Sound. Use a Microphone to analyze the frequency components of a tuning fork. Record overtones produced with a tuning fork.
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- Dwight York
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1 Sound PART ONE - TONES In this experiment, you will analyze various common sounds. You will use a Microphone connected to a computer. Logger Pro will display the waveform of each sound, and will perform a Fast Fourier Transform (or FFT) of the waveform. The FFT tells you the amplitudes and frequencies of a collection of sine waves that, when added together, would sound the same as the original waveform. In the first part of the experiment, you will study the sound of a tuning fork which produces a tone composed mainly of a single frequency. Next, you will observe the production of overtones on a tuning fork. Overtones whose frequencies are multiples of the fundamental are called harmonic; other overtones are called inharmonic. OBJECTIVES Use a Microphone to analyze the frequency components of a tuning fork. Record overtones produced with a tuning fork. MATERIALS computer LabPro or Universal Lab Interface Logger Pro Vernier Microphone 2 tuning forks (one ~256 Hz) PROCEDURE Activity I Pure Tone 1. Connect the Vernier Microphone to Channel 1 of the interface. 2. Open the file 34 Tones Vowels Telephone in the Physics with Computers folder. The display will include both a graph and an FFT. The vertical axis of the graph corresponds to the variation in air pressure; the units are arbitrary. 3. Gently strike the palm of your hand or a rubber mallet with a tuning fork and hold it near the Microphone. Click to begin data collection. The data should be sinusoidal, similar to the sample on the first page of this lab. If you strike the fork too hard, it will create overtones, or a blend of higher frequencies in addition to the main frequency.
2 4. Print the wave that you observe. Use the value of the tuning fork as a title (graph options). 5. Use the Examine function to determine an average value for the period. Record this value in your data table. What did you do? 6. Calculate the frequency and record in the data table. How did you determine the frequency? 7. As you move the mouse across the FFT graph, record the predominant frequency as displayed in the data table. It should be close to both the stamped value and the frequency you calculated above 8. Calculate the % difference between frequency value stamped on the tuning fork and the value calculated from the waveform (question 6, above). Use the stamped value in the denominator. Is this number within 10%? 9. Repeat with the second tuning fork. Print the graph and title it with the value of the tuning fork. Activity II Overtones on a Tuning Fork 10. In this step, you will make the 256 Hz tuning fork produce an overtone. This time, strike the tuning fork on a piece of wood. The sound should be different than in part 1. Describe the difference, if any, between this sound, and the sound made when the tuning fork was struck in Part Strike the tuning fork and hold it near the Microphone. Click to begin data collection. Your waveform should now be more irregular. When you get a good data run, PRINT your graph. 12. Compare the waveform and the FFT to the ones produced in Part I. How does the waveform compare with that of Part 1. Is there more than one frequency? How do you know? 13. Use the Examine button, and move the mouse cursor across the FFT graph to determine the fundamental frequency and the first overtone. Record these values in the data table.
3 DATA TABLES Activity I Pure Tone Tuning fork 1 Tuning fork 2 1. Frequency on tuning fork (Hz) 2. Period from waveform (s) 3. Frequency from waveform (Hz) 4. Frequency from FFT graph (Hz) % difference bet 1 and 3 Activity II Overtones on a Tuning Fork Frequency stamped on tuning fork (Hz) Fundamental frequency Overtone frequency (Hz) (Hz) OBJECTIVES Measure the speed of sound ADDITIONAL MATERIALS PART TWO SPEED OF SOUND Long cardboard packing tube Meter stick or tape measure Access to thermometer, amplifier, generator Microphone Closed end PROCEDURE Figure 1 1 m tube 1. Connect the Vernier Microphone to Channel 1 of the interface. 2. Use a thermometer or temperature probe to measure the air temperature of the classroom and record the value in the data table.
4 3. Open the file 33 Speed of Sound in the Physics with Computers folder. A graph of sound level vs. time will be displayed. 4. Close the end of the tube. This can be done by inserting a plug or standing a book against the end so it is sealed. Measure and record the length of the tube in your data table. 5. Place the Microphone as close to the end of the long tube as possible, as shown in Figure 2. Position it so that it can detect the initial sound and the echo coming back down the tube. Open end of tube Microphone Figure 2 6. Click to begin data collection. Clap your hands near the opening of the tube. This sharp sound will trigger the interface to begin collecting data. 7. If you are successful, the graph will resemble the one below. Repeat your run if necessary. The second set of vibrations with appreciable amplitude marks the echo. Click the Examine button,. Move the mouse and determine the two-way travel time, the time interval between the start of the first vibration and the start of the echo vibration. Record this time interval in the data table. 8. Repeat the measurement for a total of five trials and determine the average two-way travel time. DATA TABLE Length of tube m Temperature of room C
5 Trial Average Speed experimental Accepted value % difference Total travel time (s) m/s ANALYSIS 1. Calculate an experimental value for the speed of sound. Remember that your time interval represents the time for sound to travel down the tube and back. Show work on page with data table. 2. The accepted value for sound can be calculated using the formula: v = (γkt/m) 1/2 where T is the temperature in Kelvin, k is Boltzman s constant = 1.38 x J/K γ (gamma) is the ratio of specific heat capacity at constant pressure to constant volume (γ = 1.4 for an ideal diatomic gas) m is the mass of an air molecule in SI units (28.97 in atomic mass units or u) 3. Calculate the accepted value for the speed of sound at the temperature of your room and compare your experimental value to the accepted value. Record values in the table above.
6 PART 3 HOW S YOUR HEARING OBJECTIVE : Determine the limit of human hearing MATERIALS : amplifier, function generator, sharp ears Change the frequency setting on the function generator to produce different frequencies through the amplifier (an instructor will help). What is the lowest frequency you can hear? Hz What is the lowest frequency your partner can hear? Hz What is the highest frequency you can hear? Hz What is the highest frequency your partner can hear? Hz Find an instructor, or other person who spent too much time at rock concerts in their youth. Highest frequency for an older person Hz Lowest frequency for an older person Hz Discuss what you think happens to the ability to hear as one gets older, including whether it primarily affects higher frequencies, lower frequencies or both equally?
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