COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICĂ

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http://users.utcluj.ro/~denisad COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICĂ CURS AN IV, Specializările: ET, I&AD, IM AN UNIVERSITAR 2017-2018 Conf. Dr. Ing.

1 COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICĂ CURS AN IV, Specializările: ET, I&AD, IM AN UNIVERSITAR Conf. Dr. Ing. Denisa ŞTEŢ Facultatea de Inginerie Electrică, Departamentul de Electrotehnică și Măsurări Office: Str. G.Barițiu, Nr , sala 53 Tel:

Obiectivele disciplinei: 1. Însuşirea cunoştinţelor specifice disciplinei CEM şi familiarizarea cu problematica poluării electromagnetice; 2.

2 Obiectivele disciplinei: 1. Însuşirea cunoştinţelor specifice disciplinei CEM şi familiarizarea cu problematica poluării electromagnetice; 2. Cunoaşterea principalelor surse de perturbaţii electromagnetice; 3. Cunoaşterea tipurilor de cuplaje prin intermediul cărora perturbaţiile electromagnetice se propagă de la surse la receptoare; 4. Cunoaşterea tehnicilor de măsurare a interferenţelor electromagnetice; 5. Cunoașterea modalităţilor practice de reducere a interferenţelor electromagnetice şi asigurare a imunităţii, respectiv a mijloacelor de măsurare în CEM. COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 2/26

3 Structura cursului: 14 cursuri (3 ore/curs) 7 laboratoare (4 ore/laborator) Cursul are un numar de 6 credite! [ COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 3/26

4 Tematica cursului de CEM Introducere în Compatibilitatea Electromagnetică (CEM) Surse de perturbaţii electromagnetice Tipuri de cuplaje electromagnetice Linii de transmisie Unde electromagnetice Tehnici şi dispozitive de atenuare a interferenţelor electromagnetice Tehnici si mijloace de măsurare în CEM Influența câmpurilor EM asupra bioorganismelor Aspecte ale CEM în electroenergetică COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 4/26

Legea inducției electromagnetice [http://www.way2science.

5 Introducere în Compatibilitatea Electromagnetică (CEM) 1.1. Scurt istoric. De ce CEM? Legea inducției electromagnetice [ COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs curs 1 1 5/26

după 1850 - transmisii telegrafice confruntate cu probleme de diafonie [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:marconi_at_desk.

6 după transmisii telegrafice confruntate cu probleme de diafonie [ Marconi inventează radioul 1897 prima transmisie radio peste Canalul Mânecii (Marconi) 1901 prima transmisie radio peste Oceanul Atlantic (Marconi) COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs curs 1 1 6/26

1904 experienţe privind detectarea ecoului undelor electromagnetice (Hulsmeyer, telemobiloscope ) 1935 primele sisteme RADAR (1940 -

7 1904 experienţe privind detectarea ecoului undelor electromagnetice (Hulsmeyer, telemobiloscope ) 1935 primele sisteme RADAR ( RAdio Detection And Ranging) [ COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs curs 1 1 7/26

trei electrozi pentru amplificarea curenților electrici foarte slabi (Lee de Forest)

8 1907 Lee de Forest descoperă trioda cu vid ( audion ) unde electromagnetice continue, modularea lor cu semnale telefonice, amplificarea lor înainte de recepție Un dispozitiv cu trei electrozi pentru amplificarea curenților electrici foarte slabi (Lee de Forest) [ COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs curs 1 1 8/26

după 1910 - electrificarea căilor ferate perturbă liniile de comunicaţii Soluții: cabluri ecranate,

9 după electrificarea căilor ferate perturbă liniile de comunicaţii Soluții: cabluri ecranate, dispozitive împotriva fulgerelor [ COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 9/26

1915-1940 domeniul de frecvență în telecomunicaţii se extinde la frecvente înalte emisiuni radio deranjate de acțiunea perturbatoare al aparatelor electrice Solutii: legarea la masă, decuplarea

10 domeniul de frecvență în telecomunicaţii se extinde la frecvente înalte emisiuni radio deranjate de acțiunea perturbatoare al aparatelor electrice Solutii: legarea la masă, decuplarea galvanică, filtre de frecvență, amplificatoare diferențiale, prescripţii militare precise şi ferme (primele organisme cu rol de standardizare) etc. COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 10/26

implementate principiile elaborate de von Neumann în 1945 [http://www.

11 1945 primul calculator electronic (ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) în realizarea lui fiind implementate principiile elaborate de von Neumann în 1945 [ COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 11/26

Evolutia microelectronicii 1948 - primul tranzistor 1958 primul

personal 1983 - primul compact disk 1984 - Macintosh cu prima

prima memorie de 1 Gb 2000 frecvenţe de lucru peste 1 GHz şi

12 Evolutia microelectronicii primul tranzistor 1958 primul circuit integrat 1971 primul microprocesor primul computer personal primul compact disk Macintosh cu prima interfaţă utilizator grafică prima reţea Internet prima memorie de 1 Gb 2000 frecvenţe de lucru peste 1 GHz şi tensiuni de alimentare sub 2,5 V COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 12/26

13 COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 13/26

14 COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 14/26

15 Interferenţele complexe prin curenţi de dispersie, specifice centrelor urbane aglomerate COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 15/26

16 [ COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 16/26

17 COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 17/26

18 [ COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 18/26

19 [ COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 19/26

20 1933 Comitetul Internațional Special de Pertrurbații Radioelectrice (CISPR) Stabilirea și dezvoltarea normelor privind evitarea interferențelor radio 1979 American Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Publică norme limită de emisii electromagnetice pentru toate aparatele electronice 1980 Comisia Electrotehnică Internatională (CEI) Normativul CEI 801 care se refera la imunitatea materialelor la interferentele electromagnetice Comunitatea Economică Europeană (CEE) Directiva 89/336/CEE care contine acordarea legislatiilor statelor membre ale CEE cu privire la CEM 1 ianuarie 1996 toate produsele puse pe piata europeană trebuie sa satisfacă în mod egal exigențele normelor CM de emisie și de imunitate COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 20/26

21 Domenii de interes pentru normare în domeniul CEM COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 21/26

22 Principalele tipuri de PEM studiate de CEM COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 22/26

1.2. Definiția Compatibilității Electromagnetice (CEM) Compatibilitate Electromagnetică (engleză: EMC,

funcţionarea unui sistem electric sau electronic sensibil într-un mediu electromagnetic perturbat prin respectarea a

23 1.2. Definiția Compatibilității Electromagnetice (CEM) Compatibilitate Electromagnetică (engleză: EMC, ElectroMagnetic Compatibility) = coexistența neconflictuală a emițătoarelor și receptoarelor de energie electromagnetică. Element perturbator (Emitator) Mecanism de cuplaj (cale) Element perturbat (Receptor) Scop CEM: de a face compatibilă funcţionarea unui sistem electric sau electronic sensibil într-un mediu electromagnetic perturbat prin respectarea a trei criterii: să nu producă nici o interferenţă cu alte sisteme; să nu fie susceptibil la emisiile altor sisteme; să nu producă nici o interferenţă cu el însuşi. COMPATIBILITATE COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA ELECTROMAGNETICA curs curs 1 23/26

24 Surse de perturbaţii electromagnetice 1.3. Conceptul de interferență electromagnetică IEM/EMI în sensul CEM Interferenţa electromagnetică = fenomen de suprapunere în acelaşi punct din spaţiu a două sau mai multe unde (semnale), provenite de la diferite surse, având ca efect modificarea parametrilor semnalului util (amplitudine, frecvenţă, fază). y t Asin t t A t y1 sin y r t A sin t r r r Mai multe surse de perturbaţii utilizarea metodei suprapunerii efectelor, consecinţă a liniarităţii ecuaţiilor diferenţiale care descriu procesele ondulatorii. COMPATIBILITATE COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA ELECTROMAGNETICA curs curs /26

Pentru proiectarea corectă a CEM a unui sistem electric trebuie cunoscute: Mediul

tensiunilor şi curenţilor, intensităţi ale câmpurilor magnetice şi electrice, spectre

factorilor de atenuare ai filtrelor şi ecranelor sau funcţii de transfer complexe;

formă de nivele de perturbaţii admisibile (în domeniul frecvenţă şi în domeniul timp).

25 Pentru proiectarea corectă a CEM a unui sistem electric trebuie cunoscute: Mediul electromagnetic perturbator (toate emiţătoarele) sub forma de: valori de vârf ale tensiunilor şi curenţilor, intensităţi ale câmpurilor magnetice şi electrice, spectre de frecvenţă, pante ale fronturilor impulsurilor; Mecanismele de cuplaj, sub forma factorilor de atenuare ai filtrelor şi ecranelor sau funcţii de transfer complexe; Susceptibilitatea (receptivitatea) dispozitivelor perturbate (receptoarelor), sub formă de nivele de perturbaţii admisibile (în domeniul frecvenţă şi în domeniul timp). [ COMPATIBILITATE COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA ELECTROMAGNETICA curs curs 1 25/26

Bibliografie CURS 1 1. A.J. Schwab și W.W. Kȕrner, Compatibilitate electromagnetică, Editura Agir, București, 2013; 2. F.D. Surianu, Compatibilitate electromagnetica.

26 Bibliografie CURS 1 1. A.J. Schwab și W.W. Kȕrner, Compatibilitate electromagnetică, Editura Agir, București, 2013; 2. F.D. Surianu, Compatibilitate electromagnetica. Aplicatii in ingineria sistemelor electroenergetice, Editura Orizonturi Universitare, Timișoara, 2005; 3. E. Simion, Interferența electromagnetica, Editura Casa Cărții de Știinta, Cluj- Napoca, 1999; 4. G. Hortopan, Principii si tehnici de compatibilitate electromagnetica, Editura Tehnica, București, 1998; 5. A. Sotir si T. Moșoiu, Compatibilitate electromagnetica, Editura Militară, Bucuresti, 1997; 6. D. Șteț, D. D. Micu, L. Czumbil, Analiza, modelarea și predicția fenomenelor de interferență electromagnetică dintre liniile electrice de înaltă tensiune și structurile metalice învecinate. Complemente de matematici, Ed. Mediamira, Cluj-Napoca, Fotografii/imagini preluate de pe internet. COMPATIBILITATE ELECTROMAGNETICA curs 1 26/26

27 Research, Engineering & Consulting

LCMN GROUP EXPERTISE Research & Development in Core Areas Advances in numerical modeling of different electromagnetic interference problems: prediction, diagnosis and feasible solutions for induced

Research & Development in Applied Fields Investigations through numerical analysis and in situ evaluations of electromagnetic interferences; Inverse reconstruction and identification of cracks,

different therapies); Numerical analysis and computational geometry applied in engineering problems.

problems; Energy evaluation and solutions regarding the efficient use of energy; Power quality evaluations, diagnosis and solutions for industry and buildings.

solutions; Power Systems /P&G/T&D/Energy Trading; Measurements and testing of: power quality indicators, remote electric and/or magnetic fields (DC to GHz), earth resistances, etc; Computer aided

28 LCMN GROUP EXPERTISE Research & Development in Core Areas Advances in numerical modeling of different electromagnetic interference problems: prediction, diagnosis and feasible solutions for induced voltages and AC Corrosion in metallic structures; Optimal right of way evaluation of gas streams as related to possible AC interferences; Lightning Interferences and Protection of Infrastructures. Research & Development in Applied Fields Investigations through numerical analysis and in situ evaluations of electromagnetic interferences; Inverse reconstruction and identification of cracks, sources and materials in inaccessible locations; Numerical field synthesis and optimization of different electromagnetic devices (including devices for medical applications - magnetic coils used in different therapies); Numerical analysis and computational geometry applied in engineering problems. Energy Consulting Optimization of common transportation coridors as related to AC/DC interferences, in case of diferent utilities networks; Investigation of different electromagnetic interference problems; Energy evaluation and solutions regarding the efficient use of energy; Power quality evaluations, diagnosis and solutions for industry and buildings. Applied Engineering Services Case studies of electromagnetic interferences: diagnosis and solutions; Energy audit or industrial and residential consumers; Power quality measurements and filtering solutions; Power Systems /P&G/T&D/Energy Trading; Measurements and testing of: power quality indicators, remote electric and/or magnetic fields (DC to GHz), earth resistances, etc; Computer aided designing of embedded electronics circuits (low and high power); Designing of wired or wireless sensors. Training Support and applied techniques regarding the practical implementation of case studies: electromagnetic interferences, lightning protection, optimal right of way grid for energy transmission (oil, gas, electricity); Numerical modeling of different interference problems; Energy audits to industrial and residential consumers; Nearly Zero Energy Buildings professional certification for engineers and architects. The LCMN high-skilled team will work closely with you from the definition of the problem to the delivery of high quality engineering studies and solutions. Our experience in understanding power systems, EMC and energy issues, combined with adequate simulation software tools, represents a guarantee of every project successful completion.

Scientific Publications (2000-2015) 10 Books and 2 Book Chapters published in prestigious publishing houses; Over 200 published scientific papers: ISI Journals, ISI Proceedings, papers indexed in

Publication Awards 2013 PN-II-RU-PRECISI-2013-3768 for AC Interference on Pipelines due to Double Circuit Power Lines.

Solving Electromagnetic Interference Problem; 2009 - PN-II-RU-PRECISI-2009-322 for Energy Efficient Coils for Magnetic Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves; 2008 - PN-II-RU-PRECISI-2008-48 for Synthesis

The strategy of the LCMN Research Team (15 members) aims: To develop and apply mathematical models for solving practical problems from industry (as a collaboration with different national and

29 Scientific Publications ( ) 10 Books and 2 Book Chapters published in prestigious publishing houses; Over 200 published scientific papers: ISI Journals, ISI Proceedings, papers indexed in international data bases (IEEEXplore, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, EBSON). Publication Awards 2013 PN-II-RU-PRECISI for AC Interference on Pipelines due to Double Circuit Power Lines. A Detailed Study; PN-II-RU-PRECISI for Numerical Evaluation of Induced Voltages in the Metallic Underground Pipelines; PN-II-RU-PRECISI for Original Approaches for Solving Electromagnetic Interference Problem; PN-II-RU-PRECISI for Energy Efficient Coils for Magnetic Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves; PN-II-RU-PRECISI for Synthesis Method of an Inductive Sensor using Tikhonov Regularization Procedure. The strategy of the LCMN Research Team (15 members) aims: To develop and apply mathematical models for solving practical problems from industry (as a collaboration with different national and international companies); To participate in interdisciplinary research groups within scientific and applied engineering projects; To extend the international scientific cooperation within European projects; To promote PhD students in advanced research activities. LCMN was the main organizer of the: 49 th International Universities' Power Engineering Conference 2-5 September 2014, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Research Activity 15 Research Grants obtained through (Inter)National Competitions; 18 Research Projects founded by Industry Companies; 5 Postdoctoral Research Projects; 16 PhD thesis. Research Awards 2015 Romanian Energy Awards Awarding the Excellence in Romanian s Energy Sector, for an Energy Efficiency Project implemented in TUCN own Buildings; Excellence Award of Technical University of Cluj-Napoca for researchers; Excellence Award of Technical University of Cluj-Napoca for young researchers; nd Prize for Research Projects: "CEEX- DIRECTOR_136: Intelligent and active diagnosis and prediction of buildings with resistance structure in a complex polluted environment ", awarded by the National Authority of Scientific Research. LCMN GROUP BACKGROUND

REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS ROMATSA_3423: Electric and electronic equipment protection to overvoltage and electromagnetic pulses occuring in

electric and magnetic field synthesis regarding the reconstruction of the return stroke currents particular cases: flat ground, existence

CEEX-MATELIZ_6856: Theoretical and experimental research on the behavior of insulating materials in order to develop diagnosis studies

installations embedded with insulating materials, customized for underground cables.

complex polluted environment Methodology to determine complex electrical disturbances in reinforced concrete structures due to both

30 REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS ROMATSA_3423: Electric and electronic equipment protection to overvoltage and electromagnetic pulses occuring in power cables, respectively voice and data circuits due to lightning at DSNA Cluj and DR Bucharest PNA/CNS Cluj Advanced techniques for electric and magnetic field synthesis regarding the reconstruction of the return stroke currents particular cases: flat ground, existence of towers. CEEX-MATELIZ_6856: Theoretical and experimental research on the behavior of insulating materials in order to develop diagnosis studies and intelligent prediction procedures Intelligent diagnosis and prediction methodologies applied to electrical equipment and installations embedded with insulating materials, customized for underground cables. CEEX-DIRECTOR_136: Active and intelligent prediction and diagnostics procedures for building with reinforced structures, placed in a complex polluted environment Methodology to determine complex electrical disturbances in reinforced concrete structures due to both inductive AC and DC couplings from HVPL and electrified railway systems from urban electric traction. PN-II-PC-CABDIAG_22-122: Intelligent diagnosis and prediction system for preventing power cables damages Predictive diagnosis system of medium and high voltage cables at a prototype level, through experimental development and numerical modeling.

PN-II-RU-TE_253: Modeling, prediction and design solutions, with maximum effectiveness, for reducing the impact of stray currents on

conductive and capacitive couplings) between HVPL and underground/above ground pipelines; Artificial intelligence techniques.

Generalized mathematical model for effects estimation of the inductive and conductive couplings, in steady state, on any metallic

CNCSIS-AT_224: Optimized construction of electromagnetic devices based on electromagnetic field synthesis in inaccessible

31 PN-II-RU-TE_253: Modeling, prediction and design solutions, with maximum effectiveness, for reducing the impact of stray currents on underground metallic gas pipelines InterfStud software package for solving electromagnetic interference problems (inductive, conductive and capacitive couplings) between HVPL and underground/above ground pipelines; Artificial intelligence techniques. PN-II-ID-PCE_1024: Mathematical model to study the AC electromagnetic interferences between underground gas pipelines and HVPL Generalized mathematical model for effects estimation of the inductive and conductive couplings, in steady state, on any metallic underground pipeline network; Device for controlled suppression of induced currents. CNCSIS-AT_224: Optimized construction of electromagnetic devices based on electromagnetic field synthesis in inaccessible heterogeneous environments Numerical modeling tools applied to electrical circuits stability and synthesis; Electromagnetic field synthesis in non-homogeneous media. REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS CEEX-ICEMECOS_X2C37: The impact of electromagnetic fields on anthropic ecosystems Quantifying the impact of electromagnetic fields on the investigated environments; Experiments on electrochemical corrosion phenomena. Methods and procedures for limiting the harmful effects of corrosion.

REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS CNCSIS-A_1279: The influence of electromagnetic fields on operational stability and performance of combustion installations Ingrain the

TUCN IP_36 internal project: Innovative Research Tools for an Efficient Energy University Identification of energy efficiency solutions for the TUCN buildings;

H2020-EE-2015-2-RIA/696114: Demand Response in Blocks of Buildings (DR-BOB) The aim of the DR-BOB project is to demonstrate the economic and environmental

CNCSIS_TD_33385: 3D Software for the simulation of the electromagnetic stimulation of nerve fibers Software package that provides an efficient method for

32 REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS CNCSIS-A_1279: The influence of electromagnetic fields on operational stability and performance of combustion installations Ingrain the turbulence with the help of a rotating electrostatic field, ofhigh voltage, applied to the flame. TUCN IP_36 internal project: Innovative Research Tools for an Efficient Energy University Identification of energy efficiency solutions for the TUCN buildings; Pilot project implementation of variable speed control, LED lighting, M&T and M&V tools. H2020-EE RIA/696114: Demand Response in Blocks of Buildings (DR-BOB) The aim of the DR-BOB project is to demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of demand response in blocks of buildings for the different key actors required to bring it to market. CNCSIS_TD_33385: 3D Software for the simulation of the electromagnetic stimulation of nerve fibers Software package that provides an efficient method for calculating the transmembrane potential on any point along the nerve fibre. H2020-EE-2014-CSA : MENs Meeting the energy professional skills Enhance the NZEB (Near Zero Energy Buildings) skills of building managers such as engineers and architects through a series of accredited training activities developed by 9 universities and 3 market players.

33 REPRESENTATIVE PROJECTS

34 Applied software tools: Research collaborations with laboratories from prestigious universities: OUR PARTNERS AND FRIENDS LCMN offers high quality, adaptable and affordable solutions and services. We care about our partners contentment and do our best to develop a win-win relationship with them. THEY TRUST US:

35 Address: G. Baritiu Street, Cluj-Napoca, , Romania Phone: , Fax:

METODE DE EVALUARE A IMPACTULUI ASUPRA MEDIULUI ŞI IMPLEMENTAREA SISTEMULUI DE MANAGEMENT DE MEDIU

METODE DE EVALUARE A IMPACTULUI ASUPRA MEDIULUI ŞI IMPLEMENTAREA SISTEMULUI DE MANAGEMENT DE MEDIU UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA BUCUREŞTI FACULTATEA ENERGETICA Catedra de Producerea şi Utilizarea Energiei Master: DEZVOLTAREA DURABILĂ A SISTEMELOR DE ENERGIE Titular curs: Prof. dr. ing Tiberiu APOSTOL Fond