Chapter 7 Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters

Transcription

1 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-1 Chapter 7 Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters Lesson Goal After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to describe what items to look for in confirming a terrorist or criminal activity, describe various types of terrorist attacks, and describe proper evidence preservation. Objectives Upon successful completion of this lesson, the student shall be able to: 1. Define terrorism. 2. Distinguish between a terrorist attack and a routine emergency. 3. Discuss terrorist tactics and types of attacks. 4. Discuss explosive attacks. 5. Discuss chemical attacks. [NFPA 472, 5.2.3(9)(a, c-e, g)] 6. Discuss biological attacks. [NFPA 472, 5.2.3(9)(b)] 7. Discuss radiological and nuclear attacks. [NFPA 472, 5.2.3(9)(f), 5.2.4(5)] 8. Identify hazards of illegal haz mat dumps. 9. Describe proper evidence preservation. [NFPA 472, 5.4.2] 10. Discuss hazardous materials during and after disasters. Time Section/Activity Outline Pages Text Pages 10 min. Section I: Introduction to Chapter 7 10 min. Section II: What is Terrorism? min. Section III: Terrorism and Emergency Response 15 min. Section IV: Terrorist Tactics and Types of Attacks min. Section V: Explosive Attacks min. Section VI: Chemical Attacks

2 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters min. Section VII: Biological Attacks min. Section VIII: Radiological and Nuclear Attacks min. Section IX: Illegal Haz Mat Dumps min. Section X: Evidence Preservation min. Section XI: Haz Mat During and After Disasters min. Section XII: Summary and Review 15 min. Chapter 7 Quiz 45 min. Chapter 7 Test Section I: Introduction to Chapter 7 10 min. I. INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 7 A. Lesson Goal 1. Chapter 7 lesson goal After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to describe what items to look for in confirming a terrorist or criminal activity, describe various types of terrorist attacks, and describe proper evidence preservation. B. Objectives 1. Define terrorism. 2. Distinguish between a terrorist attack and a routine emergency. 3. Discuss terrorist tactics and types of attacks. 4. Discuss explosive attacks. 5. Discuss chemical attacks. 6. Discuss biological attacks. 7. Discuss radiological and nuclear attacks. 8. Identify hazards of illegal haz mat dumps. 9. Describe proper evidence preservation. 10. Discuss hazardous materials during and after disasters. Section II: What is Terrorism? 10 min.

3 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-3 II. WHAT IS TERRORISM? p. 313 Objective 1 Define terrorism. A. Definitions of Terrorism 1. U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) a. The unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in the furtherance of political or social objectives b. Three elements i. Terrorist activities are illegal and involve the use of force ii. Actions intend to intimidate or coerce iii. Actions are committed in support of political or social objectives 2. Other popular definition The unlawful or threatened use of force or violence against individuals or property to coerce and intimidate governments or societies, often to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives B. Terrorism 1. Can be achieved by groups or individuals 2. Will have an emotional effect on the target population 3. Designed to cause disruption, fear, and panic in order to draw attention to cause 4. May be used to coerce or intimidate governments into granting demands 5. May be used to provoke governments into repressive actions Review Question: What is the definition of terrorism? See page 313 of the manual for answers.

4 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-4 Section III: Terrorism and Emergency Response 10 min. III. TERRORISM AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE pp Objective 2 Distinguish between a terrorist attack and a routine emergency. A. Key Differences Between Routine Emergencies and a Terrorism Attack 1. Intent Terrorist attacks intend to cause damage, inflict harm, and kill 2. Severity and complexity Terrorist attacks may include: a. Larger number of casualties or materials b. Secondary contamination c. Difficulty securing the scene and managing the incident 3. Crime scene management Evidence must be preserved after terrorist attacks 4. Command structure Terrorist attacks require unified command structure 5. Secondary device/attacks and armed resistance a. Terrorists may specifically target emergency responders in an attempt to incapacitate or kill them b. Additional hazards i. Secondary events intended to incapacitate or delay emergency responders ii. Armed resistance and assault iii. Use of weapons iv. Booby traps Review Question: How is a terrorist attack different from a routine emergency? See pages of the manual for answers.

5 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-5 Section IV: Terrorist Tactics and Types of Attacks 15 min. IV. TERRORIST TACTICS AND TYPES OF ATTACKS pp Objective 3 Discuss terrorist tactics and types of attacks. A. Terrorist Tactics 1. Traditionally involve conventional weapons 2. Traditional tactics a. Assassination b. Armed assault c. Bombings 3. New tactics a. Cyber terrorism b. Agroterrorism Ask Students: What are cyber terrorism and agroterrorism? Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that cyber terrorism is the premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents. Agroterrorism is a terrorist attack directed against agriculture, for example, food supplies or livestock. 4. Now include weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) B. Types of Terrorist Attacks 1. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) a. Any weapon or device that is intended or has the capability to cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of one of the following means: i. Toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors ii. A disease organism iii. Radiation or radioactivity b. Categories i. Chemical

6 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-6 ii. Biological iii. Radiological iv. Nuclear v. Explosive c. Not easily manufactured d. Require high levels of technical expertise, hard-to-acquire materials, expensive equipment e. Present significant hurdles before being deployed f. Greatest threat Nations with infrastructure, finances, and scientific knowledge g. Some more readily produced and/or acquired than others C. WMD Threat Realities 1. Explosives 2. Biological toxins 3. Industrial chemicals 4. Biological pathogens 5. Radiological materials 6. Military-grade chemical weapons 7. Nuclear weapons Section V: Explosive Attacks 90 min. V. EXPLOSIVE ATTACKS p Objective 4 Discuss explosive attacks. A. Explosive Devices 1. Anything from homemade pipe bomb to sophisticated military ordinance 2. Most of homemade or improvised construction 3. Designed to kill, maim, or destroy property B. Anatomy of an Explosion 1. Explosive material a. Any material or mixture that will undergo an extremely fast, selfpropagating reaction when subjected to some form of energy b. Combine an oxidizing component with a fuel component 2. Explosion Results when a material undergoes a physical or chemical reaction that releases rapidly expanding gases 3. Shock front

7 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-7 a. Occurs when expanding gases move outward in a circle, compressing the surrounding atmosphere b. Sometimes visible, expanding outward from the point of detonation 4. Blast-pressure wave a. Pressure wave formed by expanding gases b. Can demolish virtually anything in its way c. Positive-pressure phase i. Occurs when the shock front leads the positive-pressure wave, striking anything in its path with destructive, hammering force ii. Will continue outwards in an expanding radius until its energy is diminished by distance or transferred to objects in its path d. Negative-pressure phase i. Created when displaced atmosphere rushes in to fill the vacuum left at the center of the explosion ii. Also has destructive power, but not to same degree iii. Lasts about three times longer than positive-pressure phase Ask Students: What determines the size of an incident? Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that the size of an incident involving explosives is determined by the amount and type of explosives used. C. Classification of Explosives 1. Based on rate of decomposition a. High explosives i. Decompose rapidly (detonation) ii. Detonation velocities From 3,300 feet per second (fps) to 29,900 fps (1 006 meters per second [mps] to mps) iii. Examples b. Low explosives i. Decompose rapidly but do not produce explosive effect unless confined (deflagrate) ii. Commonly used as propellants when confined in small spaces or containers iii. Pyrotechnic substances used in fireworks and road flares 2. Based on high explosives susceptibility to initiation

8 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-8 a. Primary i. Easily initiated and highly sensitive to heat ii. Usually used as detonators iii. Small amounts can be detonated iv. Examples b. Secondary i. Designed to detonate only under specific circumstances, usually by activation energy from a primary explosive ii. Less sensitive to initiating stimuli such as heat or flame iii. Example c. Tertiary i. Very insensitive materials ii. Usually require initiation from a secondary explosive Review Question: Describe the different classifications of explosives. See page 322 of the manual for answers. D. Commercial/Military Explosives 1. Normally used for legitimate purposes, but may be stolen or used by criminals or terrorists 2. May be used to inflict injury and death to persons and damage to property and the environment Ask Students: What types of military munitions may also be used by criminals or terrorists? Briefly discuss answers with students. Discuss the munitions listed below. Mortars Grenades Anti-personnel mines Surface-to-air missiles Rocket propelled grenades E. Homemade/Improvised Explosive Materials 1. Typically made by combining an oxidizer with a fuel 2. Fairly simple to make and require very little technical expertise or specialized equipment

9 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters Peroxide-based explosives a. Can be made by mixing concentrated hydrogen peroxide, acetone, and either hydrochloric or sulfuric acid b. Very dangerous to make and handle c. Very unstable during the manufacturing process and as a finished product d. Normally made in illicit laboratories located almost anywhere e. Examples 4. Potassium chlorate a. Has approximately 83% of the power of TNT b. Common ingredient in fireworks c. Can be purchased in bulk from fireworks/chemical supply houses 5. Urea nitrate a. Fertilizer-based explosive b. Composed of nitric acid and urea c. May include sulfuric acid d. Has a destructive power similar to ammonium nitrate WARNING: You should be very cautious of any items, materials, or locations that arouse your curiosity! F. Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) 1. Not commercially manufactured 2. Homemade, usually constructed for a specific target, and can be contained within almost any object 3. Relatively easy to make and can be constructed in virtually any location or setting 4. May fail to detonate or detonate during the building process 5. May be constructed with various types of components 6. Most use conventional explosives 7. May be placed anywhere 8. Types Typically categorized by their container a. Vehicle bombs (Vehicle-borne improvised explosives devices [VBIEDs]) i. May contain many thousands of pounds (kilograms) of explosives that can cause massive destruction ii. Perhaps the most devastating of all IEDs iii. Easy to conceal

10 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-10 b. Pipe bombs i. Most common type found in U.S. ii. From 4 to 14 inches (102 mm to 356 mm) in length iii. Usually made of steel or PVC pipe sections filled with explosives and capped or sealed on the ends iv. Filled with easily obtained materials v. Often filled or wrapped with nails or other materials to throw shrapnel when detonated vi. May be detonated with homemade or commercially available fuses c. Satchel, backpack, knapsack, duffle bag, briefcase, or box bombs i. Filled with explosives or an explosive device ii. Used often because of commonality of items iii. May include electronic timers or radio-controlled triggers iv. Come in any style, color, or size of container d. Person-borne bombs (Person-borne improvised explosives devices [PBIEDs]) i. Typically consist of belts or bombs worn or carried by suicide bombers ii. Also includes bombs attached to coerced or unwilling victims e. Mail, package, or letter bombs Common indicators: i. Package or letter has no postage, noncancelled postage, or excessive postage ii. Parcels may be unprofessionally wrapped with several combinations of tape and endorsed Fragile or Rush iii. Sender is unknown, no return address is available, or the return address is fictitious iv. Addressee does not normally receive mail at that address v. Mail may bear restricted endorsements such as Personal or Private vi. Postmarks may show different locations than return addresses vii. Common words are misspelled on mail viii. Mail may display distorted handwriting, or the name and address may be prepared with homemade labels or cut-andpaste lettering ix. Package emits a peculiar or suspicious odor x. Mail shows oily stains or discoloration

11 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-11 xi. Letter or package seems heavy or bulky for its size and may have an irregular shape, soft spots, or bulges xii. Letter envelopes may feel rigid or appear uneven or lopsided xiii. Mail may have protruding wires or aluminum foil xiv. Package makes ticking, buzzing, or whirring noises xv. Unidentified person calls to ask if a letter or package was received f. Plastic bottle bombs i. Plastic bottles filled with material or combination of reactive materials that expand rapidly, causing the container to explode ii. Dozens of variations iii. Large amounts of information available on the Internet iv. May appear to have multi-layers of liquids v. Many materials used vi. Should not be moved or opened by responders vii. Commonly found being built by teenagers or others experimenting viii. Can cause injury Ask Students: What are some examples of types of plastic bottle bombs? Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that plastic bottle bombs may include homemade chemical bombs, acid bombs, and MacGyver bombs. g. Fireworks Legally obtained types may be modified and/or combined to form more dangerous devices h. M-devices i. Devices constructed of cardboard tubes filled with flash powder and sealed at both ends ii. Ignited by fuses iii. Generally more dangerous than most fireworks iv. Presents hazard as potential incendiary i. Carbon dioxide (CO2) grenades i. Devices made by drilling a hole in and filling used CO2 containers with an explosive powder ii. Usually initiated by a fuse

12 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-12 iii. Can produce deadly shrapnel j. Tennis ball bombs Made by filling a tennis ball with an explosive mixture that ignites by a simple fuse Ask Students: What other ordinary items may be substituted or used as the bomb container? Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that fire extinguishers, propane bottles, trash cans, gasoline cans, and books have been utilized in the past. WARNING! Responders should not move, handle, or disturb an IED when found! 9. Identification of IEDs Responders should be cautious of out-of-theordinary items, including: a. Containers with unknown liquids or materials b. Devices containing quantities of fuses, fireworks, match heads, black powder, smokeless powder, incendiary materials or other unusual materials c. Materials attached to or surrounding an item such as nails, bolts, drill bits, marbles, etc. that could be used for shrapnel d. Ordinance such as blasting caps, detcord, military explosives, commercial explosives, grenades, etc. e. Any combination of the above described items WARNING! The design and implementation of IEDs are limited only by the imagination of the bomber. An IED can look like ANYTHING! Review Question: What are the different typed of IEDs? Describe each briefly. See pages of the manual for answers. 10. Person-borne improvised devices Indicators a. Fear and nervousness i. Profuse sweating ii. Keeping one s hands in one s pockets iii. Repeated or nervous handling or patting of clothing

13 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-13 iv. Slow-paced walking while constantly shifting eyes to the left and right v. Major attempts to stay away from security personnel b. Bulky suicide vests or belts c. Unseasonable attire d. Wires or other materials exposed on or around the body e. Carrying or wearing items that could conceal bombs f. Obvious or awkward attempts to blend in with a crowd g. Obvious disguising of appearance h. Dyed or short cut hair i. Actions indicating a strong determination to get to a target j. Repeated visits to a location k. Anything that seems out of place, unusual, abnormal, or arouses curiosity l. Any combination of the above Ask Students: What should be done with a suicide bomber who is injured or deceased? Briefly discuss answers with students. Responders should never approach a suspected or confirmed suicide bomber who is injured or deceased. The first priority is to clear and isolate the area. Approach must be conducted by trained personnel. 11. Vehicle bombs (VBIEDs) Indicators a. Pre-incident intelligence or 911 calls leading to the suspected vehicle b. A vehicle parked suspiciously for a prolonged amount of time in a central location, choke point, or other strategic location c. Vehicles abandoned in a public assembly, tourist area, pedestrian area, retail area, or transit facility d. Vehicles parked between, against, or very close to the columns of a multi-story building e. Vehicle which appears to be weighted down or sits unusually low on its suspension f. Vehicle with stolen, non-matching plates, or no plates at all g. Wires, bundles, electronic components, packages, unusual containers, liquids or materials visible in the vehicle

14 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-14 h. Unknown liquids or materials leaking under vehicle i. Anything that seems out of place, unusual, abnormal, or arouses curiosity j. Unusually screwed, riveted, or welded sections located on the vehicle s bodywork k. Unusually large battery or extra battery found under the hood or elsewhere in the vehicle l. Blackened windows or covered windows m. The hollows of front or rear bumpers have been sealed, taped, or otherwise made inaccessible n. Tires that seem solid o. Bright chemical stains or unusual rust patches on a new vehicle p. Chemical odor present or unusual chemical leak beneath vehicle q. Wiring protruding from the vehicle r. Wires or cables running from the engine compartment, through passenger compartment, to the rear of the vehicle s. Wires or cables leading to a switch behind sun visor t. The appearance or character of the driver does not match the use or type of vehicle u. The driver seems agitated, lost, and unfamiliar with vehicle controls v. Any combination of the above described items WARNING! Never approach a suspicious vehicle once an indicator of possible VBIED has been noticed. G. Response to Explosive/IED Events 1. All operations must be conducted within an incident command system and determined by the risk/benefit analysis 2. ALWAYS proceed with caution 3. Understand that secondary devices may be involved 4. Request bomb squads, haz mat, and other specialized personnel as needed 5. Establish control zones 6. Treat the incident scene as a crime scene until proven otherwise 7. Attempt to detect the presence of hazardous materials 8. NEVER touch or handle a suspected device, even if someone else already has

15 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters Do not use two-way radios, cell phones, or mobile data terminals (MDT) within a minimum of 300 feet (91 m) of the device or suspected device 10. Follow designated SOPs 11. Use intrinsically safe communications equipment within the isolation zone 12. Note unusual activities or persons at the scene and report observations to law enforcement 13. Limit the exposure of personnel until the risk of secondary devices is eliminated WARNING! Secondary devices may be of fragmentation design or contain anti-personnel features such as nails or shrapnel. Resources should be staged in clear areas away from gardens, garbage bins, or other vehicles that could conceal explosive or incendiary devices. Limit the exposure of personnel until the risk of secondary devices is eliminated. Section VI: Chemical Attacks VI. CHEMICAL ATTACKS 60 min. pp Objective 5 Discuss chemical attacks. A. Chemical Attacks 1. Deliberate release of a toxic gas, liquid, or solid that can poison people and the environment 2. Involve chemical agents a. Chemical substances that are intended for use in warfare or terrorist activities to kill, seriously injure, or seriously incapacitate people through their physiological effects 3. May involve toxic industrial materials (TIMs) a. Particularly poisonous hazardous materials that are normally used for industrial purposes b. Can be used to deliberately kill, injure, or incapacitate people B. Nerve Agents 1. Attack the nervous system by affecting the transmission of impulses 2. The most toxic of the known chemical warfare agents 3. Stable, easily dispersed, and highly toxic

16 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters Have rapid effects when absorbed through the skin or respiratory system 5. Liquids at ambient temperatures 6. Dispersed as an aerosolized liquid 7. Vary in color and odor, but are generally clear and colorless 8. Types a. Tabun (GA) Usually low-volatility persistent chemical agent; absorbed through skin contact or inhaled as a vapor b. Sarin (GB) Usually volatile, nonpersistent chemical agent mainly inhaled c. Soman (GD) Usually moderately volatile chemical agent that can be inhaled or absorbed through skin contact d. Cyclohexyl sarin (GF) Low-volatility persistent chemical agent; absorbed through skin contact and inhaled as a vapor e. V-agent (VX) i. Low-volatility persistent chemical agent ii. Can remain on material, equipment, and terrain for long periods iii. Main route of entry is through the skin, but can be inhaled as a vapor 9. Volatility varies widely 10. Will not travel far under normal conditions Review Question: With what types of nerve agents should first responders be familiar? See page of the manual for answers. C. Blister Agents 1. Burn and blister the skin or any other part of the body they contact 2. Act on the eyes, mucous membranes, lungs, skin and blood-forming organs 3. Damage the respiratory tract when inhaled 4. Can cause vomiting and diarrhea when ingested 5. Likely to produce more casualties than fatalities 6. Usually persistent 7. May be employed in the form of colorless gases and liquids 8. Can take several days or weeks to evaporate 9. Difficult to remove during decontamination

17 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters Mustard agents a. Sulfur mustards (H, HD, and HT) b. Nitrogen mustards (HN, HN-1, HN-2, and HN-3) 11. Arsenical vesicants a. Lewisite (L, L-1, L-2, and L-3) b. Mustard/lewisite mixture (HL) c. Phenyldichloroarsine (PD) 12. Halogenated oximes Phosgene oxime (CX) D. Blood Agents 1. Chemical asphyxiants that interfere with the body s ability to use oxygen either by: a. Preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen to other cells in the body, OR b. By inhibiting the ability of cells to use oxygen for producing the energy required for metabolism 2. Sometimes categorized as TIMs 3. Arsine (SA) a. Formed when arsenic comes in contact with an acid b. Colorless, nonirritating toxic gas c. Has mild garlic odor that can only be detected at levels higher than those necessary to cause poisoning d. Has chronic health effects associated with exposure e. Considered a nonpersistent hazard 4. Hydrogen cyanide (AC) a. Colorless, highly volatile liquid b. Extremely flammable, highly soluble, and stable in water c. Vapor is less dense than air d. Faint odor like bitter almonds e. Will not remain long in liquid state f. Represents a nonpersistent hazard 5. Cyanogen chloride (CK) a. Colorless, highly volatile liquid b. Dissolves readily in organic solvents c. Only slightly soluble in water d. Vapors are heavier than air e. Pungent, biting odor

18 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-18 f. Normally nonpersistent hazard E. Choking Agents 1. Chemicals that attack the lungs causing tissue damage 2. Have industrial applications, and may be encountered during normal haz mat incidents 3. Chlorine a. Gas usually pressurized and cooled to liquid state for storage and transportation b. Liquid quickly turns to heavier-than-air gas when released c. Pungent, irritating odor d. Usually yellow-green in color e. Can react explosively or form explosive compounds with other chemicals f. Does not remain in liquid form very long 4. Phosgene a. Colorless, nonflammable gas b. Odor of freshly cut hay Ask Students: What does it mean that phosgene s odor threshold is well above its permissible exposure limit? Briefly discuss answers with students. This means that phosgene is already at a harmful concentration by the time someone smells it. c. Used in the manufacture of dyestuffs, pesticides, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and other chemical products d. Gas at room temperature, but sometimes stored as liquid under pressure or refrigeration e. Extremely volatile and nonpersistent f. Vapor density is much heavier than air g. Will not remain in liquid form very long F. Riot Control Agents 1. Chemical compounds that temporarily make people unable to function 2. Cause immediate irritation to the eyes, mouth, throat, lungs, and skin 3. All are solids and require dispersion in the form of aerosolized particles 4. Heavier than air 5. Examples Tear gas, mace, pepper spray

19 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters Incapacitants a. Chemical agents that produce a temporary disabling condition that persists for hours to days after exposure b. Examples 7. Vomiting agents a. Agents that cause violent, uncontrollable sneezing, cough, nausea, vomiting, and a general feeling of bodily discomfort b. Dispersed as aerosol c. Produces effects by inhalation or direct action on the eyes d. Principal agents G. Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs) 1. Industrial chemical that is toxic at a certain concentration and is produced in quantities exceeding 30 tons (30.5 tonnes) per year at one production facility 2. Not as lethal as nerve agents 3. Pose greater threat than chemical warfare agents 4. Hazard categories a. High hazard Indicates a widely produced, stored, or transported TIM that has high toxicity and is easily vaporized b. Medium hazard Indicates a TIM that may rank high in some categories but is lower in others c. Low hazard Indicates that this TIM is not likely to be a hazard unless specific operational factors indicate otherwise H. Operations at Chemical Attack Incidents 1. Objective Do the greatest good for the greatest number 2. Differ from other incidents a. Severity of hazards present b. Possibility of secondary devices c. Mass casualties d. Necessity of using appropriate PPE e. Need for rapid decon f. Administration of antidotes Section VII: Biological Attacks VII. BIOLOGICAL ATTACKS 30 min.

20 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-20 pp Objective 6 Discuss biological attacks. A. Biological Attacks 1. Intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other toxins for the purpose of harming or killing citizens 2. Vehicles of transmission a. Aerosolization b. Food c. Water d. Insects 3. Types a. Viruses i. Simplest types of microorganisms ii. Can only replicate themselves in the living cells of their hosts iii. Do not respond to antibiotics b. Bacteria i. Microscopic, single-celled organisms ii. Most do not cause disease in people iii. When cause disease, do so by invading the tissues or producing poisons c. Rickettsias i. Specialized bacteria that live and multiply in the gastrointestinal tract of arthropod carriers ii. Smaller than most bacteria, but larger than viruses iii. Single-celled organisms with their own metabolisms iv. Susceptible to broad-spectrum antibiotics v. Grow only in living cells vi. Most spread only through the bite of infected arthropods and not through human contact d. Biological toxins i. Poisons produced by living organisms; organisms not usually harmful to people ii. Some manufactured synthetically and/or genetically altered in labs iii. Similar to chemical agents in dissemination and effectiveness as biological weapons

21 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-21 Ask Students: How quickly do biological agents cause health effects? Briefly discuss answers with students. Biological agents generally do not cause immediate health effects. Most take hours, days, or weeks to make someone ill. B. Biological Agent Categories 1. Category A Include organisms that pose a risk to national security in the following ways: a. Can be easily disseminated or transmitted person to person b. Cause high mortality and subsequently have a major public health effect c. Might cause public panic and social disruption d. Require special action for public-health preparedness 2. Category B Includes pathogens that pose a risk in the following ways: a. Are moderately easy to disseminate b. Cause moderate morbidity and low mortality c. Require specific enhancements of CDC s diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance 3. Category C Includes emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future because they pose risks in the following ways: a. Availability b. Ease of production and dissemination c. Potential for high morbidity and mortality and major health effects Review Question: What are the categories of biological agents? See page of the manual for answers. C. Disease Transmission 1. Airborne transmission Diseases can: a. Remain suspended in air for a long time b. Penetrate deep into the respiratory tract when inhaled c. Typically survive outside the body for long periods of time 2. Infected droplets

22 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-22 a. Transmit disease through contact with mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth b. Do not stay airborne for long periods of time c. Examples 3. Direct contact a. Includes most sexually transmitted diseases b. Diseases typically do not survive outside the human body for very long 4. Indirect contact Diseases transmitted this way are generally able to survive on exposed surfaces for extended periods 5. Ingestion of contaminated food or water Normally occurs due to contact with infected fecal material 6. Vectors Ask Students: What are vectors? What are some examples of vectors? Briefly discuss answers with students. A vector is an animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host. Examples include fleas, rodents, flies, mosquitoes, and livestock. D. Operations at Biological Attack Incidents 1. Requires that local emergency response and public health professionals acquire necessary training and equipment to safely respond 2. May include large numbers of injuries and fatalities 3. May overwhelm local capabilities of the emergency response and public health systems 4. Will most likely cross jurisdictional boundaries 5. Should include universal precautions when presence or nature of bioterrorism agent is not known Ask Students: What are universal precautions? What are some examples of universal precautions? Briefly discuss answers with students. Universal precautions are a set of precautions designed to prevent transmission of

23 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-23 biological pathogens when providing first aid or health care. Examples include using disposable gloves, washing the hands immediately after removing gloves, and using disposable PPE and a face shield if any splashing is anticipated. 6. Should include additional precautions once a specific agent is identified 7. Overt attacks or incidents a. Isolation and containment is very important b. Includes incidents involving dispersal of white powders, discovery of a suspected biologic laboratory, witnessed use of spray devices, etc. 8. Indoor attacks may be contained by: a. Turning off ventilation systems b. Closing doors and windows c. Turning off elevators d. Restricting air flow by sealing ducts, windows, and doors using tape, plastic sheets, and expanding foams 9. Overt, outdoor attacks may be contained by: a. Covering the device or dispersed agent with tarps or other physical barriers to prevent spreading b. Decontaminating dispersed agent with a light spray of water and bleach c. Secure and place the suspect item, package, object, or substance in a sealed hazmat recovery bin or container to mitigate spread 10. Important operations to ensure containment a. Initial containment of persons that may be affected b. Decon of victims if circumstances indicate the need prior to treatment and transport to a medical facility c. Registration of all persons potentially exposed at the incident in case follow-up is required Review Question: How can indoor biological attacks be contained? Outdoor? See pages of the manual for answers. Section VIII: Radiological and Nuclear Attacks 30 min.

24 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-24 VIII. RADIOLOGICAL AND NUCLEAR ATTACKS pp Objective 7 Discuss radiological and nuclear attacks. A. Radiological and Nuclear Attacks 1. Radiological terrorist attacks a. Reason for concern, but relatively few actual attempts b. Response similar to other emergency incidents 2. Nuclear attack a. Will overwhelm local first responders b. Will necessitate outside assistance c. May include large amount of casualties and destruction d. Should include organized response framework B. Radiological Devices 1. Radiation-emitting devices (REDs) a. Powerful gamma-emitting radiation source that can be placed in a high-profile location to expose a large number of people to the intense radiation source b. Also used to target specific individuals and/or harm a limited number of people over a long time 2. Radiological-dispersal devices (RDDs) a. DoD definition Any device, including weapons or equipment, other than a nuclear explosive device, specifically designed to employ radioactive material by disseminating it to cause destruction, damage, or injury by means of the radiation produced by the decay of such material b. Device intended to disperse radioactive material over a large area; not capable of producing a nuclear yield c. Intent Create fear and panic by exposing people to radioactive material or to contaminate areas and buildings, making them unusable until decontaminated d. Typically use the force of conventional explosives to scatter radioactive material 3. Radiological-dispersal weapons (RDWs) a. Nonexplosive RDDs b. Can use inexpensive and common items to spread radioactive contamination C. Nuclear Devices and Weapons

25 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-25 Review Question: Describe the different types of radiological devices. See pages of manual for answers. Ask Students: What is the difference between a nuclear device and a nuclear weapon? Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that a nuclear device is typically referred to as an improvised nuclear device; a nuclear weapon is a weapon typically owned by a country/state and is strictly controlled and highly secured. 1. Improvised nuclear device a. Device incorporating radioactive materials designed to result in the dispersal of radioactive material or in the formation of nuclear-yield reaction b. Crude nuclear bomb fabricated using fissile material i. Plutonium ii. Highly enriched uranium c. Have yields in the kiloton range, the equivalent to 10,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT 2. Factors impeding nuclear attacks a. High level of security at nuclear weapon arsenals b. Highly enriched uranium, plutonium, and stockpiled weapons carefully inventoried and guarded c. Building a nuclear weapon is difficult d. Crude nuclear weapons are typically very heavy and are difficult to transport 3. Suitcase bombs a. Very compact and portable nuclear weapon b. Could have dimensions of 24 by 16 by 8 inches (61 x 41 x 20 cm) c. Have expected yield of 0.5 to 2 kilotons d. Could radiate approximately 6 square miles (10 square kilometers) 4. Sabotage of nuclear facilities a. Nuclear power plants b. Cooling pools for spent, nuclear fuel rods c. Nuclear reactors used for research or other, nonelectricity generating purposes

26 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-26 d. Nuclear reprocessing facilities e. Calibration laboratories f. Nuclear waste sites g. Trucks or railcars carrying nuclear weapons or spent nuclear fuel Ask Students: What is the likelihood of a successful attack on a nuclear installation or nuclear shipment? Why? Briefly discuss answers with students. The likelihood of such event is minimal, because of the robust safeguards in place for nuclear facilities and shipments. D. Operations at Radiological and Nuclear Attack Incidents 1. Priorities a. Accomplished through the incident command system (ICS) and by following local/jurisdictional procedures b. Incident control accomplished through unified command structure c. Incident scene should be carefully and continually assessed d. Scene size-up 2. Tactics a. Position apparatus upwind of the incident b. Secure the area and prevent entry of unauthorized or unprotected people and vehicles c. Be alert to the possibility of small explosive devices designed to disseminate an agent d. Use time, distance, and shielding as protective measures e. Use full PPE including SCBA f. Avoid contact with the source and stay out of any visible smoke or fumes g. Monitor radiation and contamination levels h. Establish background levels of radiation outside the suspected contamination area i. Detain or isolate uninjured people or equipment j. Remove victims from high hazard areas k. Assist the medical personnel as necessary to triage, treat, and decontaminate trauma victims l. Call for expert guidance

27 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-27 m. Preserve possible evidence for subsequent criminal and forensic investigations n. Do not conduct overhaul and clean-up operations and disturb the incident scene as little as possible 3. Radiological materials fall under UN/DOT Class 7 Section IX: Illegal Haz Mat Dumps 10 min. IX. ILLEGAL HAZ MAT DUMPS p. 368 Objective 8 Identify hazards of illegal haz mat dumps. A. Illegal Haz Mat Dumps 1. Happen for variety of reasons 2. Discovery may or may not constitute an emergency 3. May be extremely expensive to clean up 4. Often require state/provincial and/or federal/national involvement B. Significant Problems and Hazards Associated with Illegal Dumps 1. Unlabeled containers a. Chemicals may have been removed from their original containers b. Labels and identification information may have been deliberately removed 2. Mixed chemicals Containers may have many different chemicals mixed together, marking hazard and risk assessment extremely difficult 3. Aged chemicals Many chemicals become unstable when subjected to age and weathering in outside climates 4. Environmental contamination a. Chemicals dumped into water creates serious issues b. Even if not dumped into body of water, can pose a threat to groundwater sources Section X: Evidence Preservation 15 min. X. EVIDENCE PRESERVATION pp Objective 9 Describe proper evidence preservation.

28 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters 7-28 A. Evidence Preservation 1. First responders a. Should not collect evidence b. Should be aware of the need to identify and preserve evidence for law enforcement c. Should preserve evidence so that investigators can identify and successfully prosecute guilty parties d. Should refrain from disturbing the scene 2. Law enforcement a. Must gather accurate, acceptable information about the crime to be used in court b. Will identify even seemingly irrelevant things 3. Evidence a. Can take many forms b. Not limited to pieces of bomb or incendiary device c. Can include everything from body fluids to tire tracks to cigarette butts B. Ways in Which First Responders Can Help Preserve Evidence and Assist Law Enforcement 1. DO NOT touch anything unless it is necessary 2. Avoid disturbing areas not directly involved in rescue activities 3. Remember what the scene looked like upon first arrival as well as details about the progression of the incident a. Who was present b. What happened c. When important events occurred d. Where objects/people/animals were located e. Why events unfolded as they did 4. Document observations as quickly as possible 5. Take photographs and videos of the scene as soon as possible 6. Remember and document when something was touched or moved 7. Minimize the number of people working in the area if possible 8. Leave fatalities and their surroundings undisturbed 9. Isolate and secure areas where evidence is found, and report findings to law enforcement authorities 10. Identify witnesses, victims, and the presence of evidence 11. Preserve potentially transient physical evidence

29 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters Have evidence collection points located near decontamination corridors and hot zone exit locations so that evidence can be gathered during decon or doffing operations 13. At chemical or biological incidents, secure and isolate restaurants or food vendors near the incident area in case contaminated food can be used as evidence 14. Follow predetermined procedures regarding operations at crime scenes Section XI: Haz Mat During and After Disasters 10 min. XI. HAZ MAT DURING AND AFTER DISASTERS pp Objective 10 Discuss hazardous materials during and after disasters. A. Haz Mat During and After Disasters 1. Examples during floods a. Containers may be moved by currents b. Tanks can float off foundations c. Entire chemical storage yards can be swept away d. Some containers may release contents into flood waters 2. Examples during tornadoes and earthquakes a. Damage to containers b. Piping can be ripped up c. Containers may be moved around 3. Example during large scale events such as hurricanes Massive quantities of abandoned household hazardous waste 4. May overwhelm the response capabilities of the local jurisdiction 5. On-scene conditions may limit defensive and offensive actions Section XII: Summary and Review 10 min. XII. SUMMARY AND REVIEW A. Chapter Summary 1. Responders need to be prepared for and consider the possibility of terrorist or criminal involvement at every incident.

30 Student Notes Terrorist Attacks, Criminal Activities, and Disasters First responders must know how to protect themselves as well as to preserve evidence for law enforcement agencies. B. Review Questions 1. What is the definition of terrorism? (313) 2. How is a terrorist attack different from a routine emergency? ( ) 3. Describe the different classifications of explosives. (322) 4. What are the different types of IEDs? Describe each briefly. ( ) 5. With which types of nerve agents should first responders be familiar? ( ) 6. Describe different types of choking agents. ( ) 7. What are the categories of biological agents? ( ) 8. How can indoor biological attacks be contained? Outdoor? ( ) 9. Describe the different types of radiological devices. ( ) 10. What steps should be taken to preserve evidence and assist law enforcement? ( )