Introduction and Use of this Text List of Contributors About the Companion Website. PART I Crime Scene Principles 1

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1 Introduction and Use of this Text List of Contributors About the Companion Website PART I Crime Scene Principles 1 1 The Crime Scene Context 3 Raul Sutton 1.1 Introduction What is a crime? The nature of the UK legal system The legal system in England and Wales Other courts The judicial system in Northern Ireland The Scottish legal system Judicial processes that deal with causes of death What constitutes evidence? The chain of events in evidence gathering The relationship between evidence gatherers and analysts Health and safety considerations 20 Suggested further reading 21 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 2 First Officer Attending 22 Keith Trueman and Christopher Moran 2.1 Introduction Response to incident report Personnel involved in the investigative process Recording and recovery of scientific evidence Initial considerations of the First Officer Attending (FOA) Dealing with the victim Dealing with witnesses 28 xi xiv xv

2 vi 2.8 Dealing with suspects Dealing with the crime scene(s) Documentation Dealing with violent crime Summary and conclusion 36 3 The Role of the Crime Scene Investigator 38 Keith Trueman and Christopher Moran 3.1 Introduction Training the CSI The responsibilities of a CSI Forensic evidence Request for CSI attendance at crime scenes Actions when attending the crime scene Initial scene assessment (including health and safety considerations) Planning evidence recovery Recording the evidence The elimination process Details of evidence recovered Integrity, continuity and contamination Packaging materials Conclusion 68 PART II Evidence gathering Techniques 71 4 Police Photography, Video Recording, 3D Laser Scanning 73 Chris Crowe and Christopher Moran 4.1 Introduction General guidelines Equipment Exposure Image quality/size Depth of field White balance Image data Flash photography Room interiors Vehicles Evidential items Recording injuries to the person 86

3 vii 4.14 Night photography Footwear impressions Fingerprints Recording video evidence at crime scenes The use of digital images in court D laser scanning of scenes 95 Suggested further reading 96 5 Fingerprints 97 David Charlton 5.1 Introduction The nature of friction ridge skin The structure of friction ridge skin Friction ridge growth Principles of friction ridge identification Comparison methodology Chemical composition of latent prints Identification of common locations for prints The use of powdering techniques to enhance latent finger marks Chemical development techniques Laboratory and scene applications Fingerprints in bodily fluids Scenes of fire Optical methods to reveal fingerprints (laser and other light sources) New and emerging techniques Remote transmission Chapter summary 123 Acknowledgements 125 Selected further reading DNA rich Evidence 128 Terry Bartlett and Sara Short 6.1 Introduction and historical background The structure and properties of DNA DNA analysis Types of DNA testing Biological evidence Procedures for collection of biological evidence: general considerations 136

4 viii 6.7 Limitations of DNA evidence Elimination and reference samples Summary 148 References Blood Pattern Analysis 151 Raul Sutton and Terry Bartlett 7.1 Introduction History of the development of blood spatter as a scientific discipline Composition of blood Physical properties of blood Causes of bleeding Blood dynamics Drop surface impact and droplet pattern Determination of area of origin of spatter Cast off patterns Arterial damage patterns Non spatter patterns Physiologically altered bloodstains Volume bloodstains Composite patterns Investigative transfer and contamination issues Recording traces Summary 178 Suggested further reading Physical Evidence 180 Craig Williams 8.1 Introduction Tool marks Clothing Fibres Footwear impressions Glass fragments Glass fragmentation Soils Firearms Scene recovery of firearms Gunshot residues (GSR) Drugs of abuse (DOA) 200

5 ix 8.13 The crime scene characteristics of various DOA Presumptive tests for drugs Amateur explosives Summary 206 Suggested further reading 207 PART III Specialised Scenes and Report Writing Fire Scene Examination 211 Chris Perry and Mark McCabe 9.1 Introduction The nature of fire The oxygen demand of fuels Flame and fire classifications; fire development Types of evidence specific to fire scenes Locating the origin of the fire Fire cause determination and evidence gathering methods Methods for ascertaining whether a crime has been committed Health and safety considerations Summary 229 Suggested further reading Examination of Recovered Stolen Motor Vehicles 231 Keith Trueman 10.1 Introduction What is a motor vehicle? The definition of an auto crime Auto crime scene examinations Requests to attend an auto crime scene The examination process Conclusion Managing Complex Scenes and Multiple or Mass Fatality Scenes 252 Christopher Moran and Derek Forest 11.1 Introduction Self briefing Communication Establishing priorities Avoidance of contamination 256

6 x 11.6 The forensic strategy Defence case review meeting Incident debrief Introduction to mass fatality incidents The range and nature of mass fatality incidents The type of investigation conducted Sequence of events in managing disaster victim identification scenes Recovery of mortal remains 264 Suggested further reading Preparing Reports and Statements 267 Keith Trueman 12.1 Introduction Documentation at the crime scene Photography Plans, sketches and diagrams The exhibit label Handling the evidence Statements of evidence Criminal Justice Act 1967, section Crime scene examination statements Conclusion Quality Assurance in Crime Scene Investigation 283 Christopher Moran 13.1 Introduction Informal aspects of quality assurance The development of formal quality assurance The role of the Forensic Science Regulator Responsibility for measuring quality assurance The accreditation process Organisational requirements for accreditation Personnel requirements for accreditation Resource requirements for accreditation Process requirements for accreditation Management requirements for accreditation Maintaining accreditation 290 Suggested further reading 292 Appendices 293 Index 303

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