Measurements in Spectrum Monitoring. Mr. Niu Gang
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1 Measurements in Spectrum Monitoring Mr. Niu Gang Engineer of Station and Network Management Division State Radio Monitoring Center Radio Monitoring and Spectrum Management Training (China,23-31,May,2005) 1
2 Our objects What we measure Why we measure How to measure Special cases 2
3 Contents Principal theory Practical operation 3
4 Outline Frequency Field strength and power flux-density Spectrum occupancy Bandwidth Modulation Specific measurements 4
5 Equipments in common use Spectrum analyser Monitoring receiver Oscilloscope Vector signal analyser 5
6 Required properties High input sensitivity Satisfactory image-frequency rejection Satisfactory intermediate frequency rejection Low cross-modulation and intermodulation Proper input filters An external frequency standard input Low phase noise of the internal oscillators Manual or remote controlled or automatic gain control Transparent IF output for additional measurements 6
7 Measurements in Spectrum Monitoring Frequency Field strength and power flux-density Spectrum occupancy Bandwidth Modulation Specific measurements 7
8 Measurement of frequency Conception Methods in Common use Practical examples 8
9 What is Frequency? The number of cycles per unit time 9
10 Frequency measurement means a process of making comparison between an unknown frequency and a known frequency 10
11 Why do we measure frequency A starting point 11
12 Conventional methods Beat Frequency (BF) Offset Frequency (OF) Direct Lissajous (DL) Frequency Counter (FC) Frequency Discriminator (FD) Phase Recording (PR) 12
13 Prevailing methods Swept Spectrum Analysis (SSA) Fast Fourier Transform Analysis (FFT) 13
14 Typical approaches Characteristic frequency Frequency of the maximum level Center frequency 14
15 Signal generator 10MHz output Analyser 10MHz input Block diagram 15
16 Signal: 200MHz CW 16
17 Characteristic frequency (low resolution) 17
18 Characteristic frequency(high resolution) 18
19 Beyond resolution bandwidth? 19
20 Accurate Synchronous clock 20
21 Signal: 200MHz Pulse Pulse width: 0.1ms Pulse period: 0.5ms 21
22 A pulsed signal 22
23 Frequency of the maximum level 23
24 More close to true spectrum 24
25 Signal: 200MHz BPSK Modulating signal : PN23 Symbol rate: 24.3 K Filter: 0.5 Gaussian 25
26 ( )/2 = MHz Center frequency 26
27 If very small difference between two frequencies for example, 2Hz? 27
28 Fast Fourier Transform Analysis 28
29 Zoom 29
30 30
31 Measurements in Spectrum Monitoring Frequency Field strength and power flux-density Spectrum occupancy Bandwidth Modulation Specific measurements 31
32 Measurement of field strength and power flux-density Conception Equipment Modes of measurement Measurement of weak signal Practical examples 32
33 What is field strength? The magnitude of an electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic field at a given point 33
34 Propagation of space waves 34
35 Power Flux Density(pfd)? The rate of flow of electromagnetic energy per unit area 35
36 S = E 2 /Z 0 S: W/m 2 E: v/m Z 0 : 377Ω 36
37 E = K e * V o K e = f(mhz)/(30.81*g 1/2 ) where Z 0 = 377 Ω and R N = 50 Ω e(dbμv/m) = vo(dbμv) + ke(dbm 1 ) k e = g +20logf(MHz) v o (dbμv ) = p o (dbm )
38 Purpose Evaluate quality of service Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Development and verification of propagation models Collect radio noise data Ensure compliance with the relevant RR Assess non-ionizing radiation hazards 38
39 Equipment for measurement A calibrated antenna A coupling network and/or transmission line; A measuring receiver or spectrum analyser with - attenuating and preselecting circuits - amplifying circuits A calibration source 39
40 Modes of measurement Measurements at a fixed measuring point Measurements along a route 40
41 Exercise f: 100 MHz g: 10 dbi p o: -60 dbm e? s? v o (dbμv ) = p o (dbm ) = 47 dbμv k e = g +20logf(MHz) = 0.23 dbm 1 e(dbμv/m) = vo(dbμv) + ke(dbm 1 ) = dbμv/m s (dbw/m 2 ) = e(dbμv/m) = dbw/m 2 41
42 Measurement of weak signal Background noise: Signal: -111dBm/10kHz(without amplifier) -118dBm? 42
43 Signal: -60dBm CW 43
44 44
45 Signal: -118dBm CW 45
46 Where is the signal? 46
47 Typical ways Preamplifier (LNA) Narrow RBW Minute difference 47
48 Preamplifier 48
49 Narrow RBW 49
50 Minute difference 50
51 P S = P S+N P N p S = 10log(P S+N P N ) = 10log P S+N + 10log(1 10 (p N p S+N ) ) = p S+N + 10log(1 10 (p N p S+N ) ) 51
52 p S+N - p N p S+N - p S
53 p S+N p N = (-111) = 0.7 p S+N p S = 8.27 p S = p S+N 8.27 = =
54 54
55 p S+N p N = (-111) = 2.9 p S+N p S = 3.12 p S = p S+N 3.12 = =
56 Measurements in Spectrum Monitoring Frequency Field strength and power flux-density Spectrum occupancy Bandwidth Modulation Specific measurements 56
57 Measurement of Spectrum occupancy Conception Corresponding measurements Requirements of equipment Practical examples 57
58 What is occupancy? The ratio of the actual part in use to the whole observation in a certain domain 58
59 Domains Time Frequency Space Others 59
60 Corresponding measurements Channel occupancy Bandwidth occupancy Spatial distribution 60
61 Basic sampling principle A typical varying strength signal 61
62 Key factors Selection of a threshold value Number of samples Type of sampling 62
63 Occupancy (%) No. of required independent samples No. of required dependent samples Required hours of dependent sampling (for 4 s intervals) Number of dependent and independent samples required to achieve ± 10% relative accuracy and a 95% confidence level at various occupancy percentages (see Recommendation ITU-R SM.182) 63
64 Requirements of equipment High RF selectivity Sufficiently narrow IF filters A step attenuator An external frequency standard Measure field strength precisely Scan selected channels rapidly 64
65 Radiocommunication system: paging Frequency band: MHz Channel bandwidth: 25 KHz Threshold value: 10dBuV 65
66 Paging systems 66
67 Measurement result 67
68 Channel occupancy: MHz: 84% MHz: 44% MHz: 64% MHz: 24% Band occupancy? 4/(( )/0.25) = 5% 68
69 Another question? Measurement result 69
70 Radiocommunication system: FHSS Frequency band: MHz Points: 11 Dwell time: 200ms Threshold value: 10dBuV 70
71 FHSS (unmodulated) 71
72 Presentation of collected data Tables Graphs Requirements: Location of monitoring Date and period of measurement Frequency Type of user(s) Occupancy in the busy hour 72
73 73
74 Analysis of collected data One specific channel typical for taxi 74
75 3 base stations detected 75
76 Measurements in Spectrum Monitoring Frequency Field strength and power flux-density Spectrum occupancy Bandwidth Modulation Specific measurements 76
77 Measurement of Bandwidth Conception Requirements for equipment Method of calculation Practical examples 77
78 What is bandwidth? The width of the band of frequencies occupied by one signal, or a number of multiplexed signals 78
79 Terminology of bandwidth Necessary bandwidth Occupied bandwidth x-db bandwidth 79
80 For a given class of emission, the width of the frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions (See RR No ) 80
81 Description Necessary bandwidth Designation of emission Formula Sample calculation of emission Sound broadcasting Sound broadcasting, double-sideband (AMPLITUDE MODULATION) Bn = 2M M may vary between and depending on the quality desired Speech and music M = Bandwidth: Hz = 8 khz 8K00A3EGN Sound broadcasting, (FREQUENCY MODULATION ) Bn = 2M + 2DK K = 1 (typically) Monaural D = Hz M = Bandwidth: Hz = 180 khz 180KF3EGN See ITU-R SM
82 The width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage β/2 of the total mean power of a given emission, commonly,the value of β/2 should be taken as 0.5% (See RR No ) 82
83 The width of a frequency band such that beyond its lower and upper limits any discrete spectrum component or continuous spectral power density is at least x-db lower than a predetermined 0 db reference level (See ITU-R SM.328) 83
84 Requirements for equipment Flat frequency characteristic of passband Adequate frequency selectivity Good linearity for an input variation 84
85 Class of emission x-db levels Observations A1A, A1B 35 For a < 3% (all pulse shapes) 30 For a >=3% (all pulse shapes) A2A, A2B 32 For a modulation depth between 80 and 90% F1B 25 For all signal shapes and a modulation index 2=< m <= 24 F3C 25 For all types of transmitted pictures and modulation indexes 0.4 =< m <= 3 F7BDX 28 For modulation indexes 9=< m <= 45 ITU Spectrum Monitoring Handbook (Edition 2002 ) 85
86 Calculation of necessary bandwidth (db) f (Hz) ( f = f f ) 0 Spectrum of an F1B emission using 50 bauds and 200 Hz shift on khz 86
87 Bn = 2M + 2DK M =B/2 K = 1.2(typically) F1B: Bn = 2M + 2DK =50 + 2*1.2*(200/2) =290 Hz 87
88 f (Hz) p (db) P rel. Δf Δf P rel. P 400Hz 400Hz rel
89 Signal: DSB AM Carrier frequency: 200 MHz Amplitude: -60dBm Modulating frequency: 4kHz Modulation depth: 20% 89
90 Bn = 2M A3E: Bn = 2M =2*4 =8 khz 90
91 DSB AM 91
92 DSB AM 92
93 Signal: FM Carrier frequency: 200 MHz Amplitude: -60dBm Maximum modulation frequency: 15kHz Maximum frequency deviation: 75kHz 93
94 Bn = 2M + 2DK K = 1(typically) F3E: Bn = 2M + 2DK =2*15 + 2*1*75 =180 khz 94
95 FM 95
96 FM 96
97 Measurements in Spectrum Monitoring Frequency Field strength and power flux-density Spectrum occupancy Bandwidth Modulation Specific measurements 97
98 Measurement of modulation Conception Types of modulation Methods of measurement Practical examples 98
99 What is Modulation? The variation of a property of an electromagnetic wave or signal such as its amplitude, frequency, or phase 99
100 Types of modulation Analogue modulation Digital modulation - AM (amplitude modulation) - FM (frequency modulation) - PM (phase modulation) - ASK (amplitude shift keying) - FSK (frequency shift keying) - PSK (phase shift keying) 100
101 m = E E max max + E E min min AM (single sinewave signal modulating) 101
102 m = E E max max + E E min min Time domain 102
103 m = 2E E C m Frequency domain 103
104 104
105 B = 2 ( m + 1) FM f f m 1 2 J 1 (m f ) 1 2 J (m ) 3 f f = m f f m J (m ) 2 f J (m ) 2 f f = B FM 2 f m J (m ) 3 f J 0 (m f ) 1 2 J 1 (m f ) B FM : Bandwidth m f : Frequency modulation index f m : Frequency of modulating signal f : Maximum frequency deviation f f c f m FM (single sinewave signal modulating m f =5 ) 105
106 ASK FSK PSK 106
107 (0000) Q I (1111) ASK 2-PSK 4-PSK 16-ary QAM Signal-state diagram 107
108 Constellation diagram (QPSK signal) 108
109 Constellation diagram 109
110 Signal: DSB AM Carrier frequency: 200 MHz Amplitude: -60dBm Modulating frequency: 4kHz Modulation depth: 20% 110
111 m=( )/ ( )=82/423.2= 19.4% m = E E max max + E E min min 111
112 db = 0.108(for E) m= 2*0.108=21.6% m m = 2E E C 112
113 Signal: FM Carrier frequency: 200 MHz Amplitude: -60dBm Maximum modulation frequency: 15kHz Maximum frequency deviation: 75kHz 113
114 f = /2 15 = khz BFM f = f m 2 114
115 Signal: QPSK Carrier frequency: Amplitude: Symbol Rate: 200 MHz -60dBm 24.3kHz 115
116 116
117 117
118 118
119 16QAM 119
120 Measurements in Spectrum Monitoring Frequency Field strength and power flux-density Spectrum occupancy Bandwidth Modulation Specific measurements 120
121 Specific measurements Spacecraft emissions Cellular radio system Spread spectrum communication Microwave links including satellite up-links 121
122 Specific measurements Spacecraft emissions Cellular radio system Spread spectrum communication Microwave links including satellite up-links 122
123 Spacecraft emissions Characteristics Doppler shift Measurement of pfd Measurement of GSO position Geolocation of transmitters on Earth 123
124 Characteristics Doppler shift effect Weak power flux-density Short observation time (LEO) Continual direction changes (Non-GSO) 124
125 Doppler shift S : RS : PCA : f S : f R : v : d : c : : f R = cf S c ( v cos ) satellite receiving station position of closest approach transmitting frequency receiving frequency dfr fs velocity of satellite = minimum distance at pass over dt max c propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves angle between flight direction and line of sight direction to receive station 2 v d 125
126 126
127 127
128 Measurement of pfd Frequency band Service Limit in db(w/m2) for angle of arrival (d) above the horizontal plane Reference bandwidth MHz MHz MHz (Nos and 5.455) MHz GHz (Region 1) GHz (Region 1 countries listed in Nos and 5.496) GHz (Region 2) GHz (Region 3) GHz7 (Region 3) GHz7 (Region 1 countries listed in Nos and 5.496) Fixed-satellite (space-to-earth) Meteorological-satellite (space-to-earth) Mobile-satellite Space research Fixed-satellite (space-to-earth) (non-geostationary-satellite orbit) Fixed-satellite (space-to-earth) (geostationary-satellite orbit) (d 5) khz (d 5) MHz (d 5) khz Limits of power flux-density from space stations (RR Article 21 ) 128
129 PFD = P 30 A K + RBW TOT SYS PFD = P 30 A + SYS BW POL PFD RBW : pfd in reference bandwidth (RBW) (db(w/m 2 )) PFD TOT : pfd in bandwidth occupied by emission (db(w/m 2 )) P SYS : system input power (dbm) 30 : factor for converting dbm to dbw A e : effective antenna area (dbm 2 ) K BW : correction factor for measuring bandwidth (db) K POL : polarization correction factor (db) e.i.r.p. : equivalent isotropically radiated power of space station (dbw) pfd : measured pfd (db(w/m 2 )) d : distance between space station and receiving station (m) L ATM : atmospheric loss relative to free space (db) A : antenna aperture (m 2 ) : efficiency expressed as a decimal : wavelength (m) G i : isotropic antenna gain (dbi) K BW : bandwidth correction factor (db) B M : measurement bandwidth R BW : reference bandwidth with same units as B M e e K POL e. i. r. p. = pfd + 10 log(4 d ) + A e A = 10log ( ) = 10log + 4 B K = M BW 10log RBW 2 K L ATM 2 Gi 129
130 Measurement of GSO position LOG s = tg -1 (tg(180 AZ)* sin(lat m )) + LOG m LOG s : LOG m : LAT m : AZ: Longitude of GSO satellite (degrees) Longitude of monitoring station (degrees) Latitude of monitoring station (degrees) Azimuth of monitoring antenna toward GSO (degrees) 130
131 For example: Monitoring station: E 40.2 N Measurement: AZ: EL: LOG s = tg -1 (tg(180 AZ)* sin(lat m )) + LOG m = tg -1 (tg( )* sin(40.2)) = E 131
132 Geolocation of transmitters on Earth Time difference of arrival (TDOA) Frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) Doppler shift effect Two or one single GSO satellite(s) 132
133 Specific measurements Spacecraft emissions Cellular radio system Spread spectrum communication Microwave links including satellite up-links 133
134 Cellular radio system Introduction and measurement Additional capabilities for digital networks Interference 134
135 Introduction and measurement Standard AMPS/ N- AMPS TACS NMT-450 NMT-900 NAMTS Access method FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA Frequency band (MHz): Base to mobile Mobile to base Duplex spacing (MHz) Bandwidth 30/ Audio modulation FM FM FM FM FM Audio peak deviation (khz) ± 12 ± 9.5 ± 4.7 ± 4.7 ± 5 Base maximum e.r.p. (W) Mobile maximum e.r.p. (W) Control signal peak deviation (khz) ± 8 ± 6.4 ± 3.5 ± 3.5 ± 4.5 Signalling rate (kbit/s) FSK 1.2 FSK 1.2 TDM 5.28 FDMA: frequency division multiple access FFSK: fast frequency shift keying FSK: frequency shift keying FFSK ITU-T Rec. R FSK 0.18 Air interface characteristics of analogue cellular systems 135
136 Air interface characteristics of digital cellular and PCS systems Standard GSM 900 GSM 1800 (DCS-1800) GSM 1900 (PCS-1900) TIA/EIA-136 (was IS-54) PDC TIA/EIA-95 (was IS-95) CDMA DECT PHS ARIB T-53 TTA. KO Access method TDMA/FDMA (FHSS) TDMA/FDMA (FHSS) TDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA CDMA/FDMA (DSSS) CDMA/FDMA (DSSS) CDMA/FDMA (DSSS) TDMA/FDMA TDMA/FDMA Frequency band (MHz) - Base to mobile - Mobile to base Duplex type Duplex spacing (MHz) std extd std extd FDD 45 DCS: PCS: DCS: PCS: FDD DCS: 95 PCS: FDD FDD 130 or Modulation 0.3 GMSK 0.3 GMSK /4 DQPSK /4 DQPSK QPSK/OQPSK QPSK/OQPSK QPSK/OQPSK GFSK /4 DQPSK Number of carriers 124 DCS: 374 PCS: Carrier spacing (khz) Channels per carrier 8 (full rate) 16 (half rate) 8 (full rate) 16 (half rate) 3 (full rate) 6 (half rate) 3 (full rate) 6 (half rate) FDD 45 FDD 55 FDD 45 TDD Mobile transmit power 2, 5, 8, 20 W 2, 5, 8, 20 W 0.6, 1.6, 4 W 0.3, 0.8, 2, 3 W 1.0, 2.5, 6.3 W 1.0, 2.5, 6.3 W 1.0, 2.5, 6.3 W 250 mw 10 mw Base transmit power W W Up to 100 W Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 250 mw 10 mw private 500 mw public Data rate (kbit/s) Frame duration (ms) Frame structure ms slot 8 slots/frame ms slot 8 slots/frame 6.66 ms slot 6 slots/frame 6.66 ms slot 6 slots/frame 1.25 ms PCG 16 PCG/frame 1.25 ms PCG 16 PCG/frame 1.25 ms PCG 16 PCG/frame 417 s slot 24 slots/frame TDD ms 8 slots/frame BPSK: CDMA: DQPSK: DSSS: FDD: binary phase shift keying code division multiple access differential quadrature phase shift keying direct sequence spread spectrum frequency division duplex FDM: FDMA: FHSS: GMSK: GFSK: frequency division multiplex frequency division multiple access frequency hopping spread spectrum Gaussian minimum shift keying Gaussian frequency shift keying OQPSK: PCG: QPSK: TDMA: orthogonal quadrature phase shift keying power control group quadrature phase shift keying time division multiple access
137 Additional capabilities for digital networks Bit Error Rate (BER) Channel impulse response (CIR) 137
138 Interference Co-channel interference db C/I required in Analogue systems & IS-136 TDMA -- 9 db C/I required in GSM db C/I required in IS-95 CDMA Adjacent channel interference Interference from shared-use license holders 138
139 Specific measurements Spacecraft emissions Cellular radio system Spread spectrum communication Microwave links including satellite up-links 139
140 Spread spectrum communication Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) 140
141 DSSS What is DSSS? a signal structuring technique utilizing a digital code spreading sequence having a chip rate 1/Tsin much higher than the information signal bit rate 1/Ts 141
142 PRBS and modulated carrier signal 142
143 Spectrum of BPSK signal (modulation using rectangular pulses) 143
144 Spectrum of s 2 (t ) Spectrum of s(t ) s(t -T c /2) R c : chip rate s(t): modulated signal T c : chip duration 144
145 FSSS What is FHSS? a signal structuring technique employing automatic switching of the transmitted frequency 145
146 Time-average spectrum Spectral waterfall plot 146
147 FHSS (unmodulated) 147
148 Specific measurements Spacecraft emissions Cellular radio system Spread spectrum communication Microwave links including satellite up-links 148
149 Microwave links including satellite up-links Introduction and measurement Monitoring system 149
150 Introduction and measurement 150
151 Monitoring system Direct interception system 151
152 Monitoring system Interception system using RF mixers 152
153 Thanks for your attention 153
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