Lecturer Series ASTRONOMY. FH Astros. Telecommunication with Space Craft. Kurt Niel (University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria)
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1 Lecturer Series ASTRONOMY FH Astros Telecommunication with Space Craft Kurt Niel (University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria)
2 Lecturer Series ASTRONOMY FH Astros Telecommunication with Space Craft Kurt Niel (University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria)
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4 VOYAGER 1, 2 Start 1977; now end of solar system (139 AU 1) c 19:16:55 h) Technical data (communication via Deep Space Network DSN) Launch mass kg (loosing weight / fuel consumption) Power supply Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (3 pcs.) W Antenna 3.7 m High Gain paraboloid Transmission power 6.6 W 18 W Transmission channel: Uplink S-Band ( GHz) - 16 b/s Downlink X-Band ( GHz) b/s normal / 1.4 kb/s high-rate E.g. Plasma Wave Subsystem PWS Recording per week 48 s PWS-signal with kb/s on Digital Tape Recorder DTR These data are received every 6 months via 70 m DSN E.g. Imaging Science Subsystem ISS (switched off 1990 to save power) resolution (BW-Camera with filter wheel) per channel 895 x 848 Pixel = Byte transmission 1:15 h per channel 1) AU - astronomical unit = Mio km (Distance Sun - Earth)
5 VOYAGER 1, 2 Start 1977; now end of solar system (139 AU 1) c 19:16:55 h) Technical data (communication via Deep Space Network DSN) Launch mass kg (loosing weight / fuel consumption) Power supply Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (3 pcs.) W Antenna 3.7 m High Gain paraboloid Transmission power 6.6 W 18 W Transmission channel: Uplink S-Band ( GHz) - 16 b/s Downlink X-Band ( GHz) b/s normal / 1.4 kb/s high-rate E.g. Plasma Wave Subsystem PWS Recording per week 48 s PWS-signal with kb/s on Digital Tape Recorder DTR These data are received every 6 months via 70 m DSN E.g. Imaging Science Subsystem ISS (switched off 1990 to save power) resolution (BW-Camera with filter wheel) per channel 895 x 848 Pixel = Byte transmission 1:15 h per channel 1) AU - astronomical unit = Mio km (Distance Sun - Earth)
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7 BASICS (SOME) TELECOMMUNICATION Free space loss Antenna gain Signal to noise ratio Bit error vs. Signal to noise ratio Receivers noise = 10.log = 10.log
8 1) Received power (isotropic) =. = 4. 4 P ri.. Received power isotropic [W] S.. Radiation power density [W/m²] A w.. Effective antenna area P ti.. Transmitted power isotropic [W] r.. Distance sender > receiver [m].. Wavelength [m] 2) Free space loss (isotropic antennas) = = 4. F i.. Free space loss [1] P ti.. Transmitted power isotropic [W] P ri.. Received power isotropic [W] r.. Distance sender > receiver [m] f.. Frequency [Hz] c.. Light speed [m/s], = 10log( ), = 20log +20log 147,55 Connection Frequency Distance Free space loss isotropic TV-Satellite S-Band 3 GHz km 193 db Rosetta S-Band 3 GHz 1,4 AU = 214 Mio km 269 db Voyager S-Band 3 GHz 48,6 AU = Mio km 296 db Voyager X-Band 8 GHz 48,6 AU = Mio km 308 db Voyager S-Band 3 GHz 133,0 AU = Mio km 308 db
9 3) Friis-Transmissionequation = " " = " " 4 P t.. Transmission power [W] P r.. Receiving power [W] G t.. Antenna gain sender G r.. Antenna gain receiver r.. Distance sender > receiver [m].. Wavelength [m] 4) Antenna gain paraboloid " = 4 ²..$ %&& " = '.$ %&& G.. Antenna gain [1] [db].. Wavelength [m] A.. Antenna area [m²] d.. Antenna aperture [m] η eff.. Effectiveness 0,8..0,99 [1] G [dbi].. Gain against isotropic antenna 5) Received power, =, +", +",, 6) Received power gap over power density of the receivers noise N 0, /) * =, ) * Measure of usability of the receiver signal
10 7) Transmission rate (Shannon-Hartley) + =,.-./ (1+ ) ) C.. Ideal transmission rate [bps] B.. Bandwidth [Hz] S.. Signal power [W] od. [ V] N.. Noise power [W] od. [ V] S/N.. Signal to noise ration [1] [db] 8) Bit error rate = measure for the quality of the transmission of one channel (number of errors per time unit) - measurement 9) Bit error probability (probability for appearance of a bit error) - calculation P B.. Bit error probability E b.. Energy of information bit N 0.. Spectral noise power density Hint that by increasing gap received power to receivers noise the bit error probability decreases.
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12 DSS34 (34 m) tracking Voyager 2 DSS43 (70 m) tracking Voyager 1 Deep Space Network - Canberra, AUS
13 CARRIER DESIGN ( Descanso -Document) Earth Spacecraft 2.1 GHz Aperture 70 m Aperture 3.7 m Receiver noise Necessary gap for bit error safety Remaining gap for bit error safety
14 CARRIER DESIGN ( Descanso -Document) Spacecraft Earth 8.4 GHz 12.3 W Aperture 3.7 m Aperture 70 m Receiver noise Necessary gap for bit error safety Remaining gap for bit error safety
15 LONG TERM FORECAST 1995 until 2020 Downlink Signal get weaker due to increasing distance Transmission rate decreasing du to necessary transmission safety
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18 TWTA Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier Power amplifier for transmitter S-/X-Band
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21 14th February 1990 back view to earth Radio telescope image of Voyager
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26 ROSETTA Start 2005; end September 2016 (going down to 67P) Technical data (communication via Deep Space Network DSN + ESA/Perth) Launch mass kg + propellant kg Power supply Solar array (2 x 32 m²) 850 W (3.4 AU) / 395 W (5.25 AU) Antennas 2.2 m High Gain paraboloid m Medium Gain paraboloid + 2 omnidirectional Low Gain Transmission power 28 W RF X-Band TWTA + 2 x 5 W RF S/X-Band Transmission channel Rosetta: Uplink S-Band ( GHz) kb/s Downlink X-Band ( GHz) - 22 kb/s
27 PHILAE Undocking from Rosetta and landing at 67P: then stuck on rocks Technical data (transmitting relay Rosetta within max. 100 km distance): Launch mass 100 kg Power supply Solar array 2.2 m² (32 W) filling 140 Wh battery Wh non-rechargeable battery Antenna patch 1 dbi Transmission power 1 W RF S-Band transmitter
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31 SOUND PROBES FROM SPACE 1) Sputnik 1 (Oct. 1957) Orbit km; 20/40 MHz CW 2) Sputnik 2 (Nov. 1957) Orbit km; heart beat dog Laika 3) Vostok 1 (Apr. 1961) voice Jurij Gagarin 4) Mercury Atlas 6 (Feb. 1962) voice John Glenn 5) Apollo 13 (Apr. 1970) way to moon 6) Voyager (Jul. 1979) Plasma Wave Subsystem near Jupiter 7) EME ham radio (1995) OE2AXH via 6.4 m paraboloid 8) Rosetta (2014?) magnetic field oscillations of 67P/Churyumov/Gerasimenko
32 Ham radio on the International Space Station UK ham radio educational satellite
33 SOURCES NASA Voyager Mission Status - NASA Deep Space Network DSN Goldstone (CA, USA), Madrid (E), Canberra (AUS) NASA Space Communication and Navigation - Descanso -Document: Descanso4--Voyager_new.pdf JPL Voyager Telecommunications, R. Ludwig, J. Taylor, March 2002 ARISS Amateur Radio on the International Space Station - FUNCube UK Amateur Radio Education Satellite - Sounds from Space by Maththias Bopp/DD1US -
Deep Space Communication The further you go, the harder it gets. D. Kanipe, Sept. 2013
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