4/29/2012. General Class Element 3 Course Presentation. Signals and Emissions. SignalSignals and Emissionsissions. Subelement G8

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1 General Class Element 3 Course Presentation ti ELEMENT 3 SUB ELEMENTS General Licensing Class Subelement G8 Signals and Emissions 2 Exam Questions, 2 Groups G1 Commission s Rules G2 Operating Procedures G3 Radio Wave Propagation G4 Amateur Radio Practices G5 Electrical Principles G6 Circuit Components G7 Practical Circuits G8 Signals and Emissions G9 Antennas G0 Electrical and RF Safety 2 Signals and Emissions Amplitude modulation is the name of the process that changes the envelope of an RF wave to carry information. (G8A01) Signals Signals and EmissionsEmissions Phase modulation is the name of the process that changes the phase angle of an RF wave to convey information. (G8A02) Frequency modulation is the name of the process which changes the frequency of an RF wave to convey information. (G8A03) Basic Xmtr Block Diagram of Radio Transmitter Modulation of RF Carrier Signals Signals and EmissionsEmissions Phase modulation is produced by a reactance modulator connected to an RF power amplifier. (G8A04) Amplitude modulation is the type of modulation that varies the instantaneous power level of the RF signal. (G8A05) SignalSignals and Emissionsissions The transmit audio or microphone gain control is typically adjusted for proper Automatic Level Control (ALC) setting on an amateur single One advantage of carrier suppression in a single sideband phone transmission is that the available transmitter power can be used more effectively. (G8A06) Another advantage is that the phone emission that uses the narrowest frequency bandwidth is single sideband. (G8A07) Another effect of over modulation is excessive bandwidth. (G8A08) sideband transceiver. (G8A09) Flat topping topping of a single sideband phone transmission is signal distortion caused by excessive drive. (G8A10) Oscilloscope Waveform Showing Flattopping 1

2 Signals and Signals and EmissionsEmissions When a modulating audio signal is applied to an FM transmitter, the carrier frequency changes proportionally to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. (G8A11) Both upper and lower sidebands would be found at the output of a properly p adjusted balanced modulator. (G8A12) Signals asignals and Emissions Emissions In a receiver the Mixer stage combines a MHz input signal with a MHz oscillator signal to produce a 455 khz intermediate frequency (IF) signal. (G8B01) A Mixer circuit is used to process signals from the RF amplifier and local oscillator and send the result to the IFfil filter in a super heterodyne receiver. Filtering an SSB Signal MHz Mixer First IF amp. 455 khz In this mixer the output t is the sum and the difference of the two applied signals: Local oscillator MHz The sum would be or MHz The difference would be or MHz SSB Transmitter Block Diagram Filtering removes the undesired frequency SignalSignals and EmissionsEmissions If a receiver mixes a MHz VFO with a MHz received signal to produce a 455 khz intermediate frequency (IF) signal, a MHz signal will produce an image response in the receiver. (G8B02) To prevent this many receivers use a tuned preamplifier before the mixer input (sometimes called a preselector). Heterodyning is another term for the mixing of two RF signals. (G8B03) Very simple mixer The multiplier is the name of the stage in a VHF FM transmitter that generates a harmonic of a lower frequency signal to reach the desired operating frequency. (G8B04) SignSignals and Emissionsssions FM phone is often used on the VHF and UHF bands, but frequency modulated (FM) phone is not used below 29.5 MHz because the wide bandwidth is prohibited by FCC rules. (G8B05) 16kHzis the total bandwidth of an FM phone transmission having a 5 khz deviation and a 3 khz modulating frequency. (G8B06) Total Bandwidthis equal to the peak devation + the highest modulating frequency times 2. (because the FM signal is symetrical about the carrier frequency). In this example the total bandwidth would be (5 KHz + 3KHz ) * 2 or (8 KHz) *2 or 16 KHz Hz is the frequency deviation for a MHz reactance modulated oscillator in a 5 khz deviation, MHz FM phone transmitter. (G8B07) Since the FM deviation is also multiplied, there will be much less than 5 KHz deviation on the oscillator that is being multiplied up to the transmit frequency. The multiplier would be MHz divided by MHz or 12. Therefore if we desired 5 KHz of deviation at would only need 1/12 of that at or the required deviation would be 5,000 Hz divided by 12 or Hertz. Signals andsignals and Emissions Emissions It is important to know the duty cycle of the data mode you are using when transmitting because some modes have high duty cycles which could exceed the transmitter's average power rating. (G8B08) It is good to match receiver bandwidth to the bandwidth of the operating mode because it results in the best signal to noise ratio. (G8B09) The number 31 in the term PSK31 represents the approximate transmitted symbol rate. (G8B10) Signals asignals and Emissions Emissions By transmitting redundant information with the data, forward error correction allows the receiver to correct errors in received data packets. (G8B11) Forward error correction, FEC, is achieved by sending each character twice. Allowing the receiver to correct errors by double checking the received data. The relationship between transmitted symbol rate and bandwidth is that higher symbol rates require higher bandwidth. (G8B12) The symbol rate is the pulse rate in pulses/second. Each symbol can represent or convey one of several data. 2

3 G8A01 What is the name of the process that changes the envelope of an RF wave to convey information? A. Phase modulation G8A02 What is the name of the process that changes the phase angle of an wave to convey information? A. Phase convolution RF B. Frequency modulation B. Phase modulation C. Spread Spectrum modulation C. Angle convolution D. Amplitude modulation D. Radian Inversion What is the name of the process which changes the frequency of an RF wave to convey information? G8A03 A. Frequency convolution B. Frequency transformation C. Frequency conversion D. Frequency modulation G8A04 What emission is produced by a reactance modulator connected to an RF power amplifier? A. Multiplex modulation B. Phase modulation C. Amplitude modulation D. Pulse modulation G8A05 What type of modulation varies the instantaneous power level of the RF signal? A. Frequency shift keying B. Pulse modulation C. Frequency modulation D. Amplitude modulation G8A06 What is one advantage of carrier suppression in a single sideband phone transmission? i A. Audio fidelity is improved B. Greater modulation percentage is obtainable with lower distortion C. The available transmitter power can be used more effectively D. Simpler receiving equipment can be used 3

4 G8A07 Which of the following phone emissions uses the narrowest frequency bandwidth? A. Single sideband B. Double sideband C. Phase modulation D. Frequency modulation G8A08 A. Insufficient audio. Which of the following is an effect of over modulation? B. Insufficient bandwidth. C. Frequency drift. D. Excessive bandwidth. G8A09 What control is typically adjusted for proper ALC setting on an amateur single sideband transceiver? A. The RF Clipping Level B. Transmit audio or microphone gain C. Antenna inductance or capacitance D. Attenuator Level G8A10 What is meant by flat topping of a single sideband id d phone transmission? i A. Signal distortion caused by insufficient collector current. B. The transmitter s automatic level control is properly adjusted. C. Signal distortion caused by excessive drive. D. The transmitter s carrier is properly suppressed. G8A11 What happens to the RF carrier signal when a modulating audio signal is applied to an FMt transmitter? A. The carrier frequency changes proportionally to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal B. The carrier frequency changes proportionally to the amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal C. The carrier amplitude changes proportionally to the instantaneous frequency of the modulating signal G8A12 What signal(s) would be found at the output of a properly adjusted balanced modulator? A. Both upper and lower sidebands B. Either upper or lower sideband, but not both C. Both upper and lower sidebands and the carrier D. The modulating signal and the unmodulated carrier D. The carrier phase changes proportionally to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal 4

5 G8B01 A. Mixer What receiver stage combines a MHz input signal with a MHz oscillator signal to produce a 455 khz intermediate frequency (IF) signal? G8B02 If a receiver mixes a MHz VFO with a MHz received signal to produce a 455 khz intermediate frequency (IF) signal, what type of interference will a MHz signal produce in the receiver? A. Local oscillator B. BFO B. Image response C. VFO C. Mixer interference D. Discriminator D. Intermediate interference G8B03 What is another term for the mixing ii of ftwo RF signals? l? G8B04 What is the name of the stage in a VHF FM transmitter that generates a harmonic of a lower frequency signal reach the desired d operating frequency? to A. Heterodyning A. Mixer B. Synthesizing B. Reactance modulator C. Cancellation C. Pre emphasis network D. Multiplying D. Multiplier G8B05 Why isn't frequency modulated (FM) phone used below 29.5 MHz? A. The transmitter efficiency for this mode is low G8B06 A. 3 khz What is the total bandwidth of an FMphone transmission having a 5 khz deviation and a 3 khz modulating frequency? B. Harmonics could not be attenuated to practical levels B. 5 khz C. The wide bandwidth is prohibited by FCC rules. C. 8 khz D. The frequency stability would not be adequate D. 16 khz 5

6 G8B07 What is the frequency deviation for a MHz reactance modulated oscillator in a 5 khz deviation, MHz FM phone transmitter? A Hz B Hz C. 5 khz D. 60 khz Why is it important to know the duty cycle of the mode you are using when transmitting? G8B08 A. To aid in tuning gyour transmitter B. Some modes have high duty cycles which could exceed the transmitter s average power rating. C. To allow time for the other station to break in during a transmission D. All of these choices are correct G8B09 Why is it good to match receiver bandwidth to the bandwidth of the operating mode? A. It is required by FCC rules. B. It minimizes power consumption in the receiver. C. It improves impedance matching of the antenna. D. It results in the best signal to noise ratio. G8B10 What does the number 31 represent in PSK31? A. The approximate transmitted symbol rate. B. The version of PSK protocol. C. The year in which PSK31 was invented. D. The number of characters that can be represented by PSK G8B11 How does forward error correction allow the receiver to correct errors received in data packets? A. By controlling transmitter output power for optimum signal strength. B. By using the varicode character set. C. By transmitting redundant information with the data. D. By using a parity bit with each character. What is the relationship between transmitted symbol rate and bandwidth? G8B12 A. Symbol rate and bandwidth are not related. B. Higher symbol rates require higher bandwidth. C. Lower symbol rates require higher bandwidth. D. Bandwidth is constant for data mode signals. 6

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