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1 14_Parta07_NDX.qxd 10/16/07 4:07 PM Page 109 INDEX Page numbers followed by an italicized f indicate figures. Accidental listeners, 70 Accuracy, 3 Adamovich, Oleg, xvi Adults, Afghanistan, war in, xxi, 10, 27 28, 47 51, 89, 90 Age of audiences of core audience, internal studies of, 90f jamming and, 14 Radio Liberty and, reach rates and, 71 sources of information and, 43 of television, 86f Agitprop meetings Afghanistan and, 48f 49f attitudinal types and, 31f background of, 100 Chernobyl and, 58f as information source, 41, 42f, 46f Agorametrie, 77, 99 Agriculture, 35f All-Union Center for Public Opinion Research (VCIOM), 91f Amplifier effect, xxi, 31, 45 Analysis, 34, 35f Apathetic audiences, 67 Armenian SSR, 95, 98 Asian, SSRs, Central, 19f, 22f Attitudes toward policy, See also specific events Attitudinal types, 30 32, 66 67, 77, 99 Audibility, 97 Audience Research and Program Evaluation, 96 Authoritarian societies, 46 Azerbaijani, 98 Baltic SSRs, 19f, 20, 22f, 43, 44, 71, 92, 103. See also individual republics Bashkirova, Elena, 63, 69, 72, 102 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) audience demographics, 12f, 19f, 28, 32f,

2 14_Parta07_NDX.qxd 10/16/07 4:07 PM Page Index Chernobyl and, 58 comparison findings on, 25f emigrants and, 84f jamming and, 8 9, 13f, 97 languages used by, 20, 98 perception of, 33, 34, 36, 37f 38f rank order of, 73 reach rates, xix, 5, 6f, 7f 8, 11f, 16f 17f, 23f samizdat and, 52 Belorussian SSR, 19f, 20, 22f, 98 Berlin wall, 12, 14 Biases, 2 Book readings, 35f Breakfast shows, 101 Brezhnev, Leonid, 34 British Broadcasting Corporation. See BBC Broadcasters, major, 6 Brussels World Fair, 75 Case studies, xxi Caucasian SSRs, 19f, 21f, 22f CBS, 89 90, 103 CEM (Central European Market Research), 78, 99 Census data, 80 Central Asian SSRs, 19f, 20, 22f, 43, 44 Central European Market Research (CEM), 78, 99 Change, 67 Chernobyl, xxi, Civil liberties, 99 Cold War, 63, 64 Communications Research: An International Quarterly, 79 Communist party (CPSU) members Afghanistan and, 50 51f in data sets, 81 effects on, 67 factor types and, 44 media consumption and, 43 motivations of, 33 reach rates, 100 in traveling population, 76 Communist party membership, xx Comparative and Continuous Sampling, 76 Computer simulation model, 2 Conference on Cold War Broadcasting Impact, 1, 69 Confidence in data, 81, 93 in domestic media, 15, 46f, 100 in Western radio, Conservatives, xx, 30f 31f, 32f Consistency, internal, Core audience, 12f 13, 17 18, 81 Coup attempt, 1, 95 CPSU. See Communist party (CPSU) members Credibility, media, 36, 37f, 55 56f, 65 Credibility of SAAOR studies, 25 Crisis Compendium: Analyses of Media Use in the USSR During the Coup Attempt, 95 Cuban Missile Crisis, 8 Cultural dimensions, 78 Culture, 35f Cumulation patterns, 16f 17 Current events, 46, 87f Czechoslovakia, 8 Dacha listening, 97 Dawson, Ree, 81 Democracy, 52, 64, 99 Demographics. See also specific attributes comparative studies of, 73

3 14_Parta07_NDX.qxd 10/16/07 4:07 PM Page 111 Index 111 comparisons of, of interviewees, 2 Radio Liberty listeners, of, summarized, xx Voice of America s, 5 Détente, 8 Deutsche Welle (DW) audience demographics, 19f, 32f, 44 comparison findings on, 25f emigrants and, 84f jamming and, 9, 13f, 97 languages used by, 20, 98 perception of, 33, 36, 37f, 38f rank order of, 73 reach rates, xix, 6f, 7f 8, 11f, 16f 17f, 23f Developing a Methodology for Projecting the Audience to Foreign Broadcasts in the Soviet Union (Dawson), 81 Documentaries, 87f Domestic media. See also specific media attitudes toward, 41, 65, 72 impact of West on, perestroika/glasnost and, 14 urban audiences and, 41 weaknesses of, 15 Dramas, 87f Duplication patterns, DW. See Deutsche Welle East European Audience and Opinion Research, 76 Economics, 35f, 58 59, 86, 87f Education of core audience, 12 13, 67 media consumption and, 43 of Radio Liberty listeners, 6, 29f reach rates and, television and, 85f Egypt, 97 Emigrant data, Soviet, 2 3, 83 84, 89 Entertainment, xx, 33, 34, 71 Estimates, Estonia/Estonian language, 20, 92, 95, 103 European RSFSR, 19f, 20, 21f, 43 Events, See also specific events Ever listened survey, 24 25f Expert models, 78, 99 Factor types, Fear, xxi, 11, 61 Female listeners, 6, 27 Frequency of listening, 16f 17f Gender, 28f, 43 Geographic regions, 19 20, 43 44, 71, Georgian SSR, 95, 98 Glasnost, xxi, 11, 14 15f, 34 Afghanistan and, 50 attitudes toward, 58 domestic media and, 66 information sources and, jamming and, 9f professionalism and, 38 tone and, 37 Gorbachev, Mikhail, xvi, 11, 34, 89 attitudes toward, 59f Hardliners, xx, 30f 31f, 32f, 67 Hart, Henry O., 76 Human rights, 35f, 52. See also Samizdat

4 14_Parta07_NDX.qxd 10/16/07 4:07 PM Page Index Impact of Western radio, 3 Independent-critical type, 44 Independent-official type, 44 Indifferents, 30f 31f, 32f, 45 Information, xx xxi, 14, 35f. See also Sources of information Information, access to, Information drop-outs, 45 Institute of Sociological Research, 89 Institute of Sociology (ISAN), 24, 63, Internal consistency, 3 Internal studies, xx, 3, 24 25f, 65, 69, 91f, 100 International Atomic Energy Agency, 57 International news, 42f, 44 International Research Institute on Social Change (RISC), 77 78, 99 Interviews, 1 2, 76, 77 procedures for, 96 ISAN (Russian Academy of Sciences), 24, 63, 69 75, 91f Jamming, , 23 and age of audience, 14 age of listeners and, 28f attitudinal types and, 32f duplication patterns and, end of, 11 12, 13f, listener effects of, xx, 10, 27, 67 Mayak and, 65 Radio Liberty and, xix xx Jerschina, Jan, 78, 99 Jewish emigrants, Kazakh, 98 Klensin, John, 79, 81 Kol Israel, 97 Kommunist, 65 Korean airliner incident (KAI), xxi, Kyrgyz, 98 Languages, 6, 19 20, 95. See also specific languages Latvia/Latvian language, 20, 95, 103 Le Matin magazine, 89 Leningrad information sources of, 43, 44 internal studies of, 92 jamming and, 21f reach rates of, 19f, 20, 71 television and, 85 Le Point magazine, 89 Letters from listeners, 3, 33, 68 Liberals, xx, 30f 31f, 32f, 66 Life in West, 35f Lisann, Maury, 65 Listener mail, 3, 33, 68 Listening to Radio Liberty in the USSR, (Parta), 79 Lithuania/Lithuanian language, 20, 92, 95, 103 Local news sources, 41 Magazines, 66 Male listeners, 6, 27 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 2 Mass media simulation program, 2 Maxudov, Viktor, 103 Mayak, 65 Measuring the Foreign Radio Audience in the USSR During the Cold War (Bashkirova), 102

5 14_Parta07_NDX.qxd 10/16/07 4:07 PM Page 113 Index 113 Media. See Radio, any Western; specific media attacks on broadcasts, 63 consumption studies, 43 44, demographics of, Korean airliner incident and, 56f use trends, Media and Opinion Research Institute (MOR), Meetings, 41 Men, 6, 27, 43 Methodology, limitations of, 33 SAAOR s, xxi xxii, 1 4 Missiles, 11 MIT computer simulation model, 2, 5, 7, 79 82, 96 Moderates, xx, 30f 31f, 32f, 66 Moldavian SSR, 19f, 20, 21f, 43, 44 MOR (Media and Opinion Research Institute), Moscow, 19f, 20, 21, 21f, 43, 44, 71 glasnost and, 89 internal studies of, 91 Poland and, 88f Moscow Olympics, Mosteller, Frederick, 80 Mostellerization, 80 Motivations to listen, 32 34, 33f, Movies, 86, 87f Music, 33, 35f, 71 Nationality languages, National news, 42f, 44 New audiences, 13, 14 Newscasts, 35f, 86, 87f, 101 Newspapers. See Press New York Times, 89 90, s and 1960s, s data, 6 Nuclear test ban treaty, 8, 97 Oblast, 19f, 21f Occasional listeners, 23, 70 Official media attitudes toward, 72 during Cold War, xx xxi Korean airliner incident and, 55 non-consumers of, 45 samizdat and, 52f 53 Older listeners, 28f. See also Age of audiences Olympic boycott, 11, Opinions. See Attitudes Orthodox-official type, 44 Overlap of audiences, 5 6 Parta, R. Eugene, 79, 96 Partinaya Zhizn ( Party Life ), 80 Pasternak, Boris, 35 Perceptions of broadcasters, See also specific broadcasters Perestroika attitudes toward, 58 59f, 66 groups effecting, 67 internal studies during, xxi internal studies of, 89 90f jamming during, 8 motivation and, 34 professionalism and, programming and, 34, 35 reach rates during, 11 relevance of broadcasts and, 36 Soviet media during, tone and, Pershing missiles, 11 Poland, xxi, 8, 11, internal polls on, 87 88f

6 14_Parta07_NDX.qxd 10/16/07 4:07 PM Page Index Policy, attitudes toward, See also specific events Political dimensions, 78. See also Attitudinal types Political orientation, xx, Polls, unofficial, Pool, Dr. Ithiel de Sola, 79, 100 Pravda, 54, Press, domestic Afghanistan and, 48f 49f, 50 attacks on broadcasts of, 11, 64 Chernobyl and, 58f demographic types and, 31f, 41, 43 information source, as, 42f, 46f Korean airline incident and, 54 perestroika/glasnost and, 15, 34, 36 Professionalism, 36, 38f 39 Programming, 6, 34 35f, 86, 87f PSE Expert model, 78, 99 Quantification, 5 Questionnaires, 77 Radio, any Western. See also specific broadcasters Afghanistan and, 48f 49f audience demographics, 27, 31f, 43, 44 Chernobyl and, 57, 58f information and, 41 42, 42f, 46f internal studies of, 91f jamming and, 9f, 13f Korean airliner incident and, 55 major broadcasters, 97, 98 Poland and, rank orders, 6f, 7f, 73 reach rates, 7f 8, 11f, 16f 17f, 23f, 92 samizdat and, 52, 52f 53, 54f tone of, word-of-mouth and, 45 Radio Canada International, 9, 97, 98 Radio, domestic, 31f, 42f, 46f, 48f 49f, 58f Radio France International, 9, 97, 98 Radio Free Europe (RFE), 1, 76, 78, 92, 96, 103 Radio I Televidenie, 66 Radio Liberty (RL), 5, 96 audience demographics, xx, 12f, 19f 20, 27 30, 32f, 44 Chernobyl and, 58 comparison findings on, 25f coup attempt, and, xv, 1, 95 education of listeners to, 29f, 71 emigrants and, 84f internal studies of, 91f 92 jamming and, 9, 10, 13f, 97 languages used by, 14, 20, 21, 22f, 98 perception of, 34, 36, 37f, 38, 38f perestroika/glasnost and, 11, 12 Poland and, 60 programming, 6, 34 35f rank order of, 73 reach rates, xix, 6f, 7f 8, 11f, 16f 17f, 23f, 28f research at, 92, 96 samizdat and, 52, Radio Peking, 97 Radio Sweden, 9, 97, 98 Radio Tirana, 97 Radio Vatican, 98 Ralis, Max, 75, 96

7 14_Parta07_NDX.qxd 10/16/07 4:07 PM Page 115 Index 115 Reach rates annual, 23f 24, 25 by broadcaster, 11f Cold War and, 63, 64 during coup attempt, 95 demographics and, 19f 20, 28f, internal studies of, 73 jamming and, 9f, 16f 17f Lisann s estimates of, 65 summarized, xix weekly, 6f, 7f 8, 9f, 92 Receivers, 27 Relevance of broadcasts, 36 Religion, 35f Research, comparative, 100 Research institutes, Russian, 24 RFE/RL (Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty), 1, 76, 78, 92, 96 RISC (International Research Institute on Social Change), 77 78, 99 RL. See Radio Liberty ROMIR, 24, 98 RSFSR (Russian Federation), 91f Rural listeners, 29f Russian, broadcasts in, 14, 20, 21, 22f, 23, 95, 98 Russian Academy of Sciences (ISAN), 24 Russian Federation (RSFSR), 91f Russian research institutes, 24 SAAOR (Soviet Area Audience and Opinion Research), xix, xxii, 4, 25, 69 73, 96 Sakharov, Andrei, xxi, 88f, 89 Samizdat, xxi, 34, 35f, 52 54, See also Human rights Sample, 2 Science and technology, 35f Shifts in listening, 13f, 15f, 20 21, 28f Short-Wave Audience in the USSR, The (Parta et al.), 96 Short-wave signals, 20, 21 Siberian RSFSR, 19f, 20, 21f, 43, 44 Signals, strength of, 20, 21 Simulation methodology, 2, 5, 7, 79 82, 96 Simulation Report 4 (Pool), 79 Socio-cultural dimensions, 78 Solidarity Movement, Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 35 Sources of information, 41, 46, 48f, 55f, 64, 72. See also specific sources Soviet Area Audience and Opinion Research (SAAOR), xix, xxii, 4, 25, 69 73, 96 Soviet regime, 9 10, 63, 64, 65, 102 Soviet SS-20 missiles, 11 Sports, 87f St. Petersburg Center for the Study and Forecasting of Social Processes, 92 Studies, comparative, 100 Tajik, 98 Target audience, Tatar-Bashkir, 98 Television Afghanistan and, 48f 49f audience demographics, 31, 41, 43, 85f 86f Chernobyl and, 57, 58f Communist party members and, 43 impact on, 66 information source, as, 42f, 46f

8 14_Parta07_NDX.qxd 10/16/07 4:07 PM Page Index perestroika/glasnost and, programming, 87f, 101 The Short-Wave Audience in the USSR (Parta et al.), 96 Time magazine, 89 Tone, 36, Totalitarian societies, 46 Trans-Caucasus, 20, 22f, 43 44, 71 Transformation, Traveler demographics, 2 Trust, Turkmen, 98 Twilight immunity, 97 Ukrainian SSR/language, 19f, 20, 21f, 22f, 71, 95, 98 Union Republics, 6. See also specific republics Unofficial polls, Unofficial sources. See Radio, any Western; Word-ofmouth Urban audiences Afghanistan and, 48f audibility and, 97 characterized, 99 information sources of, 41 political orientation of, 30f 31f reach rates, 6, 12 13, 27, 29f 30, 70f US Olympic boycott, 11, USSR Academy of Sciences, 63, 69 Uzbek language, 23, 98 Validity, Variety shows, 87f VCIOM (All-Union Center for Public Opinion Research), 91f Voice of America (VOA) audience demographics, 12f, 19f, 28, 32f Chernobyl and, 58 comparison findings on, 25f emigrants and, 84f jamming and, 8 9, 13f, 97 languages used by, 20, 22f, 23 perception of, 33, 34, 36, 37f, 38, 38f programming, 6 rank order of, 73 reach rates, 5, 6f, 7f 8, 11f, 16f 17f, 23f samizdat and, 52 Vox Populi (VOX), xv, 24, 91f, 95 Vremya, 66, 101 Western radio. See Radio, any Western Women, 6, 14, 27, 43 Word-of-mouth Afghanistan and, 48f 49f Chernobyl and, 58f Communist party members and, 43 gender and, information source, as, 42f, 46f and political orientations, 31f radio, any Western and, 45 samizdat and, 52f 53 urban audiences and, 41 Western radio and, xxi Yeltsin, Boris, xv, xvi Young listeners, 6, 14, 28f, 92. See also Age of audiences Yugoslavia, 97 Zastoi, 34

SECTION SIX. Some Observations on the Impact of Western Broadcasting to the USSR

SECTION SIX. Some Observations on the Impact of Western Broadcasting to the USSR 06_Parta07_Sec06.qxd 10/16/07 3:55 PM Page 63 SECTION SIX Some Observations on the Impact of Western Broadcasting to the USSR An assessment of the overall impact of Western radio in the USSR during the