Qualifying Fiber for 10G Deployment
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1 Qualifying Fiber for 10G Deployment Presented by: Bob Chomycz, P.Eng. Tel: , Slide 1 of 25
2 Telecom Engineering Introduction Offices in USA and Canada In the past 18 years we have engineered/ installed/tested; > 400 fiber network nodes such as SONET, DWDM, CWDM, routers, switches, etc. onto >40,000 km of fiber created 7000 network documentation drawings building networks globally Products: WDM Lite TM brand passive multiplexers, CWDM, DWDM, Cross Band, Bi-directional, EDFA Optical amplifiers, dispersion compensation, test equipment Resellers of MRV Communications products Services: Engineering, installation, provisioning, testing and documentation 24x7 network monitoring and expert technical support services On staff experienced network design and installation engineers Customers / clients: telcos, carriers, utilities, ISPs, other network service providers Many references available Slide 2 of 25
3 Why do we need to Qualify Fiber to 10G? Due to the high data rate and very short pulse width, fiber parameters have a greater affect at 10G communications than at lower speeds. Fiber is qualified for 10G operation at a specific fiber length. Parameters to Consider: optical power loss, fiber, connectors, splices, other (Power Meter/OTDR) optical return loss, reflections in fiber (ORL) chromatic dispersion (CD) polarization mode dispersion (PMD) optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR)* non linear effects* First 4 parameters are measured during Fiber Characterization type field measurement. Slide 3 of 25
4 Span Loss Typical good quality fiber attenuation is 0.25 Typical 10G transceivers optical budget is 23 Resulting maximum span fiber length 92 km if no other losses present (23dB / 0.25dB/km). Need to include 3 db power penalty at 10G for CD and PMD Therefor, maximum optical budget is 20 db and fiber distance is 80km (20dB / 0.25dB/km), 50 miles. However, typical 10G transceiver is also limited to 80km by fiber s chromatic dispersion*. Distance can possibly be exceeded by using optical amplifiers and dispersion compensation *Note: values indicated in this presentation assume standard single mode fiber is being used, type ITU G.652 Slide 4 of 25
5 Span Loss Span loss should be measured with a calibrated power meter and light source at the wavelengths used for communications. Typical non WDM, 1310nm and 1550nm For DWDM systems, 1550nm measurement is usually adequate For CWDM systems, measurement should be made over each channel using a CWDM laser test source or CWDM transceiver. Be careful to record span loss to at least 1 decimal place. Be sure fiber connectors are clean, use a fiber scope if necessary to visually check for cleanliness. Be careful not to overpower the optical receiver. Typical overload level is -7dBm and damage threshold is 0 dbm. Slide 5 of 25
6 Span Loss Slide 6 of 25
7 Span Loss Slide 7 of 25
8 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) An OTDR emits a strong pulse of light into the fiber and measures the reflections back from the fiber over a period of time. The reflected light is then gathered and analyzed providing optical loss in each fiber section, splice, connection, and devices. It provides useful information of: Fiber loss over the fiber length Splice and connector loss over the fiber length Other anomalies over the fiber length ORL at the launch location Fiber length, not cable length, if calibrated properly Slide 8 of 25
9 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) Slide 9 of 25
10 Optical Return Loss (ORL) ORL is the measure of the total reflected light from connectors, splices and the fiber that returns to the output Tx port of the optical transceiver s (SFP/XFP/etc) transmit laser. If the returned light power is strong enough, it can destabilize the laser, and cause bit errors. High ORL measurements are typically due to poor quality and/or dirty connectors. Use SC-UPC or LC-UPC for 10G communications. ORL is measured with an ORL meter or OTDR. Read instructions carefully, it is not a simple procedure. Many transceivers require typical ORL of 27 db. Slide 10 of 25
11 Optical Return Loss (ORL) Slide 11 of 25
12 Chromatic Dispersion (CD) Laser light comprises a spectrum of light wavelengths Different wavelengths of laser light propagate down a fiber at slightly different speeds and arrive at the end of the fiber at different times This results in, signal pulse spreading Slide 12 of 25
13 Chromatic Dispersion (CD) Because of the much smaller pulse width at 10Gbps (100ps) than 1Gbps, (1ns) Pulse spreading that may not affect 1G significantly can make it difficult for the 10G receiver to distinguish between different pulses in the same fiber length and thereby causing bit errors. For standard single mode fiber, non DSF, (ITU G.652, SMF28e) pulse spreads about 16 to 17ps/nm.km at 1550nm. Typical limit for 10G transceiver is ~1400ps/nm or 80km (50 miles). At 1300nm dispersion is ~ 0ps/nm.km. Slide 13 of 25
14 Chromatic Dispersion (CD) To compensate for high chromatic dispersion, dispersion compensation modules (DCM) are used. DCM adds to fiber span loss. Typically come marked with the length of fiber the DCM compensates, example 60km or 90km, and what fiber type they compensate. Chromatic dispersion can be measured in a fiber span in order to determine amount to compensate for the dispersion effect. Slide 14 of 25
15 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) High PMD results in bit errors and/or outages It is caused by different light polarizations in the fiber arriving at the receiver at different times, which results in pulse spreading Light propagation delay in different polarizations is due to distortion in fiber symmetry (fiber is not perfectly round). Distortion is caused by imperfect manufacturing techniques and stresses on the fiber cable Slide 15 of 25
16 PMD Older fiber cables may have worst PMD due to less tolerance in manufacturing and longer period of environmental stresses on the cable. Only concern for transmission rates of 10 Gbps and higher Typically, for 10 Gbps transceivers PMD measured value should be below 8 ps, for 5 nines (99.999%, 5 min/year) channel availability. It is generally not possible to compensate for fiber with high PMD. It is practically impossible to estimate fiber PMD for older fiber cables in long spans. Best is to measure all fibers in cable for PMD and reserve fibers with low PMD for 10 G traffic traffic, all other fibers for 1G and slower speeds. Slide 16 of 25
17 Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) Measure of signal power to noise power ratio Only consider if optical amplifiers (EDFA, SOA, Raman) are used to boost 10G signal For 10G, typically 24 db to 28 db depending on dispersion compensation and PMD Slide 17 of 25
18 Non Linear Effects Signal distortion and interference is created when when too much power is launched into a fiber When optical amplifiers are used. In general, best to keep launch power under +6 dbm for non DWDM / CWDM transmissions. (dependent on fiber type and transceiver). Slide 18 of 25
19 Rule of Thumb thresholds for Selected 10G Transceivers Optical Budget 1 Gbps 10 Gbps <40 db <20 db CD <170 km* <80 km* PMD NA 8 ps ORL 27 db 27 db OSNR db db BER 10e e -12 * For ITU G.652 fiber Slide 19 of 25
20 Optical Amplifiers Used to extend the reach of 10G transmission. Compensate for unexpected fiber link losses and loss due to DWDMs and/or DCMs (Dispersion Compensation Modules) Does not compensate for fiber dispersion, require separate DCM. Available to extend electric utility relay signaling over long distance fiber. Schweitzer (SEL) and Schneider Electric approved. Slide 20 of 25
21 Optical Amplifiers EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier technology is used to amplify C & L bands (1529 to 1625 nm). Gain available from 3 db to >27 db Output power available from +3 dbm to >+17 dbm Available as Post (Booster), In-Line, or Pre-Amp Used for DWDM applications and non DWDM situations where fiber loss is great Raman Amplifier technology is available to amplify any wavelengths (common from 1529 to 1612 nm). Gain available from 3 db to ~10 db, with very little to no noise introduction Raman Amplifier is usually placed at the end of a fiber span amplifying light being received (Pre-Amp). Used to extend EDFA systems that have reached OSNR noise limit. Slide 21 of 25
22 Our Services We provide a complete turn-key solutions from engineering design to installation and product supply. We offer our clients: Fiber Characterization (we qualify fiber for 10G communication) Engineering design, supply, installation and turn-up of fiber optic networks Network documentation services 24x7 network monitoring and technical support services Slide 22 of 25
23 Our Products Our Lite TM Brand: 4, 8, 16, 32 wavelength passive DWDM, 10G, 100 Gig ready 4, 8, 18 wavelength passive CWDM DWDM/CWDM M-ROADM, OADM Optical Amplifiers Dispersion Compensation Modules Pluggables, SFP, XFP, GBIC, Xenpak FTTH Routers, Switches, CPE Fiber optic test equipment Software; F-Intermod, BER Calculator MRV Communications: Fiber Driver Transponder Shelf Wireless Systems: Xirrus Radwin Books: - Planning Fiber Optic Networks, Author Bob Chomycz, McGraw-Hill, ISBN Fiber Optic Installers Field Manual, Author Bob Chomycz, McGraw-Hill Slide 23 of 25
24 Recommended Reading Planning Fiber Optic Networks - Author Bob Chomycz - ISBN Available from Amazon.com Fiber Optic Installer s Field Manual - Author Bob Chomycz - ISBN Available from Amazon.com Slide 24 of 25
25 Call Toll Free: Presented by: Bob Chomycz, P. Eng., President , Slide 25 of 25
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