3G EVOLUTION : HSPA AND LTE FOR MOBILE BROADBAND

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4 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband Second edition Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld and Per Beming AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

5 Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford, OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA First edition 2007 Second edition 2008 Copyright Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld and Per Beming. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved The right of Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Sköld and Per Beming to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permission may be sought directly from Elsevier s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone ( 44) (0) ; fax ( 44) (0) ; permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier website at and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data 3G evolution : HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband. 2nd ed. 1. Broadband communication systems Standards 2. Mobile communication systems Standards 3. Cellular telephone systems Standards I. Dahlman, Erik Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN: For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd., A Macmillan Company. ( Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall

6 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Acknowledgements List of Acronyms xv xxvii xxix xxxi xxxiii Part I: Introduction 1 1 Background of 3G evolution History and background of 3G Before 3G Early 3G discussions Research on 3G G standardization starts Standardization The standardization process GPP IMT-2000 activities in ITU Spectrum for 3G and systems beyond 3G The motives behind the 3G evolution Driving forces Technology advancements Services Cost and performance G evolution: Two Radio Access Network approaches and an evolved core network Radio Access Network evolution An evolved core network: system architecture evolution v

7 vi Contents Part II: Technologies for 3G Evolution 27 3 High data rates in mobile communication High data rates: Fundamental constraints High data rates in noise-limited scenarios Higher data rates in interference-limited scenarios Higher data rates within a limited bandwidth: Higher-order modulation Higher-order modulation in combination with channel coding Variations in instantaneous transmit power Wider bandwidth including multi-carrier transmission Multi-carrier transmission OFDM transmission Basic principles of OFDM OFDM demodulation OFDM implementation using IFFT/FFT processing Cyclic-prefix insertion Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission Channel estimation and reference symbols Frequency diversity with OFDM: Importance of channel coding Selection of basic OFDM parameters OFDM subcarrier spacing Number of subcarriers Cyclic-prefix length Variations in instantaneous transmission power OFDM as a user-multiplexing and multiple-access scheme Multi-cell broadcast/multicast transmission and OFDM Wider-band single-carrier transmission Equalization against radio-channel frequency selectivity Time-domain linear equalization Frequency-domain equalization Other equalizer strategies Uplink FDMA with flexible bandwidth assignment DFT-spread OFDM Basic principles DFTS-OFDM receiver User multiplexing with DFTS-OFDM Distributed DFTS-OFDM

8 Contents vii 6 Multi-antenna techniques Multi-antenna configurations Benefits of multi-antenna techniques Multiple receive antennas Multiple transmit antennas Transmit-antenna diversity Transmitter-side beam-forming Spatial multiplexing Basic principles Pre-coder-based spatial multiplexing Non-linear receiver processing Scheduling, link adaptation and hybrid ARQ Link adaptation: Power and rate control Channel-dependent scheduling Downlink scheduling Uplink scheduling Link adaptation and channel-dependent scheduling in the frequency domain Acquiring on channel-state information Traffic behavior and scheduling Advanced retransmission schemes Hybrid ARQ with soft combining Part III: HSPA WCDMA evolution: HSPA and MBMS WCDMA: Brief overview Overall architecture Physical layer Resource handling and packet-data session High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Overview Shared-channel transmission Channel-dependent scheduling Rate control and higher-order modulation Hybrid ARQ with soft combining Architecture Details of HSDPA

9 viii Contents HS-DSCH: Inclusion of features in WCDMA Release MAC-hs and physical-layer processing Scheduling Rate control Hybrid ARQ with soft combining Data flow Resource control for HS-DSCH Mobility UE categories Finer details of HSDPA Hybrid ARQ revisited: Physical-layer processing Interleaving and constellation rearrangement Hybrid ARQ revisited: Protocol operation In-sequence delivery MAC-hs header CQI and other means to assess the downlink quality Downlink control signaling: HS-SCCH Downlink control signaling: F-DPCH Uplink control signaling: HS-DPCCH Enhanced Uplink Overview Scheduling Hybrid ARQ with soft combining Architecture Details of Enhanced Uplink MAC-e and physical layer processing Scheduling E-TFC selection Hybrid ARQ with soft combining Physical channel allocation Power control Data flow Resource control for E-DCH Mobility UE categories Finer details of Enhanced Uplink Scheduling the small print Further details on hybrid ARQ operation Control signaling

10 Contents ix 11 MBMS: Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services Overview Macro-diversity Application-level coding Details of MBMS MTCH MCCH and MICH MSCH HSPA Evolution MIMO HSDPA-MIMO data transmission Rate control for HSDPA-MIMO Hybrid-ARQ with soft combining for HSDPA-MIMO Control signaling for HSDPA-MIMO UE capabilities Higher-order modulation Continuous packet connectivity DTX reducing uplink overhead DRX reducing UE power consumption HS-SCCH-less operation: downlink overhead reduction Control signaling Enhanced CELL_FACH operation Layer 2 protocol enhancements Advanced receivers Advanced UE receivers specified in 3GPP Receiver diversity (type 1) Chip-level equalizers and similar receivers (type 2) Combination with antenna diversity (type 3) Combination with antenna diversity and interference cancellation (type 3i) MBSFN operation Conclusion Part IV: LTE and SAE LTE and SAE: Introduction and design targets LTE design targets Capabilities System performance

11 x Contents Deployment-related aspects Architecture and migration Radio resource management Complexity General aspects SAE design targets LTE radio access: An overview LTE transmission schemes: Downlink OFDM and uplink DFTS-OFDM/SC-FDMA Channel-dependent scheduling and rate adaptation Downlink scheduling Uplink scheduling Inter-cell interference coordination Hybrid ARQ with soft combining Multiple antenna support Multicast and broadcast support Spectrum flexibility Flexibility in duplex arrangement Flexibility in frequency-band-of-operation Bandwidth flexibility LTE radio interface architecture Radio link control Medium access control Logical channels and transport channels Scheduling Hybrid ARQ with soft combining Physical layer Terminal states Data flow Downlink transmission scheme Overall time-domain structure and duplex alternatives The downlink physical resource Downlink reference signals Cell-specific downlink reference signals UE-specific reference signals Downlink L1/L2 control signaling Physical Control Format Indicator Channel Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel Physical Downlink Control Channel

12 Contents xi Downlink scheduling assignment Uplink scheduling grants Power-control commands PDCCH processing Blind decoding of PDCCHs Downlink transport-channel processing CRC insertion per transport block Code-block segmentation and per-code-block CRC insertion Turbo coding Rate-matching and physical-layer hybrid-arq functionality Bit-level scrambling Data modulation Antenna mapping Resource-block mapping Multi-antenna transmission Transmit diversity Spatial multiplexing General beam-forming MBSFN transmission and MCH Uplink transmission scheme The uplink physical resource Uplink reference signals Uplink demodulation reference signals Uplink sounding reference signals Uplink L1/L2 control signaling Uplink L1/L2 control signaling on PUCCH Uplink L1/L2 control signaling on PUSCH Uplink transport-channel processing PUSCH frequency hopping Hopping based on cell-specific hopping/mirroring patterns Hopping based on explicit hopping information LTE access procedures Acquisition and cell search Overview of LTE cell search PSS structure SSS structure

13 xii Contents 18.2 System information MIB and BCH transmission System-Information Blocks Random access Step 1: Random-access preamble transmission Step 2: Random-access response Step 3: Terminal identification Step 4: Contention resolution Paging LTE transmission procedures RLC and hybrid-arq protocol operation Hybrid-ARQ with soft combining Radio-link control Scheduling and rate adaptation Downlink scheduling Uplink scheduling Semi-persistent scheduling Scheduling for half-duplex FDD Channel-status reporting Uplink power control Power control for PUCCH Power control for PUSCH Power control for SRS Discontinuous reception (DRX) Uplink timing alignment UE categories Flexible bandwidth in LTE Spectrum for LTE Frequency bands for LTE New frequency bands Flexible spectrum use Flexible channel bandwidth operation Requirements to support flexible bandwidth RF requirements for LTE Regional requirements BS transmitter requirements BS receiver requirements Terminal transmitter requirements Terminal receiver requirements

14 Contents xiii 21 System Architecture Evolution Functional split between radio access network and core network Functional split between WCDMA/HSPA radio access network and core network Functional split between LTE RAN and core network HSPA/WCDMA and LTE radio access network WCDMA/HSPA radio access network LTE radio access network Core network architecture GSM core network used for WCDMA/HSPA The SAE core network: The Evolved Packet Core WCDMA/HSPA connected to Evolved Packet Core Non-3GPP access connected to Evolved Packet Core LTE-Advanced IMT-2000 development LTE-Advanced The 3GPP candidate for IMT-Advanced Fundamental requirements for LTE-Advanced Extended requirements beyond ITU requirements Technical components of LTE-Advanced Wider bandwidth and carrier aggregation Extended multi-antenna solutions Advanced repeaters and relaying functionality Conclusion Part V: Performance and Concluding Remarks Performance of 3G evolution Performance assessment End-user perspective of performance Operator perspective Performance in terms of peak data rates Performance evaluation of 3G evolution Models and assumptions Performance numbers for LTE with 5 MHz FDD carriers Evaluation of LTE in 3GPP LTE performance requirements LTE performance evaluation Performance of LTE with 20 MHz FDD carrier Conclusion

15 xiv Contents 24 Other wireless communications systems UTRA TDD TD-SCDMA (low chip rate UTRA TDD) CDMA CDMA2000 1x x EV-DO Rev x EV-DO Rev A x EV-DO Rev B UMB (1x EV-DO Rev C) GSM/EDGE Objectives for the GSM/EDGE evolution Dual-antenna terminals Multi-carrier EDGE Reduced TTI and fast feedback Improved modulation and coding Higher symbol rates WiMAX (IEEE ) Spectrum, bandwidth options and duplexing arrangement Scalable OFDMA TDD frame structure Modulation, coding and Hybrid ARQ Quality-of-service handling Mobility Multi-antenna technologies Fractional frequency reuse Advanced Air Interface (IEEE m) Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (IEEE ) Summary Future evolution IMT-Advanced The research community Standardization bodies Concluding remarks References 593 Index 603

16 List of Figures 1.1 The standardization phases and iterative process GPP organization Releases of 3GPP specifications for UTRA The definition of IMT-2000 in ITU-R The terminal development has been rapid the past 20 years The bit rate delay service space that is important to cover when designing a new cellular system One HSPA and LTE deployment strategy: upgrade to HSPA Evolution, then deploy LTE as islands in the WCDMA/HSPA sea Minimum required E b /N 0 at the receiver as a function of bandwidth utilization Signal constellations for (a) QPSK, (b) 16QAM and (c) 64QAM Distribution of instantaneous power for different modulation schemes. Average power is same in all cases Multi-path propagation causing time dispersion and radio-channel frequency selectivity Extension to wider transmission bandwidth by means of multicarrier transmission Theoretical WCDMA spectrum. Raised-cosine shape with roll-off α (a) Per-subcarrier pulse shape and (b) spectrum for basic OFDM transmission OFDM subcarrier spacing OFDM modulation OFDM time frequency grid Basic principle of OFDM demodulation OFDM modulation by means of IFFT processing OFDM demodulation by means of FFT processing Time dispersion and corresponding received-signal timing Cyclic-prefix insertion Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission/reception Frequency-domain model of OFDM transmission/reception with one-tap equalization at the receiver Time-frequency grid with known reference symbols xv

17 xvi List of Figures 4.13 (a) Transmission of single wideband carrier and (b) OFDM transmission over a frequency-selective channel Channel coding in combination with frequency-domain interleaving to provide frequency diversity in case of OFDM transmission Subcarrier interference as a function of the normalized Doppler spread f Doppler /Δf Spectrum of a basic 5 MHz OFDM signal compared with WCDMA spectrum OFDM as a user-multiplexing/multiple-access scheme: (a) downlink and (b) uplink Distributed user multiplexing Uplink transmission-timing control Broadcast scenario Broadcast vs. Unicast transmission. (a) Broadcast and (b) Unicast Equivalence between simulcast transmission and multi-path propagation General time-domain linear equalization Linear equalization implemented as a time-discrete FIR filter Frequency-domain linear equalization Overlap-and-discard processing Cyclic-prefix insertion in case of single-carrier transmission Orthogonal multiple access: (a) TDMA and (b) FDMA FDMA with flexible bandwidth assignment DFTS-OFDM signal generation PAR distribution for OFDM and DFTS-OFDM, respectively. Solid curve: QPSK. Dashed curve: 16QAM Basic principle of DFTS-OFDM demodulation DFTS-OFDM demodulator with frequency-domain equalization Uplink user multiplexing in case of DFTS-OFDM. (a) Equalbandwidth assignment and (b) unequal-bandwidth assignment Localized DFTS-OFDM vs. Distributed DFTS-OFDM Spectrum of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM signals User multiplexing in case of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM Linear receive-antenna combining Linear receive-antenna combining Downlink scenario with a single dominating interferer (special case of only two receive antennas) Receiver scenario with one strong interfering mobile terminal: (a) Intra-cell interference and (b) Inter-cell interference Two-dimensional space/time linear processing (two receive antennas).. 87

18 List of Figures xvii 6.6 Two-dimensional space/frequency linear processing (two receive antennas) Two-antenna delay diversity Two-antenna Cyclic-Delay Diversity (CDD) WCDMA Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) Space Frequency Transmit Diversity assuming two transmit antennas Classical beam-forming with high mutual antennas correlation: (a) antenna configuration and (b) beam-structure Pre-coder-based beam-forming in case of low mutual antenna correlation Per-subcarrier pre-coding in case of OFDM (two transmit antennas) antenna configuration Linear reception/demodulation of spatially multiplexed signals Pre-coder-based spatial multiplexing Orthogonalization of spatially multiplexed signals by means of pre-coding. λ i,i is the i th eigenvalue of the matrix H H H Single-codeword transmission (a) vs. multi-codeword transmission (b) Demodulation/decoding of spatially multiplexed signals based on Successive Interference Cancellation (a) Power control and (b) rate control Channel-dependent scheduling Example of three different scheduling behaviors for two users with different average channel quality: (a) max C/I, (b) round robin, and (c) proportional fair. The selected user is shown with bold lines Illustration of the principle behavior of different scheduling strategies: (a) for full buffers and (b) for web browsing traffic model Example of Chase combining Example of incremental redundancy WCDMA evolution WCDMA radio-access network architecture WCDMA protocol architecture Simplified view of physical layer processing in WCDMA Channelization codes Time- and code-domain structure for HS-DSCH Channel-dependent scheduling for HSDPA Illustration of the HSDPA architecture

19 xviii List of Figures 9.4 Dynamic power usage with HS-DSCH Channel structure with HSDPA MAC-hs and physical-layer processing Priority handling in the scheduler Transport-block sizes vs. the number of channelization codes for QPSK and 16QAM modulation. The transport-block sizes used for CQI reporting are also illustrated Generation of redundancy versions Multiple hybrid-arq process (six in this example) Protocol configuration when HS-DSCH is assigned. The numbers in the rightmost part of the figure corresponds to the numbers to the right in Figure Data flow at UTRAN side Measurements and resource limitations for HSDPA Change of serving cell for HSPA. It is assumed that both the source and target NodeB are part of the active set The principle of two-stage rate matching An example of the generation of different redundancy versions in the case of IR The channel interleaver for the HS-DSCH The priority queues in the NodeB MAC-hs (left) and the reordering queues in the UE MAC-hs (right) Illustration of the principles behind reordering queues The structure of the MAC-hs header Timing relation for the CQI reports HS-SCCH channel coding Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH), introduced in Release Basic structure of uplink signaling with IQ/code-multiplexed HS-DPCCH Detection threshold for the ACK/NAK field of HS-DPCCH Enhanced ACK/NAK using PRE and POST Enhanced Uplink scheduling framework The architecture with E-DCH (and HS-DSCH) configured Separate processing of E-DCH and DCH Overall channel structure with HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink. The new channels introduced as part of Enhanced Uplink are shown with dashed lines MAC-e and physical-layer processing Overview of the scheduling operation The relation between absolute grant, relative grant and serving grant Illustration of relative grant usage

20 List of Figures xix 10.9 Illustration of the E-TFC selection process Synchronous vs. asynchronous hybrid ARQ Multiple hybrid ARQ processes for Enhanced Uplink Retransmissions in soft handover Code allocation in case of simultaneous E-DCH and HS-DSCH operation (note that the code allocation is slightly different when no HS-DPCCH is configured). Channels with SF 4 are shown on the corresponding SF4 branch for illustrative purposes Data flow Illustration of the resource sharing between E-DCH and DCH channels The relation between absolute grant, relative grant and serving grant Illustration of UE monitoring of the two identities Example of common and dedicated scheduling Grant table Example of activation of individual hybrid ARQ processes E-TFC selection and hybrid ARQ profiles E-DCH rate matching and the r and s parameters. The bit collection procedure is identical to the QPSK bit collection for HS-DSCH Amount of puncturing as a function of the transport block size Mapping from RSN via RV to s and r Reordering mechanism Structure and format of the MAC-e/es PDU E-DCH-related out-band control signaling E-HICH and E-RGCH structures (from the serving cell) Illustration of signature sequence hopping E-AGCH coding structure Timing relation for downlink control channels, 10 ms TTI Timing relation for downlink control channels, 2 ms TTI E-DPCCH coding Example of MBMS services. Different services are provided in different areas using broadcast in cells 1 4. In cell 5, unicast is used as there is only single user subscribing to the MBMS service Example of typical phases during an MBMS session. The dashed phases are only used in case of multicast and not for broadcast The gain with soft combining and multi-cell reception in terms of coverage vs. power for 64 kbit/s MBMS service

21 xx List of Figures (vehicular A, 3 km/h, 80 ms TTI, single receive antenna, no transmit diversity, 1% BLER) Illustration of the principles for (a) soft combining and (b) selection combining Illustration of application-level coding. Depending on their different ratio conditions, the number of coded packets required for the UEs to be able to reconstruct the original information differs Illustration of data flow through RLC, MAC, and L1 in the network side for different transmission scenarios MCCH transmission schedule. Different shades indicate (potentially) different MCCH content, e.g. different combinations of services HS-DSCH processing in case of MIMO transmission Modulation, spreading, scrambling and pre-coding for two dualstream MIMO HS-SCCH information in case of MIMO support. The gray shaded information is added compared to Release Example of type A and type B PCI/CQI reporting for a UE configured for MIMO reception WCDMA state model Example of uplink DTX CQI reporting in combination with uplink DTX Example of simultaneous use of uplink DTX and downlink DRX Example of retransmissions with HS-SCCH-less operation Median HSDPA data rate in a mildly dispersive propagation channel for UEs with 15 channelization codes (from [112]) LTE and HSPA Evolution The original IMT core band spectrum allocations at 2 GHz Downlink channel-dependent scheduling in time and frequency domains Example of inter-cell interference coordination Frequency- and time-division duplex LTE protocol architecture (downlink) RLC segmentation and concatenation Downlink channel mapping Uplink channel mapping Transport-format selection in (a) downlink and (b) uplink Multiple parallel hybrid-arq processes Simplified physical-layer processing for DL-SCH

22 List of Figures xxi 15.8 LTE states Example of LTE data flow LTE high-level time-domain structure Uplink/downlink time/frequency structure in case of FDD and TDD Different downlink/uplink configurations in case of TDD The LTE downlink physical resource Frequency-domain structure for LTE downlink Detailed time-domain structure for LTE downlink transmission Downlink resource block assuming normal cyclic prefix (i.e. seven OFDM symbols per slot). With extended cyclic prefix there are six OFDM symbols per slot Structure of cell-specific reference signal within a pair of resource blocks (normal cyclic prefix) Different reference-signal frequency shifts Cell-specific reference signals in case of multi-antenna transmission: (a) two antenna ports and (b) four antenna ports Structure of UE-specific reference signal within a pair of resource blocks (normal cyclic prefix) LTE time/frequency grid illustrating the split of the subframe into (variable-sized) control and data regions Overview of the PCFICH processing Numbering of resource-element groups in the control region (assuming a size of three OFDM symbols) Example of PCFICH mapping in the first OFDM symbol for three different physical-layer cell identities PHICH structure Overview of DCI formats for downlink scheduling (FDD) Illustration of resource-block allocation types (cell bandwidth corresponding to 25 resource blocks used in this example) Number of bits used for resource allocation signaling for allocation types 0/1 and Computing the transport-block size Timing relation for uplink grants in FDD and TDD configuration Processing of L1/L2 control signaling CCE aggregation and PDCCH multiplexing Example of mapping of PCFICH, PHICH, and PDCCH Principal illustration of search spaces in two terminals LTE downlink transport-channel processing. Dashed parts are only present in case of spatial multiplexing, that is when two transport blocks are transmitted in parallel within a TTI

23 xxii List of Figures Code-block segmentation and per-code-block CRC insertion LTE Turbo encoder Principles of QPP-based interleaving Rate-matching and hybrid-arq functionality VRB-to-PRB mapping in case of localized VRBs. Figure assumes a cell bandwidth corresponding to 25 resource blocks VRB-to-PRB mapping in case of distributed VRBs. Figure assumes a cell bandwidth corresponding to 25 resource blocks Two-antenna-port transmit diversity SFBC Four-antenna-port transmit diversity combined SFBC/FSTD The basic structure of LTE closed-loop spatial multiplexing Codeword-to-layer mapping for spatial multiplexing Open-loop spatial multiplexing ( large-delay CDD ) Resource-block structure for MBSFN subframes, assuming normal cyclic prefix for the unicast part Reference-signal structure for MBSFN subframes Basic principles of DFTS-OFDM for LTE uplink transmission Frequency-domain structure for LTE uplink Detailed time-domain structure for LTE uplink transmission Transmission of uplink reference signals within a slot in case of PUSCH transmission (normal cyclic prefix) Generation of uplink reference signal from a frequency-domain reference-signal sequence Generation of uplink reference-signal sequence from linear phase rotation of a basic reference-signal sequence Grouping of reference-signal sequences into sequence groups. The number indicates the corresponding bandwidth in number of resource blocks Transmission of SRS Non-frequency-hopping (wideband) SRS versus frequencyhopping SRS Generation of SRS from a frequency-domain reference-signal sequence Multiplexing of SRS transmissions from different mobile terminals Uplink L1/L2 control signaling transmission on PUCCH PUCCH format 1 (normal cyclic prefix) Example of phase rotation and cover hopping for two PUCCH resource indices in two different cells Multiplexing of scheduling request and hybrid-arq acknowledgement from a single terminal PUCCH format 2 (normal cyclic prefix)

24 List of Figures xxiii Simultaneous transmission of channel-status reports and hybrid-arq acknowledgements: (a) normal cyclic prefix and (b) extended cyclic prefix Allocation of resource blocks for PUCCH Multiplexing of control and data onto PUSCH Uplink transport-channel processing Definition of subbands for PUSCH hopping. A total of four subbands, each consisting of eleven resource blocks Hopping according to predefined hopping pattern Hopping/mirroring according to predefined hopping/mirroring patterns. Same hopping pattern as in Figure Frequency hopping according to explicit hopping information Time-domain positions of PSSs in case of FDD and TDD Definition and structure of PSS Definition and structure of SSS Channel coding and subframe mapping for the BCH transport channel Detailed resource mapping for the BCH transport channel Example of mapping of SIBs to SIs Transmission window for the transmission of an SI Overview of the random-access procedure Preamble subsets Principal illustration of random-access-preamble transmission Different preamble formats Random-access preamble generation Random-access preamble detection in the frequency domain DRX for paging Multiple parallel hybrid-arq processes Non-adaptive and adaptive hybrid-arq operation Timing relation between downlink data in subframe n and uplink hybrid-arq acknowledgement in subframe n 4 for FDD Example of timing relation between downlink data and uplink hybrid-arq acknowledgement for TDD (configuration 2) MAC and RLC structure (single-terminal view) Generation of RLC PDUs from RLC SDUs In-sequence delivery Retransmission of missing PDUs Transport format selection in downlink (left) and uplink (right)

25 xxiv List of Figures MAC header and SDU multiplexing Prioritization of two logical channels for three different uplink grants Scheduling request transmission Buffer status and power headroom reports Example of uplink inter-cell interference coordination Example of semi-persistent scheduling Example of half-duplex FDD terminal operation Full vs. partial path-loss compensation. Solid curve. Full compensation ( α 1); Dashed curve: Partial compensation (α 0.8) Illustration of DRX operation Uplink timing advance Timing relation for TDD operation Coexistence between TD-SCDMA and LTE Operating bands specified in 3GPP above 1 GHz and the corresponding ITU allocation Operating bands specified in 3GPP below 1 GHz and the corresponding ITU allocation Example of how LTE can be migrated step-by-step into a spectrum allocation with an original GSM deployment The channel bandwidth for one RF carrier and the corresponding transmission bandwidth configuration Defined frequency ranges for spurious emissions and operating band unwanted emissions Definitions of ACLR and ACS, using example characteristics of an aggressor interfering and a victim wanted signal Requirements for receiver susceptibility to interfering signals in terms of blocking, ACS, narrowband blocking, and in-channel selectivity (ICS) Radio access network and core network Transport network topology influencing functional allocation WCDMA/HSPA radio access network: nodes and interfaces Roles of the RNC LTE radio access network: nodes and interfaces Overview of GSM and WCDMA/HSPA core network somewhat simplified figure Roaming in GSM/and WCDMA/HSPA Overview of SAE core network simplified figure Roaming in LTE/EPC