DARPA Director s Vision of Communications Technology Evolution

Transcription

1 DARPA Director s Vision of Communications Technology Evolution Self-Forming Small Unit Operations-Situational Awareness System Program SUO SAS Packet Radios Global Mobile Program - GLOMO Key to Infrastructureless Comm Mobile Mobile Networked MIMO Program MNM Future Combat System Comms Program - FCS-C Disruption Tolerant Networking - DTN Dynamic Spectrum Next Generation Comms Program - XG MEMS/NEMS Network Adaptation & Optimization Cognitive Technology Information Protection Dynamic Quarantine of Computer Based Worm Attacks Program DQW Defense Against Cyber Attack in MANETs Program DCMANET Intrinsically Assurable MANET IA MANET Analog Spectral Processors - ASP Future Network(s) Wireless Network after Next Program - WNAN Control-Based Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking Program CBMANET Connectionless Networking - CN DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT D: DISTRIBUTION AUTHORIZED TO DoD AND U.S. DoD CONTRACTORS ONLY. Other requests for this document shall be referred to DARPA Technical Information office

2 WNaN Radio Single RF Processing Slice Replicated to form 4 Transceiver Voice/Data Radios Early Hardware and Networking Capability to Enable Experimentation, TTP Development by Services Low Technical and Cost Risk Hardware to Maximize Transition Success Built in Dynamic Spectrum Capability No Frequency or Network Planning Required WNaN Radio Goals: 4-Transceiver $500 in Lots of 100K Spectrally Adaptive MIMO in Urban and Tight Spectrum Environments Member of Four Simultaneous Subnetworks Jan 09 Form Factor 2.2 x 1.6 x x 1.8 x 6.5 Jan 10 Form Factor

3 Multiple Input and Multiple Output Communications (MIMO) Reliable and Assured Communications 07MMDD_BM_Brief 3 The growing reliance of the U.S. military on "information superiority" underscores the need to address problems of military communication in urban areas. - RAND Report Freeing Mercury's Wings: Improving Tactical Communications in Cities, by Sean J. A. Edwards, MR-1316-A MIMO will provide a communication link that is reliable adaptable morphable

4 Challenge: Urban warfare communications Traditional communication platforms are unable to operate in urban environments where US forces are increasingly engaged DARPA MIMO Vision Communicate Where Today s Radios Fail Solution: MIMO Technology High bandwidth and adaptable communications allow the message to get through regardless of the surrounding environment Harnesses the surrounding landscape to provide a highly reliable, adaptable and morphable communication link MIMO thrives in multi-path environment that is detrimental to current radios MIMO offers the network a spatial resource Commercial MIMO has limitations Poor performance in interference Fragile networking Mobility implementations basic and limited Data rate and low cost are higher priorities than link robustness MIMO Allows Urban NLOS Communications Where Current Radios Fail 4

5 Issues with Commercial MIMO Applied to Military Systems Commercial MIMO is fragile Poor performance in interference Weak coding Lossy receiver algorithms Fragile synchronization Fragile networking Limited delay spread compensation Data rate and cost higher priorities than link robustness Limited by computations and standards Transmit Array Interferer Receive Array Fraction of Optimal Capacity Commercial MIMO Hardware Estimate Interference IEEE N MIMO WiFi Performance Comparison 10 db SNR Commercial Receiver MI Interference (db) MMSE-IE MI-IE Blind to Interference MMSE MI - Minimum Interference MMSE - Minimum Mean Squared Error 5

6 Military Network Performance Improvements Leveraging MIMO Strong potential for military network improvements using antenna arrays and MIMO techniques In order to take full advantage of array and MIMO technology, customized PHY, MAC and Network protocol designs are required Signal separation improves frequency re-use Improved link reliability softens acknowledgment overhead Longer hops lighten scheduling overhead Military Network Challenges Commercial Interference Challenging Propagation Ambient Interference Self-Interference NETWORK PERFORMANCE CURRENT SYSTEMS ADAPTIVE ARRAYS MULTI-USER DETECTION MIMO TECHNIQUES NETWORK MIMO SOFT ROUTING NON-LINEAR EQUALIZATION NETWORK IMPEDIMENTS AMBIENT AND SELF-INTERFERENCE URBAN PROPAGATION NEXT-GENERATION SYSTEMS COVERTNESS REQUIREMENTS Example Frequency Re-use Pattern Different Frequency Allocations Frequency Reuse Example of Performance Improvement Interference Mitigation Ideal Re-use 6

7 Individual Force Protection System (IFPS) IFPS is a personal tag that simply and reliably transmits a LOS LPI/LPD signal that provides identification and location of a person under duress System Description: Detection: Single airborne receiver or multiple terrestrial receivers (w/ GPS) to provide location and tracking information for SAR Operations Localization w/o GPS at tag accuracy < 70 and processing speed < 30 sec Demo d LOS range = 82 miles Cost < $100 per tag (in quantities) Alert, Locate, and Track Missing Personnel

8 IFPS Equipment Prototype Receiver System Antenna GPS antenna Tag ~ 3.25 x0.33 x1.20 Desk top PC Program insertion port System includes Tag Docking Station (not shown) Programs Tag transmission codes Recharges Tag batteries Tag completely inert until activated Lifetime limited by battery shelf life Activated lifetime: Days to week 40% reduction in size for next phase

9 IFPS Successful Field Experiments Quantico, VA Urban MOUT Facility, Oct 06 Ft Huachuca, AZ Range Tests, Nov Miles T 30 Miles R 1 Consistently Detect Individuals in Multi-path, Urban Environment Conducted 4 field experiments and several airborne experiments Camp Pendleton II MEU Test Results-Jun 07: Stationary and moving vehicles and Marines 100% tag activation and identification Geolocation to within meters LPI/LPD proven not detected by RAD BN Classified after action report on SIPR Quantico Airborne Experiments Aug 07: IFPS standalone equipment easily setup on CH-53 Receiver, Localizer, C2PC display, antennas on both sides of helo Accuracy increases when combine airborne receiver w/ at least one ground receiver JPRA is assisting with TTP development and tactical employment lessons learned to mitigate any concerns R4 T 8 Miles T 25 R2 RMiles 10 Miles Accuracy not affected by distance Camp Pendleton, CA 11 MEU, Jun 07 4 Marines Standing in square with 20 meter spacing Marines operate system, experiment w/ CONOP

10 Typical Tag Experiments Inside vest Attached to belt under clothing Inside Wet Shirt sleeve pocket Inside variant of LAV

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12 The Concept: Overcome bad links using a vastly improved version of 20 Questions Advantaged Disadvantaged Queries, New Abilities, Rules Good Questions Assists the responder Lot s of Resources 120 Interactivity High Information Content (via 1-bit answers) Why does this overcome the bad link? Good 1-bit answers Receives aid from asker Few Resources Bit Rate (bps) for Conventional Transmission of Data SNR Increase (db) Conventional Data Rate (bps) T 1bit 0.1 Sec 1 Sec 10 Sec 100 Sec SNR Increase (db) =10 LOG (T 1bit * R b ) Duration (sec) of One-Bit Answers Example: 1 Mbps using conventional comm, 1 bit over 1 sec using 1-bit comm 60 db SNR Increase Drop 1-Bit Data Rate to Lowest Possible Level to Boost SNR The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this article/presentation are those of the author/presenter and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the Department of Defense

13 High Level Architecture I want to know with this precision Results 5 lbs 2 watts 5 x 3 Mission-Specific Memory Module Dialog Plug-Ins Interrogator General Purpose Processor (GPP) Standard Transmitter 1-Bit Receiver Not SWAP Constrained ~10 Mbps - 1 Kbps Questions & Plug-Ins Answers ~ bps Standard Receiver 1-Bit Transmitter Responder Dynamic Processing DSP algorithm Library Data Interface Sensors, Devices, Data Storage Information Accuracy Low False Alarm High Probability of Success 1-Bit Signaling How do you cope with lies? How do you encrypt one bit? Frequent Reconfiguration On the fly use of new algorithms Hardware implements only the mode needed NOW, NOT all possible modes Three Key Technical Challenges The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this article/presentation are those of the author/presenter and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the Department of Defense

14 Frequent Reconfiguration: FPGA Sandboxing Algorithm Library This framework allocates a sandbox region in which modules from a library are flexibly placed and interconnected while continuously running (no reboot) FPGA Algorithm 1 Algorithm 2 Algorithm 3 Algorithm 4 Embedded Middleware Sandbox Algorithm 1 Algorithm 2 Static Logic Region An algorithm can be incorporated in 10 ms without resetting FPGA State of Practice Digital Radio Restart Times - MNM radio: 20 sec to 1 min - Cell Phone: 10 sec - Blackberry: 7 sec to 2 min - Single FPGA Reset: 250 ms Dynamic Routing Channels Algorithm 3 Algorithm 4 14 Sandbox Connections FPGA Sandboxing Enables Continual Radio Reconfiguration The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this article/presentation are those of the author/presenter and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the Department of Defense

15 20 Questions (20-Q) Taxonomy Communicate using a predefined Dialog, a decision tree whose nodes are 20-Q Games, each of which is also a decision tree 20-Q Game is defined to be a decision tree Possible Information States Questions can be binary (yes/no) or m-ary (Multiple Choice) The answers may sometime be lies due to channel corruption Questioner learns the answer before asking the next question The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this article/presentation are those of the author/presenter and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the Department of Defense

16 Mission Benefits Utility Decouple Bit Rate and Utility SYSTEM COMMUNICATION Coherent integration of one-bit signals enables otherwise untenable CONOPS Information bits Cognitive radios transfer knowledge using a highly interactive dialogue Text Messages Dumb Beacon I m Here Audio Images Bit Rate from Data Source Video BPS Mission Benefits Achieves Mission Objectives Fact: Objective is often not to see video, but to generate actionable information Approach: Define overarching mission objectives, and carefully define when the link interactivity is done Enables missions that are currently not possible Fact: Some scenarios had many decades of additional path loss or interference that make traditional communication intractable Approach: Drop the required data rate from the disadvantaged size of a two-way asymmetric link to one bit per unit time to increase SNR Extends utility of long lifetime No-data Tag, RFID and Tripwire sensor systems Fact: Communications throughput and energy constrains many one-bit devices and limits their utility Approach: By shifting the burden to the advantaged side of the link, valuable information can be gained from these devices Technical Benefits Transmitting One-Bit Signals will Increase Detectability Fact: Energy per symbol for a given interference and noise channel limits range Approach: Extend the symbol duration by many orders of magnitude (ex/ 1 nanosecond to 1 second yields 90 db of SNR benefit) Interactivity Fact: A highly interactive dialogue between two nodes can optimize mutual information from a single symbol Approach: Develop methods for forming good questions and efficient answers (dialog) Asymmetry Fact: Often, one can overpower the link in one direction Approach: Leverage ability to communicate real data to give disadvantaged node special abilities that enable the transfer of information The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this article/presentation are those of the author/presenter and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies, either expressed or implied, of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or the Department of Defense 16

17 Military Utility Ship Boarding Below Deck Ship-to-Ship Very high interference Robotic Warfare Dynamic environment Real time Video Command and control from around corners Urban Warfare Reliable mobile communications throughout the labyrinth of buildings and streets Subterranean Warfare High risk, difficult communications environment Allows Successful Military Operations 17