Sensor Interface Using PIC12CXXX as a Sensor Interface for Metal Detection
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1 Using PIC12CXXX as a Sensor Interface for Metal Detection Author: Vladimir Velchev AVEX - Vladimir Velchev Sofia, Bulgaria avex@iname.com APPLICATION OPERATION PIC12CXXX microcontroller can be used in quite an unexpected area of application - as an intelligent metal detector. Few components are needed to build a hand held (stand alone) or a static, remotely controlled metal sensor connected to a computer or another microcontroller. As known, the metal objects can change the resonant frequency of an LC circuit. If this circuit is connected to oscillator inputs of PIC, then the operating speed of the microcontroller will be influenced by the metal objects located near inductor L1 (figure2). The microcontroller must measure its own frequency at start up, save it as reference frequency, and compare it with all other currently measured frequencies. To perform such a type of measurement, a RC circuit (R2,R3,C4) is connected to a GP2 pin and determines a constant time interval for calculations. GP2 has two functions: to discharge the capacitor C4 (as output) and to control its voltage (as input). See Figure 1. The button S1 (RESET) is needed for periodical (from time to time) calibration of the reference frequency, since the LC oscillator frequency and the RC circuit time interval are a function of the supply voltage, the operating temperature and the stability of the components. The size of metal objects to be detected determine the size and geometry of inductor L1. If we need stand alone small size metal detector, then outputs GP0 and GP1 can be connected to control LED and head phones (for sound effects). If we need to get data from the PIC and to transmit some special commands to microcontroller, GP0 & GP1 can be I2C s - DATA and CLOCK pins. FIGURE 1: Vth Vth-1 Vth-0 GP2-out GP2-in T=100ms Microchip Technology Incorporated, has been granted a nonexclusive, worldwide license to reproduce, publish and distribute all submitted materials, in either original or edited form. The author has affirmed that this work is an original, unpublished work and that he/she owns all rights to such work. All property rights, such as patents, copyrights and trademarks remain with author Microchip Technology Inc. DS40160A/3_007-page 1
2 GRAPHICAL HARDWARE REPRESENTATION: C2 15pf C1 15pf L1 INDUCTOR R1 10K S1 RESET R2 100K C3 15pf R3 200 C4 470nf U GP5/OSC1/CLKIN GP4/OSC2 4 5 GP3/MCLR/Vpp GP2/T0CKI 6 7 GP1 8 GP0 Vss PIC12C508 D1 LED R4 1K DATA or LED CLOCK or PHONES BILL OF MATERIALS (BOM) Part# Manufacture U1-PIC12C508 Microchip C1-15pf C2-15pf C3-15pf C4-470nf R1-10K R2-100K R3-200 R4-1K S1-button D1-LED L1 unknown DS40160A/3_007-page Microchip Technology Inc.
3 FLOW CHART There are m intelligent algorithms that can be implemented in PIC12CXXX for metal detection and automatic calibration. The algorithm shown below is just for experiments. START CALC_FREQ Initial setup Wait for power & oscillator stabilization CALL CALC_FREQ Measuring & calculating current oscillator frequency Reference freq. = current freq. CALL CALC_FREQ Measuring & calculating current oscillator frequency Reset capacitor of RC group (used for time interval) Reset timer TMR0 Current freq.= 0 Current freq. = current freq. + TMR0 clocks RC time interval over? Y RETURN N Freq. Offset = Ref.freq. - curr.freq. Freq. Offset > max. limit? Y LED = ON N LED = OFF Y RESET button pressed? N MICROCHIP TOOLS USED Assembler/Compiler version MPLAB 3.22, MPASM Microchip Technology Inc. DS40160A/3_007-page 3
4 APPENDIX A: SOURCE CODE ;************************************************************************ ; Using PIC12CXXX as a sensor interface for metal detection ; Written by Vladimir Velchev ; (C) AVEX - Vladimir Velchev ; Version 1.00 ;************************************************************************ ; LC osc.: F=2MHz; GP5/GP4 must be configured as XT type OSC1,2 in/outs ; GP0 - LED indicator (output: 0=LED ON, 1=LED OFF) ; GP1 - not used (reserved output for phones or DATA pin [GP0- CLOCK]) ; GP2 - RC group - 100mS measurement time (input/output) ; GP3 - RESET button for calibration (input) ; GP4 - LC oscillator (OSC1 input) ; GP5 - LC oscillator (OSC2 output) LIST P=12C508 #include <p12c508.inc> ;*** Equates LED_Pin equ 0 ;LED indicator - GP0 RC_Pin equ 2 ;RC group RESET_Pin equ 3 ;RESET button pin FREQ_OFFS equ D'10' ;freq. offset limit (threshold) Fmax-Fmin ;determines the device sensibility START_UP_COUNT equ D'10' ;number of start up false measurements IOSET equ B' ' ;initial I/O port settings ;GP3-input, others- outputs RC_MASK equ B' ' ;bit mask for RC pin ;*** RAM locations Frh equ H'07' ;reference frequency - MS byte Frl equ H'08' ;reference frequency - LS byte Fch equ H'09' ;current frequency - MS byte Fcl equ H'0A' ;current frequency - LS byte ;*** Vectors org 0 ;RESET vector ;*** Code Starting Point BEGIN: ; Initial setup movlw IOSET ;init GPIO tris GPIO clrf GPIO ;reset all outputs (=0) movlw H'D2' ;init option register option ;TMR0: int.clock, prescaler 1:8 ; Additional delay after start up movlw START_UP_COUNT ;read number of start up cycles movwf Frl ;use Frl as counter for start up START_UP_LOOP: call CALC_FREQ ;call freq. subroutine decfsz Frl,1 ;counter Frl--, skip if=0 (exit) goto START_UP_LOOP ; Measurement of the reference frequency call CALC_FREQ ;call calculate freq. subroutine movf Fch,W ;copy measured to reference freq. movwf Frh movf Fcl,W movwf Frl MAIN_LOOP: DS40160A/3_007-page Microchip Technology Inc.
5 call CALC_FREQ ;calculate current freq. ; Calculate absolute value of the frequency offset ; Fc= Fc - Fb movf Frl,W ;read reference freq. LSbyte subwf Fcl,1 ;sub. from current freq. btfss STATUS,C ;skip if result is 0 or positive decf Fch,1 movf Frh,W ;read reference freq. MSbyte subwf Fch,1 ;sub. from current freq. btfss Fch,7 ;skip if result is negative goto CHECK_FREQ comf Fcl,1 ;convert negative to positive offset comf Fch,1 ;Fch:Fcl- absolute value of offset CHECK_FREQ: movf Fch,1 ;checks freq. offset MSbyte btfss STATUS,Z ;skip if zero goto LED_ON ;else - turn LED ON movlw FREQ_OFFS ;read freq. offset limit subwf Fcl,W ;compare with result offset btfsc STATUS,C ;skip if result < limit offset goto LED_ON ;else - turn LED ON LED_OFF: bsf GPIO,LED_Pin ;LED= OFF goto CHECK_RESET ;go to check the reset button LED_ON: bcf GPIO,LED_Pin ;LED= ON ; Checking the RESET button (calibration) CHECK_RESET: btfsc GPIO,RESET_Pin ;skip if reset button is pressed goto MAIN_LOOP ;go to measurement loop goto BEGIN ;go to begin for calibration ;*** Subroutine - CALC_FREQ ; Input : ; Output: Fch:Fcl- current freq. ; Info : Calculates current frequency of the external oscillator ; Fosc.= 2MHz; Fclk.= 2MHz/4= 500kHz ; TMR0 prescaler: TMR0ps= 1:8 ; TMR0freq= Fclk./TMR0ps= 500kHz/8= 62500Hz ; TMR0tick= 1/TMR0freq= 16 us ; Measurement interval: (RC circuit) TRC = 100mS ; Frequency counter [max]: Fc= TRC/TMR0tick= 100mS/16uS= 6250 ; Frequency counter rate: Frate= Fosc./6250= 320Hz ; Fmax-Fmin interval= FREQ_OFFS*Frate= 10*320Hz = 3200Hz ; Fch:Fcl = Fosc./320 CALC_FREQ: clrf Fch ;clear current freq. counters clrf Fcl ; Discharging the RC circuit movlw IOSET&(~RC_MASK) tris GPIO ;set RC pin as output bcf GPIO,RC_Pin ;RC pin= 0 clrf TMR0 ;use TMR0 as discharge timer CALC_FREQ_DISCH: clrwdt ;clear watchdog timer movlw H'FF' ;look for TMR0 overflow subwf TMR0,W btfss STATUS,Z ;skip if TMR0 overflowed goto CALC_FREQ_DISCH 1997 Microchip Technology Inc. DS40160A/3_007-page 5
6 ; Enable RC time interval circuit movlw IOSET RC_MASK tris GPIO ;set RC pin as input ; Start counting (measurement of the current frequency) clrf TMR0 CALC_FREQ_LOOP: clrwdt ;clear watchdog timer btfsc GPIO,RC_Pin ;continue if RC pin still=0 goto CALC_FREQ_STOP ;else- stop the measurement movlw H'FF' ;look for TMR0 overflow subwf TMR0,W btfsc STATUS,Z ;skip if TMR0 not overflowed incf Fch,1 ;increment MSbyte freq. counter goto CALC_FREQ_LOOP CALC_FREQ_STOP: movf TMR0,W ;read current value of TMR0 movwf Fcl ;store to LSbyte of freq. counter return end ;end of program DS40160A/3_007-page Microchip Technology Inc.
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