. Describe the characteristics and functions of the parts of the x-ray tube, to include the following: filament-dual focused grid-biased focusing cup rotating anode/anode target stator rotor glass envelope protective housing 3. Describe the control of thermionic emission from the filament. 4. Explain the line-focus principle and its effect on anode target design. 5. Discuss the term focal spot. 6. Explain the production of off-focus radiation. 7. Describe the anode heel effect. 8. Calculate safe exposures when provided with a tube rating chart, anode cooling curve and housing cooling curve. 9. Discuss recommendations for extending tube life. B. X-radiation Production 1. State the percentage of electron energy that is converted to x-ray photon energy in the x- ray tube. 2. Describe a bremsstrahlung target interaction. 3. Describe a characteristic target interaction. 4. Identify factors affecting characteristic K-shell photon production. 5. Explain the shape of the x-ray emission spectrum curve. UNIT TWO: PHOTOGRAPHIC/GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES/ PRIME FACTORS The student will: Prime Factors: mas, kvp and SID 1. Define milliamperage and milliamperage-second (mas). 2. Define radiographic density. 3. Explain the relationship between milliamperage (ma), exposure time, mas, and x-ray emission. 4. Identify the relationship between mas and radiographic density. 5. Define kilo voltage (kvp). 6. Explain the relationship between kvp and x-ray emission. 7. Define radiographic contrast. 8. Describe source-to-image distance (SID), source-to-object distance (SOD), object-toimage distance (OID). Density Control 1. Define radiographic density. 2. List factors affecting density. 3. Explain the relationship between ma and mas and density. 4. Explain the relationship between time and density. 5. Explain the relationship between distance and density. 6. Explain the relationship between kv and density. 7. Explain the relationship between other radiographic accessories and density. 8. Calculate mas, time or ma using the reciprocity formula.

4 9. Calculate mas, ma, time or distance using the mas formula. 10. Calculate beam intensity using the Inverse Square law. 11. Calculate mas using film conversion formulas. 12. Calculate mas using screen conversion formulas. 13. Identify inadequate, adequate and excessive density on radiographs. UNIT THREE: CONTRAST AND OTHER RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITIES The student will A. Contrast Control 1. Define radiographic contrast. 2. Define subject contrast. 3. List factors affecting contrast. 4. Explain the relationship between kv and contrast. 5. Explain the relationship between density and contrast. 6. Explain the relationship between distance and density. 7. Explain the relationship between other radiographic accessories and contrast. 8. Describe low contrast. 9. Describe high contrast. 10. Describe long and short scale contrast. 11. Describe the affect kv has on scatter production and patient dose. 12. Identify low and high contrast on radiographic films. 13. List procedures requiring high contrast (low kv). 14. List procedures requiring low contrast (high kv). 15. State the 15% rule. 16. Calculate kv and mas changes using the 15% rule. B. Recorded Detail 1. Define recorded detail and resolution. 2. List factors affecting recorded detail. 3. Explain the relationship between kv and mas on recorded detail. 4. Explain the relationship between body habitus and recorded detail. 5. Explain the relationship between scatter and recorded detail. 6. Explain the relationship between other radiographic accessories and recorded detail. C. Sharpness/Unsharpness 1. Define sharpness and unsharpness. 2. List factors affecting sharpness. 3. Explain the relationship between FSS and sharpness. 4. Explain the relationship between body habitus and sharpness. 5. Explain the relationship between distances and sharpness. 6. Explain the relationship between other radiographic accessories and sharpness. 7. Define penumbra. 8. Define umbra. 9. Calculate unsharpness using the penumbra formula. 10. Calculate FSS, SID, SOD or OID using penumbra formula.

5 UNIT FOUR: SIZE AND SHAPE DISTORTION A. Size/Shape Distortion SYLLABUS 1. Describe size and shape distortion. 2. Define magnification. 3. Define shape distortion. 4. Describe elongation. 5. Describe foreshortening. 6. List factors affecting shape distortion. 7. List factors affecting size distortion. 8. Explain the relationship between distances and size distortion. 9. Explain the relationship between angulation and alignment on shape distortion. 10. Calculate magnification using the magnification formula. 11. Calculate SID, SOD, or OID using the magnification formula. B. Radiographic Pathology 1. Describe the affects of pathology on radiographic quality. 2. Describe the affect of additive pathologies on radiographic density, contrast and recorded detail. 3. Describe the affect of destructive pathologies on radiographic density, contrast and recorded detail. 4. Describe the changes in prime factors to control for pathological affects on the quality of radiographic images. 5. List additive diseases. 6. List destructive diseases. 7. Explain the appropriate changes for each type of disease process. C. Beam Restriction 1. Identify the factors, the effect, and the amount of scatter radiation produced. 2. Discuss the primary methods used by radiographers to control the amount of scatter radiation reaching the film. 3. Explain the purpose and construction of beam restricting devices. 4. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the various beam restricting devices. 5. Describe the effect of beam restriction on image quality and patient dose. 6. Describe the procedure used to determine light field to radiation field alignment. D. Grids 1. Describe the purpose of the grid. 2. Explain the construction of a grid, including grid materials, grid ratio, grid frequency and lead content. 3. Describe the various grid patterns. 4. Differentiate between parallel and focused grids. 5. Differentiate between the uses of a stationary and moving grid. 6. Explain the process of grid selection for specific radiographic procedures. 7. Calculate the changes in technical factors to compensate for changes in grid selection. 8. Describe methods for evaluating the performance of a grid. 9. Discuss common errors that are made when using a grid and the effects of these errors on the radiographic image. 10. Describe the air gap technique. 11. Describe the effect of grids on image quality and patient dose.

6 E. Attenuation 1. Explain the process of attenuation. 2. Describe the basic composition of the human body. 3. Describe the effect of the human body on the attenuation of the x-ray beam. 4. Describe differential attenuation. 5. Explain the relationship of the subject (patient) to the density, contrast, recorded detail and distortion of the recorded image. F. Filtration and K-Edge Absorption 1. Define filtration. 2. Differentiate between inherent filtration, added filtration and total filtration. 3. Describe compensating filtration. 4. Describe compound filtration. 5. Explain the concept of half-value large equivalency measurement filtration. 6. List the recommended minimum total filtration levels. 7. Discuss filtration s effect on patient dose. 8. Describe the effect of filtration on the entire x-ray beam. F. Minimizing Patient Exposure Dose 1. Explain the relationship of entrance skin exposure to other measurement points. 2. Calculate the mr/mas from a calibration exposure total. 3. Calculate total entrance skin exposure when given subject part thickness, SID, kvp, mas, and mr/mas chart. 4. Discuss methods of reducing patient dose through effective communication and effective positioning. 5. Evaluate various exposure factors for the most effective methods of reducing patient dose under various clinical conditions. 6. Discuss various approaches to discussing radiation risk versus benefits. DEPARTMENT POLICIES: See Radiologic Technology Student Handbook. COLLEGE POLICIES: For information regarding Brookdale s Academic Integrity Code, Student Conduct Code, and Student Grade Appeal Process Please refer to the BCC STUDENT HANDBOOK AND BCC CATALOG. NOTIFICATION FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES: Brookdale Community College offers reasonable accommodations and/or services to persons with disabilities. Students with disabilities who wish to self-identify must contact the Disabilities Services Office at or (TTY), provide appropriate documentation of the disability, and request specific accommodations or services. If a student qualifies, reasonable accommodations and/or services, which are appropriate for the college level and are recommended in the documentation, can be approved. ADDITIONAL SUPPORT LABS: Lab Assistant support in Radiology Lab, MAS 133,