FACULTATEA DE INGINERIE ELECTRICĂ. Ing. Lucian Diodiu. PHD Thesis ABSTRACT
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1 FACULTATEA DE INGINERIE ELECTRICĂ Ing. Lucian Diodiu PHD Thesis ABSTRACT DETERMINATION OF ENERGY LOSSES IN MEDIUM VOLTAGE TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION ELECTRICAL NETWORKS Thesis advisor, Prof.dr.ing. Nicolae Patachi
2 Electrical energy losses are found in any part of the power system, generation, transmission, distribution and use. It is very important paying particular attention to both design phase and operation phase, of the electric power losses because their determination and reduction may influence the cost price of the used energy. PhD thesis is divided into seven chapters in which the electric power losses in the distribution networks were determined and schemes and methods to reduce these losses have been also proposed. In Chapter 1 called, Introduction, is made a presentation of power system and defining the energy loss. In Chapter 2, called, Structure and characteristics of the electricity distribution networks, were presented the main electrical power distribution schemes and existing substations currently operated in medium voltage networks. Chapter 3, called The operating condition of medium voltage distribution networks, was structured in four operating condition of a distribution network, namely: - the normal operating condition, in which were presented neutral isolated electrical networks, neutral compensated electrical networks and electrical networks with neutral connected to earth through a limit resistor. - fault working run in which were analyzed the fault types from all medium voltage networks: singlephase, two-phase and three-phase faults. - harmonics introducing perturbation in electrical networks and deformant power appearance that can influence the normal run of an electrical system. - unbalanced run where the end-users effects on the electrical transmission and distribution networks may produce important losses (a few percent). Three-phase systems were designed for operation in balanced regimes. When one of the network elements is unbalanced, voltage and current regime becomes unsymmetrical and there are different losses throughout the system. In Chapter 4, called The electrical parameters of components of electrical transmission and distribution networks and the movement of currents, were presented mathematical formulas underlying the definition of electrical parameters of the network. Any item supplied with alternative voltage has four electrical parameters that can be highlighted by two types of experiments namely: the no-load and the short-circuit runs. In case of the no-load run, the network element is considered isolated from the ground. If a voltage is applied at one end, throught the network element passes an electric current causing a parameter named transversal admittance having the complex shape Y = G ± jb, where the signs + and 2
3 - are due to the inductive character, respectively capacitive character of the element and G is the electrical conductance and is due to the conduction and displacement currents through the insulating material: B represents the susceptibility and is due to capacity formed between network elements and earth. In case of the short-circuit run, the network element is considered to be galvanically connected to ground at one of its terminals. If we apply a voltage to the other terminal, a potential difference is emphasized between the network elements terminals, which determine a longitudinal impedance as Z = R + JX, where R is the electrical resistance, according to the element material and X is the reactance and is due to the presence of the variable magnetic field accompanying the electrical current. Considering that the medium voltage electrical network is radial while the connection is working in a radial structure, the current flow and the voltage drop calculus can be summarized at the situation of radial lines with heterogeneous electric consumers. Chapter 5 presents the main criteria and methods to determine and reduce the energy losses. The main element in approaching the issue of reducing the energy losses in electrical networks is the knowledge of its overall level and on various network elements. Reduction measures of energy losses that do not require investment: Optimization operating condition of electrical networks and of basic equipment, Optimizing the power flow in inhomogeneous looped networks, Optimizing the voltage level in electrical networks, Balancing the load on the phases in the low and medium voltage electrical networks, Raising the level of the electrical network exploitation, Improving the evidence system of the energy losses in electrical network. Measures to reduce electricity losses through investments: Increasing the rated voltage, Installing additional compensating systems of the reactive power and voltage control systems, Optimizing the parameters of electrical network elements, Optimization of network development and reconstruction. Criteria and methods for determining energy losses in electrical networks: The criteria of minimum updated total costs, The criteria of updated net profit, The criteria of simple recovery period and updated, The criteria of internal rate of profitability, 3
4 The criteria of annual spending leveled. Determining the operating energy losses in electrical networks. Deterministic methods. Statistical-probabilistic methods. In Chapter 6, called Energy systems modeling to determine the energy loss assumptions and proposals which would determine and reduce energy losses are presented. Modeling the distribution network in order to achieve optimal de-looping point. Determination of the optimal operating point is influencing the power losses in electrical networks. De-looping in another point than that which meets the criteria of minimum losses is producing significant energy losses. Reducing time to eliminate the damage. If, in power substations are introduced protections based on the variation speed of the electric current, the faulty line can be directly identified, the disconnecting being accomplished only in the substation where this protection started. In this way reconnect on failure of substations will be removed and low voltage fluctuations which occur in consumers fed from these networks will be also removed. Detection distance to fault location. Using remote-controlled primary switching devices makes possible to achieve optimal supply network in a very short time because the transmission of connect or disconnect signals are made from the GSM network, thus eliminating the movement of intervention teams on substations which would act. Medium voltage substation proposed scheme. All data submitted by the existing elements in substation, electronic counter and device for detecting defects in cable and remote-controlled disconnectors orders, will be performed by a single operator (dispatcher) which then coordinates medium voltage distribution networks Medium voltage distribution networks modeling systems in sinusoidal mode. This scenario has pursued the development of active power losses and determining the de-looping optimal solution in terms of minimum energy loss. 4
5 In the last chapter, Chapter 7, are presented results, conclusions and own contributions to the determination and reduction of electricity losses. In case of damage on medium voltage lines, which leads to the isolation of the zone fault, supplying the other substations can be made by refilling the other lines so that energy losses to be minimum. If we do not take into account optimal de-looping for a loop in which exist an isolated defect, then it may generate energy losses of up to 15% of the minimum losses. Electric power losses chart. In the figure above is represented dependence of total energy losses by substations (distances between them and the energy circulated through them). It can be noticed that if a transformation loop is long and far from substation, energy losses can reach considerable values. Electric power losses become minimal near the optimal de-looping point. In case of fault occurrence in the optimal de-looping point, the fault isolation and refueling with energy of unaffected substations can be made around this point, but if the fault occurs near supplying systems (substations) then we need a reconsideration, by this simulation program, of a new supplying providing minimal energy losses. Introduction the remote-controlled switches in substations and the transmission of the required data for the simulation of power schemes for a fault occurred on lines or medium voltage substations, lead to the isolation of the defect as soon as possible, by eliminating the movement of intervention teams at the fault and obtain, even in the emergency situation, an electrical supply with minimum energy loss. If there is a possibility of a loop power injection, meaning that there may be consumers who have wind generators or other sources of green energy, which can be connected directly to the medium voltage distribution network, then optimal de-looping point can change with minimal losses of power. 5
6 Even if the de-looping is disadvantageous, case possibly because of damage on multiple lines and substations, an improvement of the active and reactive power losses may be seen, a reduction of approximately 40% compared to the normal. Chart of energy losses in terms of loop power injection. The curve retains an acceptable level of energy losses around substations near of the power injection. In case of damage produced in this loop, cutting in other substation than giving a minimum energy losses can be with small differences beside the scheme without power injection. The values of the active and reactive power flow and the active and reactive power losses are presented in this thesis in normal operating conditions respectively in the circumstances where there is a power injection in the loop. The power factor for the looped network was calculated according to these data for normal functioning and for network in which an active power injection was made. In determining the power factor was taken of the fact that the active and reactive powers are known by each network element separately. Analyzing the two cases, is observed that the power factor compensation is required for each equipment separately in order to achieve the neutral power factor. A local compensation at the level of substation would be sufficient to achieve this objective. For the deforming regime present in low voltage electrical networks, the comparison is presented graphically for the three substations having, powered by low voltage, customers with different profiles of consumption. 6
7 PONDEREA CASNICI PT123 PONDEREA MICI PT21 PONDEREA MICI SI CASNICI PT118 Comparison of additional power loss. From the graph represented in the figure above is observed that consumers who use equipment which introduces a distorting power in the network, present a significant share of the additional losses introduced by harmonics which can lead to disturbances in low voltage electrical network. The type of the end-users can significantly influence the presence of the deforming power. If we determine the total harmonic distortion factor in the three cases and assuming that the supply network resistance is independent of frequency, then we determined the ratio of the additional losses caused by harmonics and fundamental losses. Inconveniences due to harmonic distortion can be instantaneous or proportional to the duration of disturbances. For prevention of deforming regime, criteria for choosing devices that are characterized by low harmonics and checking the possibility of developing a distorting system, is more then necessary. As a limiting of distorting regime, consumers with greater disturbed powers will have to compensate these disadvantages through the installation of harmonics filters. Some major contributions made to determine energy losses and reduce them, in a medium voltage power distribution are: Making comparative study of power losses in the medium voltage distribution system. Determination of the de-looping optimal point in a medium voltage distribution system using the minimum energy losses criteria. Proposal of a substation scheme using remote-controlled switches. Transmission of data from the proposed substation to a dispatcher. Determination of transformer optimal apparent power in substations, so that energy losses to be minimal. 7
8 Possibility to development a theoretical model based on the real data, to extend the distribution network. Reshaping electrical distribution network in case of new end-users or the appearance of new power sources. Reducing time to eliminate damage due to the remote-controlled switching elements. Reduce time to detect faults in the cable by the presence of defects in cable detecting device. Selective Bibliography. [1].Albert Hermina. Reducerea pierderilor de energie electrică în transformatoare o problemă deosebit de actuală. Revista Energetica nr2/1990, pag [2].Albert Hermina, Anca Mihăilescu. Pierderi de putere şi energie în reńelele electrice. Editura Tenhică, Bucureşti, [3].Crişan O. ReŃele electrice. Calcul electric. Litografia I.P.Timişoara, [4].Dumitru L. Bazele electrotehnicii. Editura Matrixrom, Bucureşti, [5].GhiŃă M.O. ComunicaŃii în sisteme distribuite. Editura Matrixrom, Bucureşti, [6].Ionescu Traian G., Pop Olga. Ingineria sistemelor de distribuńie a energiei electrice. Editura Tehnică, Bucureşti, [7].Ionescu S. şi Voicu M. Calculul regimului electric stańionar. ISPE, [8].Ionescu Sebastian, Voicu Marian Calculul regimului stańionar şi scurtcircuite în sistemele electroenergetice. ISPE, [9].Ignat Jan, GălăŃanu C.. ReŃele electrice de medie tensiune. Editura Rotaprint, Iaşi, [10].Lupu Ioan. ReŃele electrice. Editura CydServ, Piatra NeamŃ, 2004 [11].Şora Constantin. Bazele electrotehnicii. Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, [12].Şurianu Flavius Dan. ReŃele şi sisteme electroenergetice industriale. Litografia IPT, 1992 [13].VinŃan M. Producerea, transportul si distributia energiei electrice. Editura Matrixrom, Bucureşti,
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