Tag Localization in Passive UHF RFID
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1 Tag Localization in Passive UHF RFID Daniel Arnitz, Ulrich Muehlmann, Klaus Witrisal Graz University of Technology, Austria NXP Semiconductors, Austria This work has been funded by NXP Semiconductors and by the Austrian research promotion agency (FFG). Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum /26
2 Outline Introduction and Motivation Ultra-Wideband Ranging Measurement Setup Ranging Performance The UHF RFID Channel (Warehouse Portal) Ranging/Localization: Find the LOS Wave Propagation Backscatter Channel Parameters Reducing the Bandwidth: Wideband and Narrowband Ranging Wideband FMCW Ranging Narrowband CW Ranging Conclusion Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 2/26
3 UHF RFID Tag Localization barcode (EAN) NXP Semiconductors UHF RFID self-adhesive label Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 3/26
4 UHF RFID Tag Localization... Why? Intermec Technologies, Wikimedia (Kay-Uwe Rosseburg) Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 4/26
5 UHF RFID Tag Localization Why?. mobile: detect + identify + localize 2. fixed (portal): read zone management identify false positive reads increase system reliability How? Intermec Technologies Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 5/26
6 Passive UHF RFID T 3 T 2 Reader T T 4 T Photographs: Intermec Technologies, NXP Semiconductors Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 6/26
7 How Basically... R3 R3 α 3 2.4m tag α R 3.3m tag R α 2 4.5m R2 R2 direction finding range finding direction finding direction/angle-of-arrival (AoA) beamsteering (mechanically and electrically) range finding time-(difference)-of-arrival (ToA, TDoA) mapped to phase: phase-of-arrival Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 7/26
8 Why is it so difficult?. Needed Accuracy m error: airplane vs. tag 2. System Properties constant tracking ( min) vs. single communication (ms) 3. Wireless Channel isolated reflection vs. dense multipath clear skies vs. massive self-interference Images: Wikimedia (Peripitus), Intermec Technologies Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 8/26
9 Outline Introduction and Motivation Ultra-Wideband Ranging Measurement Setup Ranging Performance The UHF RFID Channel (Warehouse Portal) Ranging/Localization: Find the LOS Wave Propagation Backscatter Channel Parameters Reducing the Bandwidth: Wideband and Narrowband Ranging Wideband FMCW Ranging Narrowband CW Ranging Conclusion Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 9/26
10 Measurement Setup (Portal) Basic Setup Description vector network analyzer,.5.5 GHz gain patterns and setup: UHF RFID portal two transmitters ( readers ), two receivers ( tags ) metal backplanes, (absorber backplanes, no backplanes) Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum /26
11 Measurement Setup (Portal) backplanes (metal) TX.5 TX2 z [m] tag antennas (RX) y [m] x [m] Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum /26
12 Localization UWB ToA Ranging IR-UWB ranging, B = 6 MHz (metal backplanes): 2 5 z [m] y [m] abs. range error [m] x [m] Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 2/26
13 Outline Introduction and Motivation Ultra-Wideband Ranging Measurement Setup Ranging Performance The UHF RFID Channel (Warehouse Portal) Ranging/Localization: Find the LOS Wave Propagation Backscatter Channel Parameters Reducing the Bandwidth: Wideband and Narrowband Ranging Wideband FMCW Ranging Narrowband CW Ranging Conclusion Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 3/26
14 Channel Localization Error required bandw.: CHANNEL error [m] B (signal bandwidth) isolate LOS? yes no τ LOS (LOS delay) τ grp (avg. group delay) CIR 2 CIR 2 LOS delay LOS delay Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 4/26
15 Channel Localization Error required bandw.: CHANNEL τ LOS (LOS delay) yes error [m] isolate LOS? B (signal bandwidth) no τ grp (avg. group delay) (ultra-)wideband limiting: noise K LOS (LOS K-factor) τ RMS (RMS delay spread) narrowband limiting: multipath propagation Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 4/26
16 Channel Empty Portal massive multipath propagation multiple bounces (gate-gate) Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 5/26
17 Channel Packed Liquids extremely dense around LOS multiple bounces (pallet-gate) Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 6/26
18 Channel LOS Separable? In UHF RFID? reflected (NLOS) direct (LOS) RX TX c/2b LOS st NLOS on the products: cm ground/portal: 3 cm 5MHz UWB Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 7/26
19 Channel Backscatter Parameters Line-of-sight K-Factor (metal backplanes, bottom-left TX) K-factor w.r.t. LOS [db] Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 8/26
20 Channel Backscatter Parameters RMS delay spread (metal backplanes, bottom-left TX) RMS delay spread [ns] Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 9/26
21 Outline Introduction and Motivation Ultra-Wideband Ranging Measurement Setup Ranging Performance The UHF RFID Channel (Warehouse Portal) Ranging/Localization: Find the LOS Wave Propagation Backscatter Channel Parameters Reducing the Bandwidth: Wideband and Narrowband Ranging Wideband FMCW Ranging Narrowband CW Ranging Conclusion Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 2/26
22 Localization Ultra-Wideband Ranging IR-UWB ranging, B = 6 MHz (metal backplanes): 2 5 z [m] y [m] abs. range error [m] x [m] Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 2/26
23 Localization Wideband Ranging FMCW ranging, B = 5 MHz (metal backplanes): 2 5 z [m] y [m] abs. range error [m] x [m] Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 22/26
24 Localization Wideband Ranging FMCW ranging, B = 8 MHz (metal backplanes): 2 5 z [m] y [m] abs. range error [m] x [m] Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 23/26
25 Localization Narrowband Ranging Phase-based CW ranging, B = MHz (metal backpl.): 2 5 z [m] y [m] abs. range error [m] x [m] Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 24/26
26 Outline Introduction and Motivation Ultra-Wideband Ranging Measurement Setup Ranging Performance The UHF RFID Channel (Warehouse Portal) Ranging/Localization: Find the LOS Wave Propagation Backscatter Channel Parameters Reducing the Bandwidth: Wideband and Narrowband Ranging Wideband FMCW Ranging Narrowband CW Ranging Conclusion Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 25/26
27 Conclusion Range error distribution: CDF IR UWB, 6MHz FMCW, 5MHz FMCW, 8MHz 2FCW, MHz absolute range error [m] Narrowband Wideband Ultra-Wideband Daniel Arnitz UWB Forum 26/26
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