University of Groningen. Synergetic tourism-landscape interactions Heslinga, Jasper

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1 University of Groningen Synergetic tourism-landscape interactions Heslinga, Jasper IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Heslinga, J. (2018). Synergetic tourism-landscape interactions: Policy, public discourse and partnerships [Groningen]: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date:

2 SYNERGETIC TOURISM-LANDSCAPE INTERACTIONS Policy, public discourse and partnerships Jasper H. Heslinga

3 This research was conducted at the Faculty of Spatial Sciences of the University of Groningen. This work is part of the research programme which is financed by the Province of Fryslân. The research is a part of a collaboration between University of Groningen /Campus Fryslân, the Wadden Academy and Stenden University/European Tourism Futures Institute (ETFI). ISBN ISBN (E-publication) Photography Cover and chapter photos Cover design and layout Printed by Jasper Heslinga MOCO Ruben Stoel ProefschriftMaken J. H. Heslinga, All rights reserved. Save exceptions stated by the law, no part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by print, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the author. II

4 Synergetic tourism-landscape interactions Policy, public discourse and partnerships PhD thesis to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. E. Sterken and in accordance with the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on Thursday 11 January 2018 at hours by Jasper Hessel Heslinga born on 31 May 1987 in Groningen, the Netherlands III

5 Supervisor Prof. F.M.D. Vanclay Co-supervisor Dr. P.D. Groote Assessment committee Prof. D. Dredge Prof. J.P.M. van Tatenhove Prof. J. van Dijk IV

6 TABLE OF CONTENT List of figures and tables... VII Chapter 1: Introduction Towards synergetic interactions between tourism and landscape Research focus and design Theoretical framework and key concepts Contribution of the research to theory Methodology and case study area Thesis outline Chapter 2: Using a social-ecological systems perspective to understand tourism and landscape interactions in coastal areas Introduction Tourism and coastal areas as components of social-ecological systems Governing tourism and landscape in coastal areas An application of the social-ecological systems perspective to the Dutch Wadden Conclusion Chapter 3: Understanding the historical institutional context by using content analysis of local policy and planning documents Introduction Data and methods Background information about Terschelling and the Wadden Region Tourism-landscape interactions in policy about Terschelling since the Second World War Interpreting the historical institutional context of Terschelling Conclusion Chapter 4: Examining social-ecological resilience: using content analysis to assess changes in public perceptions of the synergetic interactions between tourism development and landscape protection Introduction V

7 4.2 Synergies, social-ecological systems, institutions and resilience Undertaking a Content Analysis Applying Content Analysis to examine tourism-landscape interactions on the Island of Terschelling Results: What content analysis reveals about changing tourism-landscape interactions Discussion: What does the fluctuating public discourse mean for Terschelling Conclusions Chapter 5: Strengthening governance processes to improve benefit sharing from tourism in protected areas by using stakeholder analysis Introduction Governance to facilitate benefit sharing from tourism in protected areas Data and methods for our case study Case-study description Identification and categorisation of stakeholders (Results Part 1) Interactions between stakeholders (Results Part 2) Discussion Conclusion Chapter 6: Conclusion Introduction Enabling and constraining factors for synergetic interactions Reflections on methods and theory Recommendations for policy makers Synthesis Appendices Samenvatting (summary in dutch) Acknowledgements/dankwoord VI

8 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES List of Figures Page Figure 1.1 Overview map of the Dutch Wadden Sea Region indicating the island of 9 Terschelling Figure 1.2 An overview of the dissertation 12 Figure 2.1 Finding synergies between tourism and landscape 24 Figure 2.2 Co-evolutionary behavior of the integrated tourism-landscape system 27 Figure 2.3 The Dutch Wadden 30 Figure 2.4 Dune landscape and the main village 31 Figure 2.5 Tidal flat area seen from ferry boat 31 Figure 3.1 Land use on Terschelling 49 Figure 3.2 Business park West-Terschelling 50 Figure 3.3 Change in the relative proportions of three main topics in planning documents 53 by year Figure 3.4 Policy orientations per document type 54 Figure 3.5 The development of synergy on Terschelling 55 Figure 3.6 The number of subcodes relating to synergy in planning documents about 56 Terschelling by year Figure 4.1 The Wadden Sea region 70 Figure 4.2 Relative proportion of the three overarching code words depicted as a rolling 72 three year average Figure 4.3 Relative proportion of synergy weighted by newspaper article size (three year 73 rolling average) Figure 4.4 Relative share of subcodes contributing to synergies 74 Figure 4.5 Frequency of use of the top five subcodes for synergy over time 74 Figure 5.1 Map of the Dutch Wadden showing the location of Terschelling 92 Figure 5.2 Interest-influence matrix for Terschelling 94 List of Tables Page Table 1.1 An overview of the topics, research questions, and methods and data 8 Table 2.1 An overview of perspective on resilience 26 Table A.1 Coding scheme for policy documents 120 Table A.2 Coding scheme for newspaper articles 121 VII

9 CHAPTERS Four chapters included in this thesis are reprints of publications or manuscripts. They are the following: Chapter 2: Heslinga, J.H., Groote, P.D., and Vanclay, F. (2017). Using a social-ecological systems perspective to understand tourism and landscape interactions in coastal areas. Journal of Tourism Futures, 3(1), Chapter 3: Heslinga, J.H., Groote, P.D. and F. Vanclay (2017). Understanding the historical institutional context by using content analysis of local policy and planning documents: Assessing the interactions between tourism and landscape on the Island of Terschelling in the Wadden Sea Region. Tourism Management (in press). Chapter 4: Heslinga, J.H., Groote, P.D. and F. Vanclay (2017). Examining social-ecological resilience: using content analysis to assess changes in public perceptions of the synergetic interactions between tourism development and landscape protection. In J. Saarinen and A.M. Gill (Eds.), Resilient destinations: Governance strategies of tourism in the transition towards sustainability (in press). Abingdon: Routledge. Chapter 5: Heslinga, J.H., Groote, P.D. and F. Vanclay (2017). Strengthening governance processes to improve benefit sharing from tourism in protected areas by using stakeholder analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism (in press). VIII

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