Network Challenges for Coherent Systems. Mike Harrop Technical Sales Engineering, EXFO
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5 Network Challenges for Coherent Systems Mike Harrop Technical Sales Engineering, EXFO
6 Agenda G Transmission Technology 2. Non Linear effects 3. RAMAN Amplification 1. Optimsing gain 2. Keeping It Clean 4. Conclusion
7 100G Transmission Technology
8 A Brief History Of Line Modulation
9 A Brief History Of Line Modulation Amplitude On/off keying(ook) Amplitude modulation Non-return to zero (NRZ) One bit encoding t
10 A Brief History Of Line Modulation Amplitude On/off keying(ook) Amplitude modulation Non-return to zero (NRZ) One bit encoding t Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) Phase modulation One bit encoding 2 states 0 & 180 t
11 A Brief History Of Line Modulation Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) Phase modulation Uses 45 o, 135 o, 225 o, 315 o phase states - 4 states Typically used for 100G transmission Two bit encoding One time interval t
12 A Brief History Of Line Modulation Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) Phase modulation Uses 45 o, 135 o, 225 o, 315 o phase states - 4 states Typically used for 100G transmission Two bit encoding One time interval t Each phase state represents two bits Data rate can be transmitted with only half the baud (signaling) rate.
13 Polarisation Multiplexing Polarisation multiplexing (PM), also called Dual Polarization (DP) Doubles the capacity of a span by encoding the information on two different polarizations Vertical polarisation Dual polarisation Horizontal polarisation
14 Coherent v/s Noncoherent detection. Direct detection (noncoherent): contains a photodiode for on-off keying signals
15 Coherent v/s Noncoherent detection. Direct detection (noncoherent): contains a photodiode for on-off keying signals Coherent detection
16 Phase modulation with Coherent detection Advantages More bits/s Can undo all CD impairments More robust against PMD 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 11
17 Phase modulation with Coherent detection Advantages Dis-advantages More bits/s Can undo all CD impairments More robust against PMD 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 11
18 Phase modulation with Coherent detection Advantages More bits/s Dis-advantages Starting with lower powers Can undo all CD impairments More robust against PMD 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 11
19 Phase modulation with Coherent detection Advantages More bits/s Can undo all CD impairments More robust against PMD Dis-advantages Starting with lower powers Phase modulation more easily affected by fibre non linearities 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 11
20 Phase modulation with Coherent detection Advantages More bits/s Can undo all CD impairments More robust against PMD Dis-advantages Starting with lower powers Phase modulation more easily affected by fibre non linearities Require higher OSNR for 200G & 400G 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 11
21 Non linear introduction
22 Non-linear effects
23 Non-linear effects
24 Scattering Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) High optical power causes molecular vibrations in the glass. Molecules absorb the light and re-emit at higher wavelength. Typically ~100nm shift.
25 Self Phase Modulation Intensity of amplitude modulated (AM) pulse changes Refractive Index of fibre D Intensity D Refractive Index l 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 16
26 Self Phase Modulation Intensity of amplitude modulated (AM) pulse changes Refractive Index of fibre Different portions of the pulse see different Refractive indices D Intensity D Refractive Index D Refractive Index D Phase (Chirp) l l 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 16
27 Self Phase Modulation Intensity of amplitude modulated (AM) pulse changes Refractive Index of fibre Different portions of the pulse see different Refractive indices Causes phase modulation & pulse dispersion in AM signals D Intensity D Refractive Index D Refractive Index D Phase (Chirp) D Phase (Chirp) + Dispersion PULSE SPREADING l l t 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 16
28 Self Phase Modulation Intensity of amplitude modulated (AM) pulse changes Refractive Index of fibre Different portions of the pulse see different Refractive indices Causes phase modulation & pulse dispersion in AM signals D Intensity D Refractive Index D Refractive Index D Phase (Chirp) D Phase (Chirp) + Dispersion PULSE SPREADING l l t In 10G systems not usually an issue controlled through intensity & dispersion management EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 16
29 Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) XPM extension of SPM multiple channels interact l 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 17
30 Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) XPM extension of SPM multiple channels interact l For Phase modulated signals, Amplitude modulated signals with cause phase noise 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 17
31 Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) XPM extension of SPM multiple channels interact For Phase modulated signals, Amplitude modulated signals with cause phase noise Solution - Channel grooming l 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 17
32 Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) XPM extension of SPM multiple channels interact For Phase modulated signals, Amplitude modulated signals with cause phase noise Solution - Channel grooming l 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 17
33 Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) XPM extension of SPM multiple channels interact For Phase modulated signals, Amplitude modulated signals with cause phase noise Solution - Channel grooming Solution - Lower launch power to reduce NLE l 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 17
34 Conflicting requirements Issue - With Dual polarization signals launch power is now 3dB lower (shared between 2 signals) 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 18
35 Conflicting requirements Issue - With Dual polarization signals launch power is now 3dB lower (shared between 2 signals) Solution? Turn up launch power EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 18
36 Conflicting requirements Issue - With Dual polarization signals launch power is now 3dB lower (shared between 2 signals) Solution? Turn up launch power. Issue - 10G & 100G interaction with XPM EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 18
37 Conflicting requirements Issue - With Dual polarization signals launch power is now 3dB lower (shared between 2 signals) Solution? Turn up launch power. Issue - 10G & 100G interaction with XPM. Solution? Solution? Channel grooming Lower launch power to reduce NLE 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 18
38 Conflicting requirements Issue - With Dual polarization signals launch power is now 3dB lower (shared between 2 signals) Solution? Turn up launch power. Issue - 10G & 100G interaction with XPM. Solution? Solution? Channel grooming Lower launch power to reduce NLE Issue - Higher OSNR requirements for Higher order modulations schemes 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 18
39 Conflicting requirements Issue - With Dual polarization signals launch power is now 3dB lower (shared between 2 signals) Solution? Turn up launch power. Issue - 10G & 100G interaction with XPM. Solution? Solution? Channel grooming Lower launch power to reduce NLE Issue - Higher OSNR requirements for Higher order modulations schemes Solution? RAMAN Amplifiers 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 18
40 RAMAN Amplification
41 EDFA (Basics) EDFA EDFA dbm 0-30 EDFA only
42 Raman (Basics) Simple Raman Schematic 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 21
43 Raman (Basics) Simple Raman Schematic Stimulated Raman scattering 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 21
44 Raman (Basics) Simple Raman Schematic Raman Gain Spectra Stimulated Raman scattering 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 21
45 Raman (Basics) Simple Raman Schematic Raman Gain Spectra Stimulated Raman scattering Multiple Pumps Gain Spectra 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 21
46 Distributed Raman Amplification Typically used as pre-amp to an inline or pre-amp EDFA EDFA EDFA dbm 0 Raman Pump db EDFA With only Raman G R on/off
47 Distributed Raman Amplification Typically used as pre-amp to an inline or pre-amp EDFA EDFA EDFA dbm 0 Raman Pump -15 G R on/off db EDFA With only Raman Longer fiber spans Increases power at the input to EDFA -> increases OSNR Higher capacity Increased link distance Enhanced operating margins
48 RAMAN Amplification Optimsing the gain
49 Impact of fibre attenuation on Raman Gain 1430 nm attenuation? Higher attenuation at Pump wavelength reduces Raman performance
50 Raman Gain Reduction (db) Impact on System Reach Assume older fiber with average loss in 1430 nm range of 0.33 db/km and 1dB connector loss dB/km 0.09 db higher loss at pump wavelengths dB/km dB/km 3 4 db less Raman gain ,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 Connection Loss (db) 28% shorter link distance
51 How can we measure the Attenuation? Direction of signal Direction of Raman pump Use 1430nm Important to measure attenuation over region of Raman amplification
52 RAMAN Amplification Keeping it clean
53 Raman Gain Reduction (db) Impact of Connection Loss on Raman Gain Loss between Raman pump and transmission fiber is caused by Multiple connectors and patch panels Contaminated connectors Old connectors 10 Fiber bends Connector Loss Signal Pump dB/km 1 Raman pump 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 Connection Loss (db)
54 Raman Gain Reduction (db) Location of Loss Element Connector loss in proximity of Raman pump has maximum impact on Raman gain Same loss located beyond the effective length of the fiber has minimal contribution to gain reduction 10 Signal Loss Distance to loss element km 5km 10km 20km 3 Pump 2 1 Raman pump 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 Connection Loss (db)
55 Equipment Damage Permanent damage to connectors on DWDM equipment and on patch panels
56 How Can We Find Bad Connectors? Use an OTDR to locate (existing link) Use inspection probe to check cleanliness of connectors Remove all connectors
57 Conclusion Coherent technology has helped achieve higher capacity To combine with longer reach demands require additional Raman Amplifiers 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 32
58 Conclusion Coherent technology has helped achieve higher capacity To combine with longer reach demands require additional Raman Amplifiers Some additional basic fibre characterisation required for optimal performance; Minimizing attenuation in nm range Keeping losses/reflectance's in the Raman window to a minimum 2017 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved. 32
59 Thank you
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