Cover Page. Author: Eijk, Carola van Title: Engagement of citizens and public professionals in the co-production of public services Date:

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1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Eijk, Carola van Title: Engagement of citizens and public professionals in the co-production of public services Date:

2 Engagement of Citizens and Public Professionals in the Co-Production of Public Services Carola van Eijk

3 Engagement of Citizens and Public Professionals in the Co-Production of Public Services Carola van Eijk, the Netherlands, 2017 Cover: Layout: Printing: Carola van Eijk Carola van Eijk / Jerney de Jong Lifoka BV Lifoka BV ISBN: NUR: 805 (Bestuurs- en beleidskunde) This research was financed by NWO (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek), Research Talent Program (grant number ).

4 Engagement of Citizens and Public Professionals in the Co-Production of Public Services Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 11 oktober 2017 klokke uur door Carola Jenny Annette van Eijk geboren te Leidschendam in 1986

5 Promotiecommissie Promotoren: Prof. dr. Trui P.S. Steen (KU Leuven / Universiteit Leiden ) Prof. dr. René Torenvlied (Universiteit Twente / Universiteit Leiden) Overige leden: Prof. dr. Victor J.J.M. Bekkers (Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam) Prof. dr. Tony Bovaird (University of Birmingham) Prof. dr. Sandra M. Groeneveld (Universiteit Leiden) Dr. Marlies Honingh (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen) Prof. dr. Steven Van de Walle (KU Leuven) Prof. dr. A. Kutsal Yesilkagit (Universiteit Leiden)

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS

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8 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Introducing this dissertation Introduction Illustrating the puzzle Introducing the research question General context: the evolving relation between government and citizens The evolution of the concept of citizenship Governments finding new forms of engagement The rise of the co-production concept Defining co-production Gaps in the current co-production literature First gap: co-producers motivations are scarcely taken into account Second gap: the perspective of the individual public professional is scarcely taken into account Third gap: dominant focus on either co-producers or public professionals instead of on the interaction between them Scientific relevance and value of the dissertation Increasing our insights in why citizens are engaged Increasing our insights in why public professionals are engaged Increasing our insights in the collaboration between co-producers and public professionals Outline of the dissertation Sub research questions Overview of chapters Practical relevance... 45

9 CHAPTER 2 Why people co-produce: analyzing citizens perceptions on co-planning engagement in health care services Introduction Theoretical insights into capacity and willingness to co-produce Methods and data Client councils in health care organizations Q-methodology Concourse, Q-sample, and P-sample Analysis Findings and discussion Four perspectives on engagement in co-production Capacities and motivations for engagement in co-production Conclusion and directions for future research CHAPTER 3 Why engage in co-production of public services? Mixing theory and empirical evidence Introduction Towards a theoretical explanation of what prompts citizens to engage in co-production of public services Socio-psychological factors for engagement Socioeconomic variables and social connectedness In-between self-interest and community-centered motivations Qualitative data collection Giving the floor to co-producers Dutch client councils in health care organizations Belgian user councils in health care organizations for disabled people Dutch representative advisory councils at primary schools Dutch neighborhood watches Discussion: connecting empirical data and theory Conclusion... 97

10 CHAPTER 4 Co-producing safety in the local community: a Q-methodology study on the incentives of Belgian and Dutch members of neighborhood watch schemes Introduction Literature review: co-producing safety in the local community Co-producing safety Incentives for co-production Methodology Case selection: neighborhood watch schemes in the Netherlands and Belgium Research method Data collection and analysis Results Neighborhood watches in Belgium Neighborhood watches in the Netherlands Discussion and conclusion Comparison to existing knowledge Conclusion and policy relevance CHAPTER 5 Public professionals engagement in co-production: Dutch elderly care managers perceptions on collaboration with client councils Introduction Engagement in co-production Characteristics of professionals work environment Work-Autonomy Organizational support and red tape Client councils in organizations for elderly care Methods Measurement of variables Results

11 5.7 Conclusion and discussion CHAPTER 6 Helping Dutch neighborhood watch schemes to survive the rainy season: studying mutual perceptions on citizens and professionals engagement in the co-production of community safety Introduction Co-producing community safety Being engaged in co-production Research methods Case selection Data collection Data analysis Professionals and citizens collaborating in Stadszicht Starting BPTs: importance of professional guidance Continuing BPTs over time Discussion Conclusion CHAPTER 7 Conclusions and discussion Introduction Answers to the research question Why do individual citizens engage in the co-production of public services? Why do individual public professionals engage in the co-production of public services? How do mutual perceptions of the co-production partners engagement influence the collaboration? Wrapping up: an adjusted theoretical model of individual citizens and public professionals engagement in the co-production of public services

12 7.3 Discussion of results Major contributions of the overall dissertation Limitations of the current study and suggestions for the future research agenda Implications for practice REFERENCES NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING (SUMMARY IN DUTCH) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Key variables included in the existing co-production literature (A) and in this dissertation s study (B) Figure 1.2 Key variables and mechanisms investigated throughout the dissertation s study divided among three sub research questions Figure 2.1 Discourse analysis matrix Figure 2.2 Distribution of statements Figure 3.1 Theoretical model to explain citizens motivations to take part in co-production Figure 4.1 Characteristics of local neighborhood schemes in Belgium and the Netherlands Figure 4.2 Discourse analysis matrix Figure 4.3 Indication of the presence of theoretical explanations for citizens engagement within the two cases Figure 5.1 Theoretical model explaining professionals engagement in co-production Figure 6.1 Coding scheme used for the interviews and participant observations Figure 6.2 Possible values for the purposes for and levels of engagement

13 Figure 6.3 Figure 7.1 Graphical model presenting the different factors that influence citizen professional collaboration in co-production Theoretical model derived from the dissertation s research findings LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Overview of the empirical chapters in the dissertation Table 2.1 Selected 45 statements Table 2.2 Factor loadings for 32 Q-sorts Table 2.3 Factor scores ideal model Q-sorting Table 2.4 Identifying statements Discourse 1 The semi-professional Table 2.5 Identifying statements Discourse 2 The socializer Table 2.6 Identifying statements Discourse 3 The network professional Table 2.7 Identifying statements Discourse 4 The aware co-producer Table 3.1 Overview of focus groups and respondents Table 4.1 Ideal factor scores: Belgium Table 4.2 Ideal factor scores: the Netherlands Table 5.1 Comparison of some major characteristics for the population and sample: one-sample t-tests to check for non-response bias Table 5.2 Composition of the three scales of engagement with co-production (N = 342) Table 5.3a Summary statistics for the variables in the analysis (N = 280) Table 5.3b Correlation coefficients Table 5.4 Perceived Importance of Client Councils: results of OLS Regression (N = 276) Table 5.5 Perceived Impact of Client Councils: results of OLS Regression (N = 276) Table 5.6 Self-reported Personal Involvement in Client Councils: results of OLS Regression (N = 276) Table 6.1 List of interviewees Table 6.2 Distribution of interviewees to neighborhood watch schemes (BPTs)

14 LIST OF TEXT BOXES Text box 1.1 Challenges for a neighborhood watch scheme and the public Text box 1.2 professionals being involved The changing nature of citizenship in the policy domain of health care

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