AP UNITED STATES HISTORY 2001 SCORING GUIDELINES. Question 4

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1 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY 2001 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 4 The 8-9 Essay: Presents a clearly stated, well-developed thesis addressing the developments in transportation that sparked economic growth from 1860 to 1900 Must provide ample, relevant supporting information from 1860 to 1900 Has effective analysis of the impact of transportation developments on the economy; should demonstrate breadth or depth of analysis Is well-organized May contain minor errors The 5-7 Essay: Presents a thesis, which may be partially developed, addressing the developments in transportation that sparked economic growth from 1860 to Supports thesis with relevant information from 1860 to Has some analysis of the impact of transportation developments; may demonstrate either breadth or depth Has acceptable organization May contain errors that do not seriously detract from the essay The 2-4 Essay: Likely to have a thesis that may be undeveloped in terms of addressing the developments in transportation that sparked economic growth from 1860 to 1900 Has limited amount of relevant information from 1860 to 1900 May lack an understanding of the chronology Has little or no analysis; may contain only generalizations May be poorly organized May contain major errors that detract from the essay (e.g., focus on Erie Canal being constructed during the period, mass production of automobiles and airplanes) The 0-1 Essay: May paraphrase the question or may have no thesis Has little or no relevant information May lack an understanding of the chronology Contains no analysis Consists mostly of generalizations May be poorly organized. May contain numerous errors, both major and minor The Essay: Is completely off topic or blank Copyright 2001 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. 14

2 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY 2001 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 4 (cont.) COMMONLY SEEN INFORMATION Transportation Developments: Railroad expansion, including transcontinental railroad (Central Pacific, Union Pacific) o land grants, subsidies o J.P. Morgan and investment banking in railroads; Cornelius Vanderbilt; George Pullman and his railroad car company; Leland Stanford Railroad technology improvement, such as refrigerated cars for perishable foodstuffs, integrated rail network Canals continued to be important mode of transportation in this period Continued use of steamboats on rivers and canals; Steamships (ocean-going ships) Streetcars, electric trolleys, cable cars, subways Communications facilitating transportation: telegraph, then telephone Impact of Transportation Developments: Transportation as facilitator of economic growth and as aspect of economy itself: o Railroads as consumer of products (manufacture of iron and steel, use of coal and wood) o Railroads as employer of large numbers of people both in construction and in operation o Railroads as agent for immigration; land sales Growth of integrated national market, emergence of big business (corporations), national competition (goods are transported faster, cheaper, further), industrialization Railroads as business model for large corporations Growth of new businesses (meatpacking, perishable goods, fresh produce, catalog sales [Sears, Roebuck], tourism) Transportation of mineral products (coal, gold, silver, iron ore, copper) Increased speed/reduced time in distribution of goods, services, people Agricultural expansion, farm products to market more efficiently (and profitably) Population shifts, rural to urban; settlement of West Urbanization and suburbanization Andrew Carnegie and steel John D. Rockefeller and petroleum Steamships brought immigrants to America and exported agricultural and other products Railroads stimulated post-reconstruction economic development in the South COMMON ERRORS Construction of Erie Canal and Panama Canal; significant canal building (outside of time period) Invention of the railroad and the steamboat Mass production of automobile (outside of time period) and its impact Airline industry Copyright 2001 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. 15

3 AP UNITED STATES HISTORY 2001 SCORING COMMENTARY Question 4 Sample Score 1-9 Commentary AAA 9 This essay has a sophisticated thesis and an excellent analysis of issues relating to transportation in the late nineteenth century. It has substantial outside information, which is used effectively to trace major developments in industry and agriculture. It ties in federal land policies, acts and supreme court rulings very well in the discussion of economic developments. BBB 6 This essay has a thesis and some outside information. It focuses on transportation s (including steamboats and refrigerated rail cars) impact on towns and markets in terms of RR changes generating a need for materials and providing jobs. It has some errors such as the repeated reference to eliminating overproduction. Its limited analysis of developments in industry keeps it in the middle category. DDD 4 This essay has an unusual thesis. The essay focuses on how businesses affected transportation and then how transportation affected business. Thus, while the essay mentions a few consequences of transportation developments, most of the evidence is on industry and its primary thrust is the symbiotic relationship of industry and transportation. It shows some understanding of the period but not enough to overcome its failure to focus on the question asked. The essay is repetitive and filled with general statements. Question 5 Sample Score 1-9 Commentary II 8 This essay contains a strong thesis that is well developed. It accounts for the rise of nativism by drawing upon numerous examples from the period. The analysis is highly effective, even insightful. A minor error about A. Mitchell Palmer does not detract from the overall quality of the essay. AA 6 This essay contains a clear thesis and a limited analysis of the issues surrounding the rise of nativism. The essay blends together a nice discussion of the role of labor and politics. However, it focuses on the general history of the times, lacks specifics, and is thin on outside information. FF 5 This essay has a simplistic thesis that is not well-supported through the essay. There is some information describing nativism and accounting for its rise. The essay remains in the middle of the category because of the paucity of analysis. Copyright 2001 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board. 4

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