Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Location and Texting* *But Were Afraid To Ask. Bob Gojanovich, ENP TeleCommunication Systems, Inc.

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1 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Location and Texting* *But Were Afraid To Ask. Bob Gojanovich, ENP TeleCommunication Systems, Inc. Florida APCO/NENA May 7, 2015

2 Location Agenda Where am I? How is location determined? Wireless Landline Replacement Technology Wireless Network Hierarchy Examples Examples/Scenarios Two Ways to Serve Public Safety Recommendations The Indoor Location Problem Regulatory Influence Where do we go from here?

3 Where am I? Your location is always measured and expressed in comparison to a known location. You are on the Third Stone From the Sun You are on Planet Earth/Terra Firma/Sol 3 You are in the Northern Hemisphere You are in the Western Hemisphere You are in North America You are in the United States You are in the State of Florida You are in the City of Daytona Beach You are at the Hilton Hotel You are in the Crystal Room You are in the Front Row

4 What are Latitude and Longitude? Source: Geographyalltheway.com

5 Did you know? We commonly say Latitude and Longitude, but when the coordinates are presented, they are presented as Longitude followed by Latitude. The invention of a geographic coordinate system dates back to Eratosthenes of Cyrene in the 3 rd century BC and was modified through the ages. The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, was adopted as the zeroreference line in 1884.

6 How is Altitude determined? Most commonly, by atmospheric pressure. By GPS. By Triangulation.

7 Did you know? Altitude is typically expressed as above mean sea level (MSL). Translation is needed to estimate above ground level (AGL) Flat maps are not enough Further translation is needed to estimate floor level Many newer smartphones are equipped with atmospheric pressure sensors.

8 What does Triangulation mean? Triangulation = Determination of location based on angles from known positions Source: StackExchange.com

9 Angle of Arrival (AOA) Receiver Transmitter Requires a specialized antenna array Receiver

10 What the heck is Trilateration? Trilateration = Determination of location based on distance from a known positions. Source: StackExchange.com

11 Put more simply If you know you are 706 miles from Washington, DC 1323 miles from Mexico City 1197 miles from San Juan You are in Daytona. DC MC SJ

12 Not a Pin Point! Uncertainty DC MC SJ

13 How do we determine the distances? 706 miles from Washington, DC 1323 miles from Mexico City 1197 miles from San Juan DC MC SJ

14 How do I determine the distances? Timed 706 miles from Washington, DC 1323 miles from Mexico City 1197 miles from San Juan Difference DC Of Arrival MC SJ

15 Pop Quiz: How Long is a Nanosecond? Answer: About 12 inches. Radio signals travel at roughly the speed of light, covering about one foot every nanosecond. If I know how long (down to the nanosecond) the signal took to reach me, I can compute how far it traveled.

16 How do you cover the whole planet?

17 Source: Wikipedia GPS Constellation

18 GPS Has Competition GLONASS Globalnaya navigatsionnaya sputnikovaya sistema or "GLObal NAvigation Satellite System As of 2015, most smart phones already have GLONASS receivers in addition to GPS.

19 Confidence and Uncertainty Confidence - A measure of how sure the system is that the position it has derived is accurate. Based on number and quality of inputs. Expressed as a percentage. Uncertainty - An estimate of the possible error associated with the position. Expressed in meters.

20 The Confidence and Uncertainty Example: Dilemma A PSAP receives two position fixes: One has 75% Confidence and 50 meter Uncertainty One has 90% Confidence and 100 meter Uncertainty. Which is more accurate?

21 Pop Quiz: How does GPS work? A - The satellites listen for the cell phone signal and work together to compute its location. B - The cell phone asks the satellites to provide its location. C - The cell phone computes its location based on signals received from a minimum number of satellites. D - None of the above.

22 Answer C - The cell phone computes its location based on signals received from a minimum number of satellites.

23 What is Assisted GPS (A-GPS)? A system to short-cut the satellite acquisition process. Broadcast over the wireless carrier network, a signal that tells the handset which satellites to listen for (usually about 6). This speeds up the position determination process. No time is wasted listening for satellites that are on the other side of the planet.

24 QUESTIONS ON LOCATION DETERMINATION?

25 Small Cells REPLACING LANDLINE WITH WIRELESS 25

26 Pop Quiz: Who invented the concept of telephone dialing and the first telephone dial? Arnold W. Dial Theodore N. Vail Almon Strowger Alexander Graham Bell Answer: Almon Strowger 26

27 Replacing Landlines With Wireless Wi-Fi Access Points and residential/enterprise Femtocells Small coverage area and support for a smaller number of end users Range similar to a cordless landline phone (20-50m) Picocells provide larger coverage areas Larger number of users than femtocells but may serve only a single enterprise. Distributed Antenna System (DAS) Serve an area as large as a Macrocell. They may be deployed in-building or along a highway. Microcell and Macrocell Ranges are intended to cover a large area (many addresses) and serve many customers.

28 Femto-What? micro μ millionth 1960 nano n billionth thousand millionth 1960 pico p trillionth billionth 1960 femto f quadrillionth thousand billionth 1964 atto a quintillionth trillionth 1964 zepto z sextillionth thousand trillionth 1991 yocto y septillionth quadrillionth 1991 Source: Wikipedia. International System of Units (SI) 28

29 Cellular Hierarchy

30 Cellular Hierarchy 30

31 Industry Examples

32 Scenarios Distributed Antenna System (DAS) may serve an entire airport and may be presented as a single cell site with improved indoor location A conference center may be served by a picocell with coverage only inside the center and several macrocells with coverage both inside and outside the center An enterprise or residence may be served by a single femtocell that only provides coverage for a single address Wi-Fi Access Points may provide their location using a mix of the following: GPS or crowd sourced latitude/ longitude Address provisioned by the user and MSAG validated corroborated by an external source and then MSAG validated

33 Two Ways to Serve Public Safety 1. Cell Site Address (Equivalent of Phase 1) Carrier and Public Safety must coordinate (not scalable) Address or description for each tower/antenna Preferred PSAP to receive the call Phase 2 updates provide more precise information (latitude/longitude) of where the device is located.

34 Two Ways to Serve Public Safety 2. Device Address (Equivalent of VoIP service) Carrier, customer, and service provider coordinate to provide an MSAG-valid address Call routing uses the same or nearly the same data as the Selective Routers today No individual device coordination with Public Safety: scalable

35 Opinion Poll: Which is more accurate? A Phase 2 latitude/longitude with an Uncertainty of 50 meters? A Phase 1 civic address for a femtocell with a range of 50 meters? Is there a difference? Should both be considered Phase 2?

36 Recommendations Current cell site coordination process can be used for any antenna Subscriber/carrier assignment of MSAG address for antenna types that cover a single address - Coordination may be desirable for stadiums and conference centers In the future, Wi-Fi Access Points, Wi tags, and Bluetooth beacons may be gainfully integrated into Public Safety location solutions as carriers further develop and deploy Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWi-Fi)

37 QUESTIONS ON WIRELINE REPLACEMENT AND SMALL CELLS?

38 INDOOR LOCATION

39 The Problem 40% of the US population has cut the cord 70+% of calls come from wireless phones 60M 80M wireless calls per year are not being accurately located More wireless calls are coming from indoors On campuses, wireless phones are increasingly used to dial Location determination is impacted for calls originating from indoors or between tall buildings. *Statistics are based on data noted in recent FCC filings

40 Regulatory Influence Feb 2014 Nov 14, 2014 Jan 12, 2015 Jan 29, 2015 FCC proposed rules for horizontal and vertical accuracy. Tier 1s, NENA & APCO propose Voluntary Agreement with dispatchable address Tier 1s, NENA & APCO amend VILA with specific metrics FCC Ruling on Indoor goes above & beyond VILA Amendment National Emergency Address Database (NEAD) and test bed in scope Within two years, carriers will be required to transmit a caller's indoor position within 50 meters (164 feet) to 911 call centers in 40% of cases Within five years, the location will have to be accurate to that standard in 60% of cases Option to meet requirements with dispatchable address or z-axis

41 TCS Perspective on Indoor Location Indoor Location will not be solved with a single product Indoor Location will be a collection of systems and services supported by an ecosystem of partnerships and technologies that will continue to evolve The TCS service offering will leverage existing TCS capabilities as well as integrate with new products in order to improve location accuracy Public Safety (i.e. FirstNet) Commercial

42 Indoor Location Focus Indoor Location solutions will be targeted at both Wireless Carriers and Enterprises Some enterprises, whether they are Corporations or Higher Education institutions, will look to differentiate themselves by investing in indoor location techniques in order to enhance the safety and security of their campuses. Indoor Location solutions will be rolled out in multiple stages and evolve as new technology contributing to heightened location accuracy is introduced

Indoor Location for: Carrier 9-1-1 Carrier Switch & Emergency Platform Browser

Browser Client Wi-Fi AP Controller National Emergency Address Database (NEAD)

43 Indoor Location for: Carrier Carrier Switch & Emergency Platform Browser Client PSAP Server Location Server Indoor Location Engine (ILE) SDWA Browser Client Wi-Fi AP Controller National Emergency Address Database (NEAD) TCS Global Wi-Fi Services Other 3 rd Party Location Key Carrier System TCS System 3 rd Party

The Campus Solution Leveraging existing campus Wi-Fi infrastructure, the solution will integrate with the 9-1-1 system serving the campus to deliver precise Indoor Location: building and room-level

44 The Campus Solution Leveraging existing campus Wi-Fi infrastructure, the solution will integrate with the system serving the campus to deliver precise Indoor Location: building and room-level accuracy. Whether the emergency is indoors or outdoors, the caller can be automatically located and assistance dispatched. o o Save significant time Provide peace of mind to administrators, staff, and students (mostly, their parents).

Indoor Location for: Campus 9-1-1 Browser Client Campus PSAP Security

Wi-Fi AP Controller National Emergency Address Database (NEAD) TCS

45 Indoor Location for: Campus Browser Client Campus PSAP Security Desk Location Server Indoor Location Engine (ILE) SDWA Browser Client Wi-Fi AP Controller National Emergency Address Database (NEAD) TCS Global Wi-Fi Services Other 3 rd Party Location Key TCS System 3 rd Party

46 Current Activity TCS has already established formal partnerships with multiple indoor location technology providers and lab trials have begun Engineering teams are actively working on a solution design that will address 9-1-1, public safety and commercial location use cases A pre-standards demonstration has been defined that will allow TCS and our ecosystem partners to demonstrate indoor location capabilities without the need for integration with wireless networks TCS, along with our ecosystem partners, are in active discussions with Higher Education campuses for beta trials TCS continues to work closely with our carrier partners to determine next steps for demonstrating progress to the FCC

47 The Challenge Summary Provide Wireless Carriers, Campuses and Enterprises with a single point of access to the aggregated Wi-Fi, BLE, and other indoor location technologies. Leverage current LBS and public safety expertise GNSS, RF trilateration, Wi-Fi AP location, and translation between USPS and Public Safety MSAG address Offer a flexible path for the utilization of indoor location data and systems as standards and technology evolve

48 QUESTIONS ON INDOOR LOCATION?

49 Texting SMS TO 9-1-1

50 ATIS/TIA J-STD-110 Standard Three message delivery methods Routing on coarse location Automatic bounce back and Inactivity timeout TCC to TCC interface What the Standard does not provide: Centralized reporting for SMS messages across jurisdictions Centralized logging & recording across jurisdictions Any detailed training Specific User Interface selection by the carriers It s the PSAP s choice MMS support Multi-targeted SMS text communication, Prioritization, Roaming Over-the-Top (OTT) messaging applications TCS a primary author of J-STD-110

51 Is Texting Reliable? Obstacles to delivery of an SMS message: The receiving handset is powered off The receiving handset moves out of cell coverage The receiving handset roams to another carrier None of these situations apply to PSAPs. We are not seeing messages lost or delivered out of order.

52 The Magic is Session Management SMS communication is sessionless. SMS messages are independent and unrelated events The Text Control Center creates a session between the caller and the Telecommunicator The session stays up until: The PSAP takes it down The handset is powered off The handset moves out of coverage The handset roams to another carrier

53 Do texts receive priority handling? No priority in the carrier network, but messages leave the carrier network (and associated congestion) and go to the Text Control Center. No priority in the TCC, because they are all messages.

2014 SMS9-1-1 Attempts Statistics 2014 SMS to 9-1-1 Attempts 94,000+ public attempts to text

54 2014 SMS9-1-1 Attempts Statistics 2014 SMS to Attempts 94,000+ public attempts to text in 2014 from two carriers. Public demand is there, but far from overwhelming. Source: TCS 54

55 TCS Deployment Update Currently Live: GEM 155+ PSAPs TTY 104 PSAPs SIP MSRP 132 PSAPs Secondary PSAPs - 63 Steering to Intrado 48 In Service in 33 States plus Puerto Rico In Progress TCS services provided at no cost to GEM and TTY PSAPs Source: TCS, May 2015

56 SMS9-1-1 Delivery Methods Legacy TTY Web Portal SIP i3 Uses the PSAP s existing voice call paths Handled on existing CPE Session control consideration TTY is half duplex Limited character set TTY Syntax Web based (HTTPs) service Easy to deploy Easy to train Single intuitive screen IP connectivity requirements Additional Screen for PSAP personnel Follows NENA i3 recommendation of SIP MSRP (session mode) Direct ESInet Integration Future scalability CPE considerations EMInet/ESInet upgrade path 56

Canned Responses, or Free Type Transfer PSAP: XYZ County The MDN and the Call Taker s

57 Web Portal Interface - TCS GEM9-1-1 GEM911 New Incoming Messages Active Sessions HUNC is Graphically Represented by the Size of the Circle Other Call Takers Sessions Drop-down With Canned Responses, or Free Type Transfer PSAP: XYZ County The MDN and the Call Taker s Username Are Shown in Each Message Next to the Timestamp LAT/LON and HUNC Values Rebid Functionality

58 Location is Different for Texts Voice Phase 1 Phase 2 Text Coarse Location Enhanced Location They are analogous but not the same.

Location is Different for Texts SMS 9-1-1 Coarse Location:

59 Location is Different for Texts SMS Coarse Location: Sector Centroid Lat/Lon Voice Phase 1: Civic Address of Tower

60 Enhanced Location for SMS Dependent on Carrier and Handset Older handsets may not produce Enhanced Location on some carriers No FCC accuracy rules (yet) Location Commercial Location

61 SMS-911 Feature Enhancements Language Translation (EMedia) Transfers to Secondary PSAPs (non-routable) Local Conversation Logging (EMedia) End Session Confirmation Visual notification on all incoming messages Transfer without caller being in polygon MSRP based transfers (EMedia) Additional browser support ongoing Carrier and Location method Identification per session What about location? Dependent on the carrier CSRIC Working Group 4 making recommendations to the FCC about precise location for SMS 9-1-1

62 TCC Deployment Architecture Legacy PSAP (TTY) Text Control Center Transitional PSAP (GEM) Text Control Center Next Generation PSAP (i3 MSRP) Carriers PSAPs 62

63 The Aggregation Challenge TCC 1 TCC 2 Legacy PSAP Transitional PSAP TCC 3 TCC 4 Next Generation PSAP Carriers PSAPs 63

64 Enhanced Text Services Solution

65 Interoperability Testing TCS Compatibility Testing for 3 rd Party MSRP based CPE MSRP TCS Testing MSRP Distribution Node MSRP SMS Node Testing Environment: MSRP Real Handsets All Carriers available Non-911 Short-code End-to-end test MSRP 65

66 SMS Connectivity Options Intrado TCC Commercial or Private IP Network CPE with MSRP Support HTTPs Over the Internet Web UI (GEM) Aggregation Service ESGW Network TCS TCC Selective Router TTY 66

67 QUESTIONS?

68 Thank You Bob Gojanovich

Wireless Location Accuracy:

Wireless Location Accuracy: Dispatchable Location & 3D Positioning TREY FORGETY RICHARD KELLY NENA DIRECTOR, NENA LIAISON, GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS NSGIC Indoor Stats ~50% of households are wireless only >40%