USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN UNDERGROUND MINES

Transcription

1 USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN UNDERGROUND MINES Presented by Dr. L. K. Bandyopadhyay CIMFR, Barwa Road, Dhanbad

2 The presentation is organized as follows: Description of mining activities where Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can be gainfully utilized Description of the Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) based system developed at CIMFR, Dhanbad to address some of these activities which includes Presentation of mining problems Origin of Research Work Details of system developed Hardware part Software part

3 Mining activities where Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can be gainfully utilized are: [ - Improving Production and Productivity - Shift and Personnel Management - Reduction of Production Discrepancy - Maintenance of Equipment - Management of Inventory - Environment Monitoring - History of Mine - Disaster Forecasting and Mine Safety Management - Statutory Requirements - Post-Disaster Management - Improvement in Working by On-line Record Keeping - Wireless Communication in Underground Mine - Decision Making - Training

4 Cap-Lamp Room Difficulties in Underground Mines Attendance by manual entry in Registers Surface Underground

5 Miners approaching non-safe areas

6 Problem of fatal accidents

7 Problem of route tracking in opencast mines

8 Proximity Warning for HEMM (1) (2) Signal man at loading or unloading points Dumper backing in loading or unloading points Two dumpers coming from opposite directions in a hilly area

9 Origin of RFID Technology in Mining The Sago Mine disaster was a coal mine explosion on January 2, 2006 in the Sago Mine in Sago, West Virginia, USA that trapped thirteen miners for nearly two days. One miner survived. It was the worst mining disaster in the U.S. since a 2001 disaster in Alabama killed thirteen, and the worst in West Virginia since a 1968 disaster that took seventy eight lives. Contd

10 In reaction to this accident, where rescuers could not locate trapped miners, the US Senate has introduced legislation updating the 1977 Federal Mine Safety and Health Act. The bill provides new initiatives of potential interest to providers of RFID and similar technologies, particularly requirements for post accident communication between underground and surface personnel via a wireless two-way medium, and provide for an electronic tracking system permitting surface personnel to determine the location of any persons trapped underground.

11 Wireless Information and Safety System for Mines CIMFR has developed following wireless technologies using RFID technology: Miners tracking and information system, Disaster locating system, System for prevention of vehicle collisions, Warning system for the miners entering the unsafe area, Dumper tracking system in opencast mines for optimal shovel-dumper performance, Underground gas monitoring system, Message device, and Proximity warning device for HEMM.

12 What is the Technology? ZigBee technology (Wireless sensor and control network): Unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band (IEEE ); Low power (ideal for battery operated system, Rx: 27 ma, Tx: 25 ma); Facilitates large number of nodes/sensors; Reliable and secure links between network nodes; Dynamic network for overcoming redundancy problem; Easy deployment and configuration; Low cost system; Very fast transition time; and Smaller in size (system on chip).

13 Technical specification of ZigBee compliant devices (sensor nodes) 1. Operating ambient temperature range: 40 to 85 C 2. Operating supply voltage range: V 3. Current consumption of the circuit: 39 ma max in Tx mode and 15 ma in Rx mode. 4. Microcontroller High performance and low power 8051 microcontroller core, Programmable flash-128 KB, RAM-8 KB 5. Radio part: RF frequency range Radio bit rate Receiver sensitivity Transmitter spurious emission Receiver spurious emissions 2.4 to 2.41 GHz (ISM) 250 kbps 92 dbm 43 dbm 75 dbm 6. Modulation : Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 7. Wireless standard compliance: ETSI EN 300 (Europe), FCC CFR47 (USA) and ARIB STD-T66 (Japan)

14 System consists of: (1) Hardware What is the System? Coordinator Routers End devices (tags) (2) Embedded software IAR workbench MAC layer (C language) (3) Application Software Visual Basic (VB) under windows as front-end tool, and SQL-Server as back end support

15 S1 C1 CR1 PC1 U1 SH R1 R7 R6 R5 R2 R8 R9 E1 E 1 E2 G1 R3 R12 R11 R10 R13 R14 E3 E4 G2 E5 R4 R17 R16 R15 R18 R18 E6 E7 E8 G3 E9 Installation procedure in underground mine with shaft entrance

16 CR2 S2 R22 R21 R20 C2 PC2 U2 R23 E10 R27 R24 I1 I2 R28 R25 R29 R26 E11 R34 R33 E12 R32 R31 E13 R30 G4 Installation procure in underground mine with incline entrance

17 R6 R7 E1 R8 R5 D1 R10 R11 E2 R12 R9 R4 D2 HR B1 B2 B3 F E 3 R13 S4 S3 S2 S1 R3 E 4 R2 Transport road Pit limit R1 Control room C Server Installation procedure in opencast mine

18 View of coordinator

19 View of router / end device

20 View of methane sensing device

21 View of CO sensing device

22 View of message device

23 View of tag with SMD components

24 C R8 R1 R6 R9 R7 R2 R4 E7 E5 E1 R3 R5 E4 E8 E2 E3 Dynamic routing network platform

25 Communication in Disaster conditions 1. Communication in roof fall condition

26 2. Communication in case of collapse of entrance

27 3. Communication in case of water inundation

28 4. Communication in case of fire

29 Database connectivity

30 Login page with user type

31 Window for loading site map

32 Graphical view of site alongwith routers

33 Miners registration form

34 Tag assignment form

35 Form for tag allotment to miners

36 Shift time setting form

37 Tabular format of received data from devices

38 Graphical presentation of site map with routers and end devices

39 Alert message with warning

40 Current position of miners

41 Option for generating attendance report

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49 Opencast Mine

50 Efficiency and productivity monitoring system for opencast mines A application that allows for the identification of location and the tracking of movement of a mines fleet. By using this automatic (and accurate) means of collecting data over a period of time, it is possible to determine how efficiently and productively the mine site is being managed. It is also an indication of whether the mines assets, i.e. the fleet are managed cost-effectively, in other words: to optimize productivity and asset management, the mine management may decide that it needs to either increase or decrease the number of vehicles and/or the number of hours worked per shift. They can also calculate their costs more accurately and measure this against the productivity of a particular mine site.

51 Working principle: At an open-cast mine, each vehicle is fitted with a Data Collection RFID unit consisting of: (a) RFID reader, (b) Tag buffer, (c) 24volt to 12volt step-down converter, (d) 9-pin RS-232 serial connector and (e) Antenna. RFID tags are mounted at specific locations around the mine site to mark the routes followed by the vehicles. When a vehicle fitted with the data collection unit moves past a route marker, the first and last transmission from the tag is recorded in the database of the unit. The data is downloaded and analyzed to determine the route that each vehicle took. As all records are time stamped it is also possible to determine the time taken for each vehicle to complete the route.

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54 Outcome of the project The developed technologies are patented: 1. Wireless information and safety system for mines (0777DEL2008 and PCT Application No. PCT/IN2009/000199). 2. Tracking and monitoring system for opencast mines (0832DEL2009). 3. Proximity warning device for heavy earth moving machinery (1841DEL2009). The developed software are copyrighted: 1. Miners Tracking Software (MineTrack) 2. Wireless Sensor Network Software (WSN) 3. RFID Device Program (RDP)

55 Outcome of the project (Contd ) Radiation pattern and characteristics of different antenna used in the developed system have been tested by SAMEER, Kolkata. The system is tested and certified by ERTL, Kolkata for its Intrinsic Safety (IS) compliance. DGMS has already given field trial permission at Churi underground mine, N.K. Area, CCL. The developed technologies have been transferred to M/s Safe Instruments, Mohali for commercialization of the systems.

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58 Publications 1. Bandyopadhyay, L.K. Chaulya, S.K., Mishra, P.K., Choure, A. and Baveja, B.M. (2008) Wireless information and safety system for mines, Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 68: Bandyopadhyay, L.K., Chaulya, S.K., Mishra, P.K. and Choure, A. (2008) Wireless information and safety system for underground mines, Proceedings of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) General Assembly, August 9-16, 2008, Chicago, USA. 3. Bandyopadhyay, L.K., Chaulya, S.K. and Mishra, P.K. (2008) Development of tracking and monitoring system based on RFID tags for disaster management in underground mines, Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Automation in Mining, (eds. Foganek, B. and Miskiewicz, K.), 21st World Mining Congress, Cracow, Poland. 4. Choure, A., Gautam, S., Kumar, B., Chaulya, S.K. and Bandyopadhyay, L.K. (2009) Optimal deployment of power efficient wireless sensor network in underground mines, Proceedings of 1st International Seminar and Exhibition for Explosive Atmosphere on Recent Trends in Design, Development, Testing and Certification of Ex-equipment (eds. Singh, A.K., Vishwakarma, R.K. and Ahirwal, B.), October 2009, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, India, pp Kumar, B., Mahato, B., Kumari, S., Chaulya, S.K., Bandyopadhyay, L.K. and Ahirwal, B. (2009) Design of intrinsic safety apparatus for hazardous area basic concept, Proceedings of 1st International Seminar and Exhibition for Explosive Atmosphere on Recent Trends in Design, Development, Testing and Certification of Ex-equipment (eds. Singh, A.K., Vishwakarma, R.K. and Ahirwal, B.), October 2009, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, India, pp

59 Publications (Contd.) 6. Bandyopadhyay, L.K., Mishra, P.K., Chaulya, S.K., Mahato, B. and Kumar, M. (2007) Wireless sensor network in underground mines, Proceedings of National Seminar on advancement in Electronics & Communication Technology VISION-2020, Bhopal, 2-3 December. 7. Bandyopadhyay, L.K., Chaulya, S.K. and Mishra, P.K. (2008) Wireless communication system for underground mines, Proceedings of Conference on Emerging Trends in Mining and Allied Industries ETMAI-2008 (eds. Mishra, M.K. and Sahu, H.B.), NIT, Rourkela, 2-3 February, pp Bandyopadhyay, L.K., Mishra, P.K., Chaulya, S.K., Choure, A., Kumari, S. and Gautam, S. (2008) RFID based wireless networking system for underground mines, Proceedings of National Seminar on Frontiers in Electronics, Communication, Instrumentation and Information Technology (Ed. Kumar, V.), Indian School of Mines University, Dhanbad, October, 2008, pp Kumari, S., Jha, V., Mahato, B., Kumar, B., Bandyopadhyay, L.K., Chaulya, S.K. and Mishra, P.K. (2008) Performance of RFID devices in underground mines, Proceedings of National Seminar on Policies, Statutes and Legislation in Mines, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, India, December 2008, pp

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61 Capabilities of the Developed System Capable of tracking and monitoring miners and equipment in underground mine. Capable of identifying the miners entering in underground mine to keep the track of the miners and maintaining computerized attendance. Capable of monitoring equipment locations and their operation to improve productivity and reduce fatal collision accident. Capable of locating and tracking the miners in case of disaster for speedy rescue operation. Capable of monitoring miners unsafe practice and providing warning to the respective miner.

62 Capabilities (Contd ) Capable of real-time monitoring environmental parameters in underground mine. Capable of sending message to the concerned person in underground mine. Capable of automatically forming alternative network among the undisturbed and reachable routers in case of disaster in particular area in underground mine so that communication does not get disturb in the whole mine. Capable of monitoring movement of dumpers in opencast mine, which ultimately helps in optimum shovel-dumper performance and improving productivity. Enables a low-powered, intrinsically safe, easy to install and costeffective miners information and safety system for underground and surface mines.

63 Field Study Various Parameters for Experimentation Packet Injection Rate: 300 ms Total number of Packets sent by each end device: 100 User-defined Packet size: 16 bytes Distance between End Device and Coordinator was varied. Initially the distance was kept 40 m between End Device and Coordinator. Gradually the distance was increased to 60 m, 80 m and 100 m keeping in view of the packet loss. Creating Pathways for Tomorrows September Technology 10, 2007

64 Field study and Various Parameters for Experimentation Initially the communication was made between two devices at different distances of 40 m, 60 m, 80 m and 100 m. Then one or two routers has been placed in between Coordinator and End device keeping the intermediate distance between each pair of devices at maximum operating distance. Experiment was carried out to test that the data from end devices can be relayed to a remote coordinator in Multihop. Creating Pathways for Tomorrows September Technology 10, 2007

65 Field Study E 20 m R Fixed Packet Injection Rate: 300 ms Total Number of Packets sent by End Device: 100 Packets Received at the Coordinator: 99 % 80 m C Experiment carried out for data communication in laboratory Creating Pathways for Tomorrows Technology September 10, 2007

66 Experimental Results in Bagdiggi Mine of BCCL One Coordinator (C) and One End Device (E) Field Study E C Intermediate Distance between Coordinator and End Device Packets sent by End device Fixed Packet Injection Rate Packets Received at the Coordinator Packet Delivery Ratio 40 m ms 99 99% 60 m ms 99 99% 80 m ms 95 95% Creating Pathways for Tomorrows September Technology 10, 2007

67 Field Study and experimental results One Coordinator (C) and two End Devices (E) E E C Distance between End Devices and Coordinator Packets sent by each End Device Packet Injection Rate Packets Received at the Coordinator 60 m ms 194 (from two devices) 80 m ms 190 (from two devices) 100 m ms 183 (from two devices) Packet Delivery Ratio 97% 95% 92% Creating Pathways for Tomorrows September Technology 10, 2007

68 Field Study and experimental results One Coordinator (C) and One End Device (E) and routers (R) Intermediate hop distance: 40 m E C E R C E R R C Number of hops between End Device and Coordinator Packets sent by End device Fixed Packet Injection Rate Packets Received at the Coordinator Packet Delivery Ratio 1 (No Router) ms 99 99% 2 (1 Router) ms 95 95% 3 (2 Routers) ms 93 93% Creating Pathways for Tomorrows September Technology 10, 2007

69 Field Study and experimental results Observation by gradually increasing the number of hops in a L- shape topology near bends in the tunnel E R 20 m 80 m C Fixed Packet Injection Rate: 300 ms Total Number of Packets sent by End Device: 100 Packets Received at the Coordinator: 97% Creating Pathways for Tomorrows September Technology 10, 2007

70 Field Study and experimental results E 40 m R 60 m R 40 m C Fixed Packet Injection Rate: 300 ms Total Number of Packets sent by End Device: 100 Packets Received at the Coordinator: 98% Creating Pathways for Tomorrows September Technology 10, 2007

71 Field Study and experimental results E 40 m R 40 m R 40 m C Fixed Packet Injection Rate: 300 ms Total Number of Packets sent by End Device: 100 Packets Received at the Coordinator: 99% Creating Pathways for Tomorrows September Technology 10, 2007