Reconfigurable Architecture based on FPGA for OFDM Transmitter

Transcription

1 Reconfigurable Architecture based on FPGA for OFDM Transmitter L. Orozco-Galvan, R. Parra-Michel Dept. of Electrical Engineering CINVESTAV-GDL Zapopan, Jalisco, México {lorozco, E. Romero-Aguirre Dept. of Electric and Electronic Eng. Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México Abstract Future communication systems such as 5G will require high interoperability between standards, obligating current designs to contemplate the inclusion of multiple standards into a single device. Therefore, the main communication blocks must be designed with high capability in terms of reconfigurability. This paper presents the architecture and implementation of a reconfigurable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmitter with such capabilities. The proposed architecture is capable of generating frames for the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard and with minimal modifications can also generate frames for IEEE a and g standards. The configuration parameters can be adjusted on-the-fly via configuration registers, such as: frame size, cyclic prefix (CP) size, data modulation type, and pilot values. Additionally, it is possible to operate in the five bandwidths required for LTE, allowing its inclusion in multi-standard design and software design radio platforms. Results have shown a moderate FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) consumption and good SQNR (signalto-quantization-noise ratio) performance of 50 db average. I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, wireless mobile communications have expanded dramatically all over the world, leading to a need to increase their bandwidth capacity. One way to increase the capacity of a wireless mobile communication system, is to improve the communication technology [1]. In particular, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is considered the technology for the next-generation broadband wireless systems. As a matter of fact, it has been adopted for many standards, such as 3rd Generation Partnership Project-Long Term Evolution (3GPP-LTE), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial (DVB-T), Digital Video Broadcasting-Handheld (DVB-H), and IEEE [2]. Nevertheless, OFDM systems requires intensive computing algorithms, so it is necessary to implement them using contemporary high performance devices. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is a very cost-effective and highly flexible solution, which allows fast prototyping, and re-usability of functional modules and also provides system performance superior to traditional solutions based on Digital Signal Processors (DSP). Additionally, FPGA designs can be easily migrated to Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). The following previous works have dealt with OFDM based on FPGA: In [3] a configurable transmitter architecture for explicit and implicit training (IT) communications systems is proposed. This transmitter supports 4/16/64-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) modulation in superimposed training (ST) and data-dependent superimposed training (DDST). However, the data rate is fixed, and the transmitter did not consider a pulse-shaping filter. In [4] a Multi-standard Transmitter is introduced. Its architecture incorporates both implicit and explicit training modes into a reconfigurable transmitter for Software Defined Radio (SDR) applications. It also considers a pulse-shaping filter and is able to perform several modulation schemes, such as: 4/16/64 QAM, Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Offset Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK), Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK), and Differential Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK). Nevertheless, both, [3] and [4] are only for single carrier systems. A reconfigurable architecture for an OFDM modulator is described in [5]. Such transmitter was tested for Chinese Mobile Multimedia Broadcasting (CMMB) and DAB systems, but not for LTE applications. Furthermore, an Intellectual Property (IP) core was used for the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing. In [6], a modulator for IEEE a is discussed. Its engine is based on a fixed-length 64-point Xilinx IP core, suitable for IEEE a. Hence, it is not capable of supporting other standards. In contrast to previous works, a fast OFDM transmitter based on FPGA is presented in this work. No IP cores nor pre-designed components were used in order to assurance portability. Our study case was the 3GPP-LTE standard for downlink frame, that is, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). However, it is reconfigurable enough to support OFDM applications. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section II presents the basis for the OFDM transmitter and LTE frame assembling. Section III describes in detail the FPGAdesign transmitter architecture. In this section, signal names are written in bold face and module names are written with typewriter font. Furthermore, modules which use clock signal are represented graphically by adding an asterisk (*) next to the module name. Section IV shows the implementation results and the performance evaluation of the proposed architecture. Finally, section V presents our conclusions /15/$ IEEE

2 II. TRANSMITTER BACKGROUND A. Generic OFDM Transmitter The block diagram of the generic OFDM transmitter is shown in Fig. 1. The transmitter accepts a bit-stream from higher layer protocols and converts them to symbols using the chosen modulation scheme. The serial-to-parallel converter then takes a block of N c symbols a 0, a 1...,a Nc 1 padding with zeros to length N and translates them onto N parallel sub-streams. The transmitter uses an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) in order to apply OFDM modulation to the N parallel sub-streams. Then a parallel-to-serial module converts the N parallel result from IDFT, to a serial stream followed by digital-to-analog conversion [7]. In particular, by selecting the IDFT size N equal to 2 n, for some integer n, the OFDM modulation can be implemented by the efficient radix-2 IFFT algorithm [7]. B. LTE frame The LTE signal in time-domain is based on frames, which are 10 ms long and consist of 10 sub-frames each of 1 ms duration. The sub-frames are divided further into two slots each 0.5 ms long. Each slot consists of a number of OFDM symbols, either six or seven, depending on whether a normal or an extended cyclic prefix (CP) is used [9]. LTE uses a three dimensional scheme to manage the resource time, frequency, and space (antennas). The smallest unit is the so-called Resource Element (RE), which consists of a time interval of one OFDM symbol and one sub-carrier. The area consisting of 12 sub-carriers and one time slot is called Resource Block (RB) and contains 12 7 REs in the case of normal CP. In each RB, four reference symbols (pilots) are transmitted. The pilots position can be seen in Fig. 2. III. FPGA-BASED TRANSMITTER ARCHITECTURE The proposed architecture for the OFDM transmitter is depicted in Fig. 3. It is composed of 4 main modules: Frame Conformer (FC), FFT/IFFT processor, Transmission Rate Controller (TRC), and Out Buffer (OB). All of them operate together as explained below. There are essentially three types of information to store in Bank Register (BR): data configuration, pilots, and data (both user and control data). All of them arrive as a bitstream from higher layer protocols and are introduced into the transmitter word input. Data configuration is used to write all internal registers from BR, which is composed of Pilot, N null carriers, CP size, Slot Configuration Figure 1: Generic OFDM Transmitter block diagram [7] Figure 2: Signal content of LTE downlink sub-frame [9] (SCR), and Frame Configuration (FCR) registers, as well as a Data FIFO. When wr input is asserted, the configuration parameter, introduced in word input, is stored in its corresponding register, selected by bank sel input. To configure frame size, the number of slots in the frame and the number of symbols per slot should be stored in FCR. Moreover, the configuration for every OFDM symbol in the slot should be stored in SCR. In the case of N null carriers and size CP registers, the BW input is used to write the parameter in a specific region of the selected register. Finally, data and pilots should be stored in their respective registers. The processing begins when the start input is asserted. First, Main Control Unit (MCU) reads FCR in order to determine the number of slots in the frame and the number of OFDM symbols per slot. Secondly, MCU activates OFDM Slot Conformer (OSltC) to generate every OFDM symbol in the slot. In order to generate an OFDM symbol, OSltC reads the current OFDM symbol configuration and sends it to OFDM Symbol Conformer (OSyC). This module controls the order in which data and pilots are processed by the BPSK-QAM modulator. Thus, the modulated symbol passes through the symbol multiplexer towards the symbol output port. Additionally, when the OFDM symbol requires null carrier insertion, OSyC pauses data and pilot modulation. Consequently, the symbol multiplexer begins to feed zeros into the symbols output port. Once all modulated-symbols have been stored, MCU enables IFFT processing, and OSyC pauses itself. The writing process in the OB starts during the last stage of the IFFT processing. When both processes finish, an OFDM symbol has already been stored in ABCD FIFO. Then, the CP AGU module is activated in order to generate addresses, which are used to transfer the CP samples from the IFFT processor to the X FIFO. After that, transmission occurs, enabling the TRC module, which remains active until the entire frame has been transmitted. This module coordinates reading process in the OB in order to achieve the transmission rate required in LTE. Simultaneously, FC repeats the process to write symbols in the IFFT processor. However, the IFFT processing is paused until the OB status indicates that there is enough space to store

3 Figure 3: Architecture of the proposed OFDM Transmitter one more OFDM symbol. The entire process is repeated to generate the rest of the OFDM symbols which comprise the frame. An explanation of the main modules of the OFDM transmitter is detailed below. A. Frame Conformer This converts the data bit-stream (user and control data) to a sequence of modulated data, which is accepted by IFFT processor. Its internal modules are described below. 1) Bank Register: This was designed to configure different transmitter operation modes. All of its internal registers are presented below. Data FIFO. This is used to store data, whether user or control, which are introduced through word input. The first introduced word represents data set 1, the second introduced word represents data set 2, and so on. The first data of each set is located in the Most Significant Bits (MSB). The amount of data in each set is determined by DM (Data modulation scheme) input and Data FIFO word length. Pilot Register. This is similar to Data FIFO. The difference is that the amount of pilots in each set is determined by Pilot Register word length divided by 2. N null Carriers and CP size registers. Both registers have as many locations as available bandwidths for the transmitter. The first word introduced is the parameter for the bandwidth 1, the second word introduced is the parameter for the bandwidth 2, and so on. Slot configuration register. This has as many locations as the amount of OFDM symbols per slot. The information introduced through word input is a set used to configure each OFDM symbol. The set is defined as: {pilot distance, pilot offset, ena pilots}. The first parameter determines how many sub-carriers separate a pair of pilots in the OFDM symbol. The second determines the initial sub-carrier, where pilots are included. Finally, ena pilots parameter indicates the presence of pilots in the OFDM symbol. Frame Configuration Register. This is employed in order to configure frame size. It has two locations, the first is used to configure the number of slot in the frame and the second for the number of OFDM symbols per slot. 2) Deco BW: This module decodes BW input to maxff- Taddr parameter which determines the IFFT length according to Table I. 3) BPSK-QAM Modulator: Its main feature is that it can perform BPSK, and 4, 16, and 64-QAM modulations using only a mapper for all schemes and applying its corresponding normalization factors. 4) OFDM Symbol Conformer: In order to generate a sequence to assemble an OFDM symbol, OSyC should take into account pilot distance, pilot offset, ena pilots, maxff- Taddr, and N null carriers (N nc ) parameters. The sequence length is determined by maxfftaddr. This sequence is conformed as follows. First, OSyC generates N nc /2 zero symbols. Next, OSyC generates a sequence of modulated symbols including a zero symbol in the middle of the sequence. If ena pilots is asserted, then, data and pilots are included in the sequence. Otherwise, only data are included. Finally, N nc /2 1 zero symbols are included at the end of the sequence. For each symbol, OSyC generates an address ranging from 0 to maxfftaddr. Table I: Parameters associated with Bandwidth decoder BW Bandwidth [MHz] maxfftaddr m

4 B. IFFT processor A multi-core Variable Length (VL) FFT/IFFT processor based on Decimation-in-Time (DIT) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) radix-2 algorithm is proposed for OFDM-engine. The N-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) of an input sequence x(n) is defined as follows: X(k) = N 1 n=0 x(n)w nk N, k =0, 1,..., N 1 (1) where W N = e j 2π N are the twiddle factors, n is the discrete time-domain index, and k is the normalized frequency-domain index. In the same context, the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) can be expressed as: x(n) = 1 N N 1 k=0 X(k)W nk N, n =0, 1,..., N 1 (2) From the point of view of decimation, there are two basic types of FFT algorithms: decimation in time (DIT) and decimation in frequency (DIF). There is no difference in computational complexity between them and the number of samples must be a power of two. The DIT radix-2 FFT algorithm divides the original sequence into two N/2-point data sequences f 1 (n) and f 2 (n), corresponding to the evenindexed and odd-indexed points of x(n), respectively. Then N-point DFT can be computed as: X(k) =F 1 (k)+wn k F 2 (k), X(k + N/2) = F 1 (k) WN k (3) F 2 (k), where, k =0, 1,..., N/2 1, F 1 (k) and F 2 (k) are the N/2- point DFT of f 1 (n) and f 2 (n), respectively. The subsequences F 1 (k) and F 2 (k) are recursively solved applying the above formula. Thus, the elementary operation is obtained, known as DIT butterfly (BF). Its pictorial representation is shown in Fig. 4. In DIT radix-2 FFT algorithm, log 2 (N) butterfly stages are necessary to calculate an N-point FFT. During each stage, N/2 butterflies should be calculated. For example, in the 8-point FFT signal flow diagram, shown in figure 5, there are 3 butterfly stages and 4 butterflies are calculated during each stage. The multi-core architecture can be also interpreted from the example depicted in Fig. 5, where a level 1 FFT processor can be assembled combining two N/4-point FFTs to obtain an N/2-point FFT. The combining process consists of applying the corresponding last butterfly stage (LBFS). If the architecture is applied again so that two level 1 N/2-point FFT processors are combined to obtain an N-point FFT, then a level 2 FFT processor is obtained. By assembling Lv levels, an FFT processor with Lv +1 available lengths can be obtained. The corresponding FFT length for level l is determined as: FFT length(l) = N 2 Lv l (4) where N is a power of 2 and represents the maximum FFT length, Lv is the amount of levels, and l is the current level, which is an integer number ranged from 0 to Lv. The proposed FFT/IFFT processor architecture is shown in Fig. 6. It is a level Lv processor mainly composed of two level Lv 1 FFT/IFFT processors (C1 and C2), a control unit (CU), an address manager (AM), a size decoder, two external BFs (BF), and two ROMs (ROM_Wn_e and ROM_Wn_o) used to store twiddle factors. A general description of its functionality is as follows. First, size FFT input is decoded into u size FFT and N Nb2 signals. The first signal is used to indicate the FFT size for C1 and C2 processors; and the second signal is used to determinate if the two level Lv 1 processors will be combined or not. After that, a sequence of samples and addresses are introduced in sec e and addr e inputs, respectively. The AM processes the address to select the processor, C1 or C2, where the corresponding sample will be stored. When start FFT input is asserted, the level Lv 1 FFT processing begins in one or both processors, depending on N Nb2 signal. Once it finishes, CU declares the process complete if N Nb2 is asserted. If it is not asserted, then CU actives LBFS of level Lv. During this process, sets of four samples are read from C1 and C2, as well as two twiddle factors from ROM_Wn_e and ROM_Wn_o. Such samples are processed by a pair of BFs, then a write back operation is applied to the four resulting samples of each set. When the LBFS has finished, CU declares the process complete using busy done signal. An important setting of the FFT/IFFT processor is that it is able to feed the result during the LBFS of the corresponding level. This result is fed through A e, B e, A o and B o outputs. Depending on the N Nb2 signal, the result could be fed from level Lv 1 LBFS, which is executed in C1, or from level Lv. Our FFT/IFFT processor was designed ad-hoc for the aforementioned transmitter, considering four hierarchical levels and a maximum length of N = 2048 samples. Therefore, it is capable of performing five different FFT lengths (N, N/2, N/4, N/8 and N/16) with the same data-path. Figure 4: Butterfly DIT radix-2 Figure 5: Example of an 8-point DIT radix-2 FFT [8].

5 Figure 6: Proposed architecture for level Lv Variable Length FFT/IFFT processor The only constraint is that transformation cannot begin until the entire input sequence has been introduced. However, the processor is able to feed the result during LBFS. This feature compensates the time used for the input sequence loading. C. Transmission Rate Controller This module manages the transmission rate required for each bandwidth (BW) specified in LTE standard. Since a clock rate of MHz was used for the transmitter, TRC enables reading in OB every m clock cycles. The value for m is a multiple of two and depends on maxfftaddr, which is related to the BW chosen. Table I shows all possible values for m. TRC carries out two steps during OB reading process. During the first, it coordinates rd control signals to read the CP samples. In the last step, it coordinates rd control signals to read all the samples of the corresponding OFDM symbol. Both steps are repeated until the entire frame has been transmitted. D. Out buffer This module is composed of two FIFO memories: ABCD FIFO, used to store the OFDM symbols samples, which are fed during the LBFS; and X FIFO, used to store the CP samples of the corresponding OFDM symbol. OB uses status signals to indicate if there is enough space to store one more OFDM symbol. IV. IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS The proposed transmitter architecture was implemented in RTL level using Verilog hardware description language. This transmitter was synthesized using EDA tool Xilinx ISE v14.7 and targeted to a kintex7 XC7K70T FPGA. All signals are complex-valued and were represented using signed fixed-point two s complement. Its synthesis results are summarized in Table II and compared with the OFDM transmitters mentioned in Section I. Since our FFT/IFFT processor uses 43 butterfly Table II: Synthesis comparison of the proposed OFDM Tx [6] [5] Proposed Standard a CMMB/DAB LTE Xilinx ALTERA Xilinx Target XC2V3000 EP4CE115F29C7 Kintex7 4FG676 XC7K70T IFFT lengths , 2048, 2048, 1024, , 256, 128 Block RAM 12 54/38 (M9Ks) 24 Slice Registers Slice LUTs LEs / DSPs - 26/ Frequency [MHz] Max. freq.[mhz] Table III: Execution time for several FFT lengths FFT length Total exe. Time Partial exe. Time [samples] [clock cycles] modules and each uses 4 DSP blocks, so it is composed of 172 DSPs. Nevertheless, [5] uses many more Block RAMs than the proposed transmitter. Although Block RAM consumption in [6] is less than ours, FFT length should be considered. It is much smaller than our proposed FFT/IFFT processor. None of them have the high-reconfigurability degree feature of the our designed architecture. Although the proposed FFT/IFFT processor uses 46 BF modules, its advantage is memory consumption, which is equal to N-samples to be processed. This represents an advantage, because in our design, all memories were inferred and translated to a dedicated block-ram (BRAM). Hence, for a FFT length of 2048 samples and 32-bit word length

6 (16 bits for real and imaginary parts), the resulting memory consumption is 8 KB. For the performance of the FFT/IFFT processor, we considered two execution times; the first one is the total execution time, which is the time used to process the FFT/IFFT, since start input is activated until busy done output declares process done. The second is the partial execution time, which is shorter than the first, because in this case, time used to carry out the LBFS is not considered as processing time, but rather as time used to feed the result. The total execution time (T t ) in the level 0 FFT/IFFT processor is determined as: T t (0) = s b c +log 2 (FFT length(0))+1 (5) where s is the number of butterfly stages used to process a level 0 FFT, b is the number of butterflies per stage in level 0, c is the number of clock cycles to calculate a butterfly operation, which has a value of 2 in this implementation, and FFT length was defined in eq. (4). Similarly, the total execution time (T t ) for the higher levels is defined as: T t (l) =T t (l 1) + 2 l 1 b c +1 (6) In this case, l ranges from 1 to Lv. The partial execution time (T p ) for level 0 is not considered, because it is not a variable length IFFT/FFT processor; therefore, it does not execute LBFS using two external BFs. In the case of level 1, (T p ) equals T t (0). Moreover, for the higher levels, T p is defined as: T p (l) =T p (l 1) + 2 l 2 b c +1 (7) In this case, l ranges from 2 to Lv. Table III shows both, total and partial, execution time results for the proposed FFT/IFFT processor. The functionality of our OFDM transmitter was tested using hw/sw co-simulation environment. A spectrum analyzer tool was connected to the transmitters output. Fig. 7 shows the OFDM symbol obtained for 3 MHz bandwidth and 16-QAM as modulation scheme. Since spectrum analyzer averages the OFDM symbols, it is not possible to distinguish pilots clearly, because some OFDM symbols do not include them. Finally, the SQNR (signal-to-quantization-noise ratio) performance of the transmitter is conditioned by the FFT/IFFT processor SQNR, thereby it can be used as an indirect Figure 7: Transmitter output spectrum for 3 MHz/16-QAM OFDM symbol. Figure 8: SQNR performance of the FFT/IFFT proc. measure of this metric. Thus, Fig. 8 depicts the SQNR histogram from point length transformations performed by the FFT/IFFT processor, obtaining an SQNR average of db. Hence, the transmitter s SQNR performance is close to this value. V. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, a reconfigurable OFDM transmitter architecture for 4G-LTE applications was presented. It has the capability of selecting on-the-fly from five different transmission modes: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, and 20 MHz; three modulations: 4/16/64 QAM, frame size, OFDM symbols/slot, and the assembly configuration parameters of each OFDM symbol, such as the number of null carriers, the CP size, the pilot inclusion, etc. Although the transmitter presents moderate hardware resource consumption, this is compensated by its high reconfigurability and good SQNR, which allow its inclusion in the multistandard designs for future communication systems. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by CONACyT scholarship , CONACyT research project, and PROFAPI grant. REFERENCES [1] Cox, C.I. An Introduction to LTE LTE, LTE-advanced, SAE, VoLTE and 4G Mobile Communications [2] Revanna, D. and Anjum, O. and Cucchi, M. and Airoldi, R. and Nurmi, J. A scalable FFT processor architecture for OFDM based communication systems. Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation (SAMOS XIII), 2013 International Conference on, [3] Romero-Aguirre, E. and Parra-Michel, R. and Carrasco-ALvarez, Roberto and Orozco-Lugo, A. G. Configurable transmitter and systolic channel estimator architectures for DDST communications systems Int. J. Reconfig. Comput., January 2012, issn = [4] Bautista-Contreras, B. and Parra-Michel, R. and Carrasco-Alvarez, R. and Romero-Aguirre, E. A SDR architecture based on FPGA for multistandard transmitter. Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), 2013 IEEE, [5] Zhang, B. and Guo, X. A Novel Reconfigurable Architecture for Generic OFDM Modulator Based on FPGA. In Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), th International Conference on, pages IEEE, [6] Garcia, J. and Cumplido, R. On the design of an FPGA-Based OFDM modulator for IEEE a. Electrical and Electronics Engineering, nd International Conference on, [7] Dahlman, E. and Parkvall, S. and Skold, J. LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband. Elsevier Science, [8] Proakis J.G. and Manolakis D.G. Digital Signal Processing. Prentice Hall International editions, Pearson Prentice Hall, [9] Zarrinkoub, H. Understanding LTE with MATLAB: From Mathematical Modeling to Simulation and Prototyping. Wiley Desktop Editions, 2014.