Confocal Microscopy. Kristin Jensen

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1 Confocal Microscopy Kristin Jensen

2 References Cell Biological Applications of Confocal Microscopy, Brian Matsumoto, chapter 1 Studying protein dynamics in living cells,, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz Schwartz,, Erik Snapp and Anne Kenworthy (Can be found on PubMed)

3 History Invented by Marvin Minsky in 1957 First photomicrographs of recognizable cells in s: advances in -computer technology -laser technology -digital imaging software 1980 s: commercially available 1990 s: - advances in optics and electronics more stable and powerful lasers more efficient mirrors lower noise photodetectors brighter fluorophores better matched to laser lines higher resolution monitors and printers storage of images

4 Conventional Fluorescense versus Confocal Microscope Conventional: Whole object illuminated at the same time No z-resolution Excitation filters Confocal: One point illuminated Better lateral resolution Z-resolution => optical sections => 3D Lasers

5 Airy disk Dependent on sample features and detection size

6 Resolution Rayleigh criterion Points resolved when maximum of one airy disk coincides with first minimum of the other airy disk Lateral resolution = 0.46 λem / NA Axial resolution = 1.4 λem η/ / NA²

7 What do you see? Fluorescense Speed of light: c = λf λ = wavelength of light f = frequency of light Energy of light: E = hf h = Planck Molecule absorbs energy => excited Molecule emits energy => de-excited excited Planck s constant,, 6.63e Js

8 Absorption and emission spectra

9 Fluorophores

10 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) Microscope: upright/inverted inverted Light source (lasers) Scan Head Detectors Computer

11 Lasers Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Excitation source Advantages: High brightness Low noise Focused into a very small spot (spatial and temporal) Monochromatic (only one wavelength) Variations: Excited medium (solid state/ / gas) Available laser lines Cooling system Output power Operational lifetime

12 Path of the laser Laser Acustooptical tunable filter Aperture (pinhole) Dichromatic mirror Scanning mirrors Objectiv Excitation of specimen -> emission Objectiv Scanning mirrors Dichromatic mirror Aperture (pinhole) Detector

13 Path of the laser Laser Acustooptical tunable filter Aperture (pinhole) Dichromatic mirror Scanning mirrors Objectiv Excitation of specimen -> emission Objectiv Scanning mirrors Dichromatic mirror Aperture (pinhole) Detector

14 Acustooptical Tunable Filter Laser attenuation Selection of excitation wavelength (do not need line selection filters) Individually attenuation of lines from multiline laser Fast switching between imaging modes Sequential scanning => preventing crosstalk Selection of regions of interest (ROI( ROI s)

15 Path of the laser Laser Acustooptical tunable filter Aperture (pinhole) Dichromatic mirror Scanning mirrors Objectiv Excitation of specimen -> emission Objectiv Scanning mirrors Dichromatic mirror Aperture (pinhole) Detector

16 Scan Head

17 Scanning Stage scanning Beam scanning Point scanning Line scanning Spinning disk (Nipkow( disk) Raster scanning Raster rotation => fast Line scan Frame scan

18 Path of the laser Laser Acustooptical tunable filter Aperture (pinhole) Dichromatic mirror Scanning mirrors Objectiv Excitation of specimen -> emission Objectiv Scanning mirrors Dichromatic mirror Aperture (pinhole) Detector

19 Conjugate points

20 Pinhole or slit Light from focus plane focused onto pinhole => large signal Light from out-of of-focusfocus planes blocked by pinhole => small signal Increasing pinhole => decreasing resolution but higher signal Lateral resolution more dependent on pinhole than axial resolution Determines the thickness of the layer Aperture

21

22 Path of the laser Laser Acustooptical tunable filter Aperture (pinhole) Dichromatic mirror Scanning mirrors Objectiv Excitation of specimen -> emission Objectiv Scanning mirrors Dichromatic mirror Aperture (pinhole) Detector

23 Photodetector Filters Photomultiplier tube (PMT) Converts light energy into electrical energy Photons interact with material in detector making free electrons Electrons interact with dynodes making more electrons One PMT for each fluorochrome

24 Spectral Detector Prism or grating separates wavelengths Adjustable slits PMT

25 Computer Runs the hole system Intensity of lasers Pinhole Gain,, offset, sensitivity of detector Focusing Scanning and ROI s Z-direction Filters and shutters Resolution Image saving, processing,, display

26 Spinning Disk Stationary light source and stage White, noncoherent light or lasers Thousands of apertures, µm m in diameter ~ 3600 rpm => image seen in real time Less z-resolution because of bigger pinhole

27 Pixelation Spatial resolution Optical Microscope (objective) => resel xy - direction = 0.46 λemem / NA Digital Computer => 2D pixel => 3D - voxel

28 Sampling Nyquist sampling criterion = two samples for every resolvable point (in each direction) Mismatch between sampling and resolution => the high frequencies disguise in the low frequencies => aliasing If microscope resolves 100 points => do not need 1000 pixels Optical resolution Detector characteristics Display pixelation

29 Spoiling resolution

30 Gray level Intensity level Detector => Just detectable difference (jdd) Computer => Gray level One gray level / jdd => good image reconstruction 8-bit converter => 256 gray levels Sensitivity,, offset, gain

31 Sensitivity,, offset, gain

32 Bleaching Laser bleaches the fluorophore => signal gets weaker Some fluorophores more sensitive than others Reduce intensity of laser Limit the time the specimen is exposed to the laser

33 Crosstalk

34 Fluorescense recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)

35 FRAP- kurver

36 Fluorescense recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)

37 Fluorescense recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) Diffusion constant: D = ω²γ / 4TD ω = radius of bleach circle γ = correction factor for amount of bleaching TD = diffusion time Mobile fraction: Mf = (I - I0) ) / (Ii( - I0) I = intensity at full recovery I0 = intensity at first picture after bleaching Ii = intensity before bleaching Increase in D Non diffusive behaviour Decrease in environment viscosity Decrease in D Formation of large aggregates or complexes Increase in environment viscosity Transient interaction with large or fixed molecules 100 % mobile Freely diffusion in Mf Protein is released from restricted compartment or fixed macromolecular complex in Mf Protein binds or form aggregates that are restricted in movement Protein is confined to another compartment Increase in M Decrease in M

38 Fluorescense loss in photobleaching (FLIP) Loss of fluorescense monitored instead of recovery The same area is repeatedly bleached Area around will be bleached because of moving molecules Compartments which are not getting darker are restricted areas for tagged molecules

39 Fluorescence resonance energy transfere (FRET) Detects close proximity of interacting proteins Certain pairs of fluorophores donor and acceptor F.ex.. CFP and YFP, FITC and Rhodamine,, and Cy3 and Cy5 When the pairs are in very close proximity Excitation of CFP => transfere of energy from CFP to YFP => sensitized emission from YFP Dependent on distance Förster distance, RO => energy transfere with efficiency of 50% Depends on spectral overlap, quanum yield of donor and relative orientation between the pair Measure: Quenching of donor fluorescense Sensitized acceptor fluorescense Acceptor photobleaching Anisotropy Decrease in the rate of donor photobleaching Decrease in excited lifetime of donor

40 Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) Measures the fluctuation of photons from molecules moving in and out of a defined volume deflects average number of molecules => concentration time of diffusion in and out of compartment => diffusion constant Low concentrations of fluorophores (nm) When diffusion suddenly slows down or increase => protein protein interactions

41 Fluorescense localization after photobleaching (FLAP) Molecule to be located carries two fluorophores One to bleach, one as reference label Image differencing Can follow both bleached and unbleached molecules

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