Coherent Navigation. Stanford PNT Symposium Copyright 2007 Boeing. All rights reserved.

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1 Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 Global Navigation and Communication Solutions We pioneer advanced positioning, navigation, timing, and communication (PNT+C) solutions for government and civilian market. We employ GPS/GNSS, Iridium, and other satellite signals. We develop products with greatly improved navigation accuracy, availability, integrity, and jam resistance. We integrate solutions with global two-way communications for enhanced utility and security. Founded in 2008 by GPS and satellite systems experts from Stanford and Cornell Universities. 8 employees at 4 sites (San Mateo CA, Washington DC, Ithaca NY, Austin TX). Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3 Outline Introduction to igps Navy High-Integrity GPS Program Potential Applications Security and Integrity R&D Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

4 igps: A System of Systems LEO-MEO Satellite Hybrid EXISTING GPS SPACECRAFT Reference Network EXISTING IRIDIUM SPACECRAFT Orbits are Shown to Scale Boeing has been leading the development of proprietary igps as an enhancement to GPS. Immediate igps Benefits Enhancement to Existing Nav Performance Accuracy Integrity Acquisition Time Availability, Global Coverage Integrated Nav-Com Precision Time Transfer Interference Rejection EXISTING GPS GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE EXISTING IRIDIUM GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE Short Schedule Capability Available in 2010 Low Cost Leverages existing assets ent Navigation, Inc. All rights reserved. GPS Master Control Station Y Satellite Network Operations Center 4

5 The Iridium Satellite Constellation Constellation Size: 66 Satellites Orbit: 780 km, near polar, 6 planes Primary Purpose: Global, Micro-Aperture Communication User Base: Military, Civil, and Commercial 328,000 subscribers as of Q Iridium NEXT repopulation preparation underway Iridium raised $400M gross proceeds led by Greenhill & Co. Financing completed September 23, Iridium now trading publicly on NASDAQ. Physical Attributes Spatial Diversity 1-3+ satellites in view LEO High Doppler/Rapid Geometry Change Built-in Comm & Datalink Global Backbone Higher power transmitter Defeats jamming of aiding signal Frequency near GPS L1 Can share same antenna Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved.

6 igps Builds on Transit Heritage U.S. Transit Navigation Satellites provided 500 m Navigation Error. LEO Orbit Plane Trace 1962: Transit Performance limited in part by onboard clock error. Iridium + Ground Reference Network creates GPS quality clock in the user equipment SV Footprint Contours of Constant Range Rate LEO Position after ~100 sec User Position Error Upon LEO Acquisition (bracketed by Doppler uncertainty at two separate epochs) Initial LEO Position 2009: igps 009, Inc. All rights reserved. igps leverages both Transit and GPS Heritage: Low Earth Orbit Provides Rapid Angle Motion and Spatial Diversity for a Geometry-Rich Solution BOEING

7 Time Stability Transfer for Jam Resistance K-band cross links GPS Iridium Iridium Detrended time transfer error (cm) Demonstrated Time Stability Transfer between Philadelphia and Cedar Rapids (~1,400 km) Data collected May 31, 2007 Detrended Error is 20 ps RMS Reference Monitor Network Single- Frequency Ranging and Data Downlink User IONOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE High-power Time Stability Transfer feedforward via Iridium enables User to coherently filter out GPS interference High-stability Reference clock, synched to GPS 009, Inc. All rights reserved. Low-cost native clock + Iridium carrier phase tracking + reference network corrections = Synthesized high stability local clock BOEING

8 Real-Time Dynamic Tracking in the Presence of Interference 10 cm radius circle shown for accuracy reference Left Truth Antenna Right Truth Antenna igps Solution (MEMS IMU) White Noise Interference was Introduced via Coaxial Cable igps Reference Station igps Achieves High Accuracy under Dynamics AND Interference nt Navigation, Inc. All rights reserved. B

9 Outline Introduction to igps Navy High-Integrity GPS Program Potential Applications Security and Integrity R&D Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

10 igps Initial Focus on Anti-Jam Performance igps offers the opportunity to retrofit a subset of 300,000 existing DAGRs with additional jamming resistance without a H/W change Boeing has developed proprietary igps as an enhancement to GPS Technology heritage includes FAA-funded GPS autoland research at Stanford University (accuracy and integrity) Navy/Boeing X-31 program based on IntegriNautics (now Novariant) IBLS Landing System Boeing IR&D and patents emphasizing GPS anti-jam applications DoD sponsoring igps military applications, transitionable to operations igps program funded by Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, DC Boeing is prime contractor for $153.5M program spanning Team includes Iridium Communications, Rockwell Collins, and Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved.

11 Selected igps Accomplishments to Date igps anti-jam capabilities tested in 2007 Enhanced PNT Anti-Jam capability based on carrier phase Long baseline time stability transfer proof of concept igps time synchronization demonstrated in 2008 igps enables access to GPS time during GPS denial of service Global fielding of Enhanced Narrowband (ENB) waveform in 2009 Software modification to Iridium satellite computers, enabling secondgeneration GPS aiding signals to be broadcast anywhere in the world on demand. Demonstrated GPS PNT cold start under jamming and dynamics in 2009 Vehicle-mounted demonstrator acquired within minutes Yielded significant improvement over GPS alone GPS SVs (at MEO) Iridium SVs (at LEO) Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved.

12 COHERENT NAVIGATION PATENT PENDING New Tethered Upgrade Path for Existing GPS Hardware Original program scope added igps components to DAGR design Embedded GPS P-code generator innovation synchronizes clocks w/o H/W impact Full igps performance can be added to existing GPS with only S/W modification L band Antenna Existing External Antenna Input igps Module Existing Serial Interface Existing DAGR plus upgraded software igps Module interfaces with existing deployed GPS Receivers requiring only a Software Modification 9, Inc. All rights reserved. This invention was made with Government support under Navy Contract N C-2074 awarded by the Naval Research Laboratory. The Government has certain rights in the invention. COHERENT BORY NAVIGATION PATENT PENDING

13 Outline Introduction to igps Navy High-Integrity GPS Program Potential Applications Security and Integrity R&D Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved. 13

14 How igps Provides Rapid Accuracy and Integrity LEO Satellite Locations by Epoch LEO Satellite Trajectory Ordinary 3D Kinematic GPS Provides Relative Position and Time LEO Motion Enables Resolution of the absolute user position and LEO Bias This is a carrier-only solution code helps, but is not explicitly required. String of Distinct SV Lines-of-Sight due to Rapid Angular Motion of LEO Satellite Local section of Iridium orbit sphere Zenith Consistent Range Measurements Assuming Proper Bias True User Location Synthetic Aperture formed by Spacecraft Trajectory Inconsistent (Null) Solution Assuming Improper Ranging Bias User position Position Covariance after single pass (small axis is accurate to ~1 cm) igps Offers High Accuracy AND Integrity via Scores of Virtual Satellites erent Navigation, Inc. All rights reserved. BO

15 igps Applied to Lowering Aircraft Landing Minima Reference configuration (near-future): Single-frequency user, using WAAS-like ground corrections (T F =8min). Results promising for longer-term improvements: Dual-frequency (fewer reference stations) Mathieu Joerger, Jason Neale and Boris Pervan, Iridium/GPS Carrier Phase Positioning and Fault Detection Over Wide Areas, ION GNSS 2009 Savannah, GA, September 24, m Vertical Alert Limit Combined FF-SSF Availability Availability Near Future Dual frequency GPS Dual frequency GPS & Iridium oherent Navigation, Inc. All rights reserved. BOE

16 Outline Introduction to igps Navy High-Integrity GPS Program Potential Applications Security and Integrity R&D Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved. 16

17 Understanding the Threat of GPS Spoofing Jan 2009 March 2009 DOT Volpe report (2001) endorsed research into the practicality of GPS spoofing. As academics, current CN team members Ledvina and Humphreys developed GPS spoofing testbed. Goal: Research spoofing detection and countermeasure strategies. Result: Demonstrated innovative detection schemes. At, research has expanded to applications of this technology. Notional Spoofing Attack GPS World Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved.

18 COHERENT NAVIGATION PATENT PENDING The GPS Assimilator extends & protects existing equipment GPS ICD-200 compliant Synthesized RF signals The GPS Assimilator can modernize and can implement jamming/ spoofing countermeasures without requiring hardware or software changes to installed or legacy equipment. erent Navigation, Inc. All rights reserved. COHERENT RY NAVIGATION PATENT PENDING

19 COHERENT NAVIGATION PATENT PENDING GPS Assimilator Prototype Digital signal processing implemented in C++ on a high-end DSP Capabilities: 12 L1 C/A & 10 L2C tracking channels 8 L1 C/A simulation channels 1 Hz navigation solution Acquisition in background Flexible software-defined radio platform enables GPS Assimilator and spoofing countermeasures R&D ent Navigation, Inc. All rights reserved. COHERENT B NAVIGATION PATENT PENDING

20 Global Navigation and Communication Solutions igps has potential to provide significant interference rejection to Military applications with initial operations commencing next year. With near-term, cost effective performance enhancements in PNT accuracy, integrity, and availability, the potential for igps appears to be broad. The igps infrastructure provides an experimental testbed for a broad range of innovative global integrated Nav-Com capability going forward., in the spirit of the Silicon Valley garage, is excited to be an innovative force in improving the utility and security of GPS. nt Navigation, Inc. All rights reserved. B

21 The team gratefully acknowledges the support of: Mr. Jay Oaks, igps Program Manager, US Naval Research Laboratory The Boeing Company Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved. 21

22 Global Navigation and Communication Solutions Contact information:, Inc Fashion Island Blvd #105 San Mateo, CA Clark Cohen, PhD. CEO William Bencze, PhD. COO Brent Ledvina, PhD. Dir. Business Development Copyright 2009, Inc. All rights reserved. 22