Research & Security Applications of Submarine Technologies

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2 Research & Security Applications of Submarine Technologies Seymour Shapiro Vice President Research and Development Tyco Telecommunications Laboratories 2

3 Outline Historical Overview Long-Haul Fiber Optic Systems Early Surveillance Systems Cable Re-Use for Ocean Observatories Current Cabled Ocean Observatories MARS Neptune Coastline Security Mixed Use Cable Networks Summary 3

4 Historical Overview First trans-atlantic telegraph cable Worldwide deployment of telegraph cables Routes have been followed for a century Transition to telephony interrupted by WWII First commercial trans-atlantic telephone cable (TAT-1) installed in 1956 (36 v.c.) First trans-atlantic fiberoptic cable (TAT-8) 1988 (4 STM-1) First trans-atlantic optically amplified cable 1994 (4 STM-16) 4

5 The 1866 Atlantic Cable The Great Eastern deploys the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable in The cost of a message was $5 per word. Bern Dibner, The Atlantic Cable, Burndy Library

6 Deployment of Telegraph Cables in mid 1920 s Map of Deployed Telegraph Cables 6

7 Ultra Long Distance Fiberoptic Cable Systems make the Web Worldwide 7

8 First Trans-Atlantic Telephone Cable (TAT-1) Flexible Repeater Armored Cables SBAA SBA 8

9 Undersea Cable Capacity Ultimate capacity per cable (STM-1 equivalents) RF Amplifier Repeaters, Coaxial Cable Optical Amplifier Repeaters, Fiber-Optic Cable Electro-Optic Repeaters, Fiber-Optic Cable Year 9

10 Four Generations of Lightwave Systems First Generation: Digital regenerator, 1.3μm FP lasers, 1.3μm λ 0 fiber. Example TAT-8, 0.3Gb/s Second Generation: Digital regenerator, 1.55μm DFB lasers, 1.3μm λ 0 fiber. Example TPC-4, 0.6Gb/s Third Generation: EDFA repeater, Single Channel, 1.55μm λ 0 fiber. Example TAT12/13, 5 Gb/s Fourth Generation: EDFA repeater, Multi Channel, Dispersion managed fiber. Example TGN, 96x10 Gb/s 10

11 Early Surveillance Activity Outgrowth of World War II & Soviet Submarine Threat Invention of Sonic Depth Finder Allowed for rapid, detailed ocean bottom surveys Exploitation of Deep Sound Channel Discovery of the bathythermograph Determination of Sound Velocity Profile Sound Spectrograph Research at Bell Labs Developed to create visible speech patterns Adapted to analyze underwater signals 11

12 Project Jezebel R&D program to exploit use of passive, low frequency, narrowband, long range detection of Soviet submarines. Underpinnings for effort: Discovery of deep sound channel by Maurice Ewing (1937) Discovery of convergence zones Discovery of shadow zones Measurements showing stable components in sub signature Bell Labs spectrum analyzer for visible speech Telecommunications technology 12

13 Early Efforts Facilities with instrumentation set up at: > Sandy Hook, NJ > Eleuthera in the Bahamas > Bermuda > Nantucket (shallow water) Jan 1952: 40 element, 1000 ft hydrophone array Deployed by HMS Alert [ 50 day charter - $56,400!] Bermuda Site Eleuthera Site Circa

14 Later Surveillance Programs Facilities deployed along the East and West coasts thru the 50 s and 60 s By the late 60 s and early 70 s it became clear that Soviets knew of hydrophone arrays and weaknesses in their submarine designs Arrest of internal Navy spy John Walker in 1985 revealed true magnitude of program compromise Led to development of SURTASS (Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System) Ongoing improvements in acoustic signal processing during 70 s and 80 s led to improved and more accurate displays The fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 accelerated the consolidation of surveillance activities 14

15 Cable Re-Use for Ocean Observatories Early SOSUS cables utilized for scientific experiments in situ Later generation coaxial cable systems transferred to nonprofit entity for possible scientific uses First & second generation electro-optical systems (TAT-8, 9, 10, 11, etc.) have been retired Potential for reuse in situ, partial relocation or reinstallation in new location Hawaii-2 observatory (H2O) installed on SD (1MHz) coaxial cable system ALOHA project utilizing HAW-4 cable off the island of Hawaii 15

16 Offshore Solutions -- ALOHA Custom solutions using standard submarine telecom technology: ALOHA scientific array off Hawaii Approximately 110 Km total length Fiber optic cable, pigtail and couplings with wet mate connectors to hydrophones and subsurface buoys 16

17 Ocean Cabled Observatories Newly constructed undersea cable systems targeted at exploration of the ocean s bottom Real-time experiments to be conducted via deployment of science nodes on ocean floor Interaction with ocean instruments with immediate access to data from remote sites Data transmitted back top shore via undersea cable and data available to scientific community over the Internet Long-term data management and archive system 17

18 Cabled Network Example* * University of Victoria 18

19 MARS Observatory MARS: The Monterey Accelerated Research System A single-node deployed in roughly 900 meter water depth, 50 km offshore at the edge of the Monterey canyon Up to 10 kw of power can be delivered to node to support up to 8 simultaneous experiments Power conversion at node to supply 375V and 48V for science experiments Each science experiment can send up to 100 Mb/s of data back to shore Data available via Internet to worldwide research and scientific community Installation scheduled for early Spring of

20 MARS Single Science Node Design 1.2 m 2m (ASN/Maripro for MARS) Interface Housing Communications Housing Wet Mateable Connectors (8) Anode.75 m Spur Cable Termination Power Conversion Housing Weight in Air: 1200 kg (2600 lb) Weight in Water: 900 kg (2000 lb) 20

21 Cabled Ocean Observatories Neptune* University of Washington 21

22 Science Solutions Flexible/reliable backbone for power and data communications infrastructure delivery to submarine science platforms: High power requirements 10A, 10 KV for: Hotel communications and network management requirements Scientific experiments lighting, motors, AUVs Data communication requirements easily within current capability Point to point, physical ring and collapsed ring configurations 22

23 NEPTUNE-CANADA Functional Requirements Provide power and communications to undersea science nodes located on the Juan de Fuca plate Phase 1 now planed for 4 northern nodes each supporting up to 8 instruments supported by a single cable station Phase 2 contemplates 7 additional southern nodes, and the ability to expand as needed Each Node must initially support the following interfaces 8 ports that each provide 10/100BaseT 400VDC supply of 9kW continuous power 48VDC supply of 500W continuous power Timing signal with +/-1 microsecond accuracy 2 ports that each provide Gigabit Ethernet 9kW power supply on the end of a 100km extension 48VDC power supply of 50W continuous power Other optional interface types (such as HDTV) also included 23

24 System Overview Physical Configuration 2. Node Spur Cable 4. Splice Connection 5. Backbone 1. Branching Unit S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 WetMate Connectors 8 S1 and 2 O1 Intf O1 O S1 O1 O Backbone cable includes branching units to provide a spur cable to each science node BU includes power switching unit to configure which of the three segments are powered Physical architecture uses proven technology for undersea cable, joints, seals, and BU 3. Science Node Sea Ground 24

25 System Overview Multiple Node Transmission Architecture 4-Node System with 219km Segment ODP 889 NODE 5.3 km 32.6 km km ENDEAVOR NODE km 73.2 km PORT ALBERNI STATION 29.3 km 74.5 km km 1.5 km ODP 1027 NODE BARKLEY CANYON NODE 25

26 System Overview Optical Transmission Design 8 x GigE Channel s Mux Transmit Booster Amplifier Repeaterless Span with Pure-Silica Core Fiber Receive PreAmp Demux 8 x GigE Channel s Repeaterless spans between Science Nodes Low attenuation Pure Silica Core Fiber Optical design supports spans up to 245km Transmission design objective is a Q of 17dB equivalent to a Bit Error Ratio of 1E-12 Design accounts for required splice losses, repairs (2 deep and 1 shallow), fiber aging, etc. Provides 3dB EOL margin 26

27 System Overview Power Architecture Constant Voltage for MESH MESH Topology Sea-Ground at every Node Shore power supplies provide the 10kV constant voltage to the Neptune system Each science node includes a sea-ground to source the current flow to the backbone Science node controller converts the 10kV system voltage to the 400V science node voltage Power management and control required for operating the system power grid 27

28 Power Architecture Constant Voltage BU Circuitry BU power switching unit is controllable to allow isolation and protection of all three segments Backbone is constant voltage at 10kV rated for 10A system load Each spur cable must accommodate the 10kV system voltage for the 1A science node load Significantly higher power than traditional undersea communication systems 28

29 Power Architecture Constant Voltage HV Converter Input bus voltage: -10kVdc Input voltage range: -10kVdc max steady-state; -5.7kV, - 5.2kV hysteresis Input surge current: 3A at turn on Output voltage: 400Vdc Variable load: 200W to 10kW Output ripple voltage: maximum 500mV Output current: 0-25A Output regulation: % 1 ± over load, line variations and temperature variations Output short circuit protection: pulsed mode, TBD sec intervals Switching frequency: 50kHz ± 5% 29

30 System Overview - Network Data Architecture Science Node Internal architecture (2-way) Optical Electro- Optical Electrical Neptune communication architecture provides redundant layer 2/3 switches to science nodes Each switch terminates 8 GigE interfaces to provide 80 Gb/s of science node capacity GigE signals are muxed/demuxed onto both the West and East directions of the backbone 30

31 NEPTUNE Network Management & Security Open standards based: No proprietary components Supports interface to higher level network management system Support interface to DMAS (Data Management & Archiving System) Any device with an IP address and supporting SNMP can be managed Out-of-band access via independent IP network Network security provided in the infrastructure as built Careful design: management of IP addressing as practical Accommodate addition of higher level security devices and services 31

32 Undersea Cable Technology for Coastal Security Solutions Why Coastline Security is Important* The nation's 361 seaports see the arrival of 30 million containers a year--that's $2 billion a day in seaborne trade. 95 percent of America's overseas trade travels by ship. Approximately 90 percent of the world's cargo moves by container. Globally, over 200 million cargo containers move between major seaports each year. An Example: Every day, more than 6,000 containers arrive in the port of New York and New Jersey. *The Heritage Foundation, Peter Brookes Lecture No

33 Applying Today s Technology to Coastal Security Solutions: A Network View To/From Homeland Security Network Coastline Terminal Station Terrestrial Network Terminal Station Undersea Repeater Sea Port Platform or Subsurface Buoy Branching Unit Undersea Sensor Array 33

34 The Terminal to Node Communications Path Terminal Station Terrestrial Network Terminal Station The undersea network uses WDM transmission. Each nested ring has a fiber pair. Each node has a dedicated wavelength back to the terminal station. EDFA Detector Array Node Transponder/Interface λ i OADM Filter λ i OADM Filter Fiber Pair 34

35 Communications Path Protocols The optical channel rates and formats could be based on SDH or 10GigE The node s data communication protocol could be Ethernet Detector Array Node Transponder/Interface EDFA λ i OADM Filter λ i OADM Filter Fiber Pair 35

36 Powering The Undersea Network Coastline Power Feed Power Feed Electrical power is available for the undersea repeaters and nodes 36

37 Alternative Powering Schemes Conventional power in the main trunk line Undersea power conversion modules provide power in the branch lines Coastline Power Feed Power Feed Electrical power is available for the undersea repeaters and nodes Power conversion module 37

38 Detector Locations: Ocean Bottom & Surface Hazardous Material Detectors Surface Buoy Sub Surface Buoy Mooring Lines Ocean Bottom Undersea Branching Unit Configured As Information Integrator & Sending Unit Undersea Sensors Undersea Cable Undersea Repeaters 38

39 Detector Operations: Covert & Overt Covert Detectors Monitor traffic into and out of harbor areas Gross level hazard detection Overt Detectors Offshore maritime weigh station Sensitive chemical, biological, radiological detectors Opportunity for remote clearance of maritime cargo 39

40 A Total Coastline Protection Network The entire network is built from regional networks Excess capacity can be used for terrestrial communications, as needed 40

41 Coastal Security Technology Available Today Undersea fiber optic cable Undersea repeaters (in-line & branching) Long-reach transponders Undersea jointing and termination hardware Undersea sensor technology Needs Further Development Undersea qualified node transponder/interface Enhanced Undersea sensors Enhanced undersea power bus 41

42 Mixed Used Opportunities Science packs and/or harbor protection elements off of an oil & gas network Coastline Power Feed Power Feed Platform Power conversion module Platform 42

43 SUMMARY Undersea Cable Technology has been around for a century and a half The technology has matured from telegraph signaling to multi-terabit fiber optic cables Use of this technology for the nation s security has been an ongoing activity for the past half century Establishing permanent cabled ocean floor observatories has received growing attention over the past 5 years The potential for expanded uses of undersea cable technology for science and security applications is enormous 43

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