Energy Savings though Digital. Power Conversion

Transcription

1 Energy Savings though Digital Power Conversion

2 Seminar Agenda (Presenter Only) Digital Power Applications (10 min) Market Trends, Efficient Energy Conversion Shridhar Introduce dspic33f GS Family for Digital Power Conversion (30 min) Block Diagram, Features, Peripherals, Roadmap - Chris Microchip Digital Power Application Examples (60 min) Digital Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Kyle (15 min) Break (60 min) Digital Quarter Brick DC-DC Converter Kyle (60 min) Digital LLC Resonant Converter Chris (30 min) Lunch (30 min) Digital HID Ballast - Kyle (30 min) Digital LED Lighting - Chris Microchip Solutions for Digital Power (10 min) Additional Digital Power Application Examples - Chris (10 min) Introduce Analog and Memory products used in Digital Power - Kyle 2

3 Seminar Agenda Digital Power Applications Market Trends, Efficient Energy Conversion Introducing dspic33f GS Family for Digital Power Conversion Block Diagram, Features, Peripherals, Roadmap Microchip Digital Power Application Examples Digital Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Break Digital DC-DC Converter Digital LLC Resonant Converter Lunch Digital HID Ballast Digital LED Lighting Development Kit Microchip Solutions for Digital Power Additional Digital Power Application Examples Introduce Analog and Memory products used in Digital Power 3

4 The Need for Smart Energy Conversion Energy demand growth is outstripping energy supply growth: The Grid and Power Plant infrastructure cannot meet this growth rate, resulting in brown out and other reliability issues 4

5 Smart Energy Applications 5

6 The Drive for Energy Efficiency New Energy Star guidelines for and computer / servers (April 2011) Improved conversion efficiencies of 86~87% Testing across load conditions (25, 50, 75 and 100%) for 49W and higher supplies. Sleep / standby consumption below 0.3~0.5 Watts. Power factor correction 6

7 Distributed Grid Tied Power Micro Inverters for Solar Cell Installations Grid tied inverter with Power Factor Correction Maximum Power Point tracking Safety shutdown during power outages Maximum conversion efficiency 7

8 Seminar Agenda Digital Power Applications Market Trends, Efficient Energy Conversion Introducing dspic33f GS Family for Digital Power Conversion Block Diagram, Features, Peripherals, Roadmap Microchip Digital Power Application Examples Digital Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Digital DC-DC Converter Digital LLC Resonant Converter Digital HID Ballast Digital LED Lighting Development Kit Microchip Solutions for Digital Power Additional Digital Power Application Examples Introduce Analog and Memory products used in Digital Power 8

9 Introduction Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs

10 Objective Analog Control vs. Digital Control SMPS dspic DSC Block Diagram Digital Power Enabling Peripherals High-Speed Power Supply PWM High-Speed ADC High-Speed Comparator SMPS dspic DSC Devices Roadmap 10

11 Buck Converter: Peak Current Mode Analog World: Buck Converter - Peak Current Mode V out V in + R LOAD -!Q Q R Q S [slope comp] - + OSC V ref 11

12 Buck Converter: Peak Current Mode Vref DSP CORE: VOLTAGE MODE PID DAC: 1 channel + - DIGITAL PWM: COMPL. OUTPUT POWER CIRCUIT CURRENT FEEDBACK ADC: 1 channel SMPS dspic DSC ANALOG SIGNALS DIGITAL SIGNALS 12

13 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs To implement digital control functions we need: High-Speed Analog to Digital Converter Flexible ADC triggering options High-Speed flexible digital PWM On-Chip analog comparator High-Performance computing core Low latency interrupts To implement power management functions we need: Communication peripherals Digital I/O Timers Reprogrammable Flash program memory 13

14 Objectives Analog Control vs. Digital Control SMPS dspic DSC Block Diagram Digital Power Enabling Peripherals High-Speed Power Supply PWM High-Speed ADC High-Speed Comparator SMPS dspic DSC Devices Roadmap 14

15 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs Single Chip Digital Power Solution bytes 9 Kbytes dspic33f GS Series with dspic Digital Signal Controller 4 Intelligent Power Peripheral Controls coordination between comparators, PWM, and ADC Set-up via software / Operates independently of software Precisely times ADC conversions Controls PWM response to Faults Benefits Provides Real-Time response without firmware intervention Adaptable for a wide variety of control methodologies Provides Fail-Safe control Developed with Deep Understanding of SMPS Many years of working with and delivering products to the Power-Conversion industry

16 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs Data Bus Digital PWM Generator and ADC Sample Trigger PWM Modifier PWMH PWML LEB Data Bus DAC + ACMP - Current Sense Digital Signal Controller Data Bus DAC + ACMP - Optional Sense Data Bus Control M S/H U Interrupt: Data Ready ADC X S/H 16

17 Objectives Analog Control vs. Digital Control SMPS dspic DSC Block Diagram Digital Power Enabling Peripherals High-Speed Power Supply PWM High-Speed ADC High-Speed Comparator SMPS dspic DSC Devices Roadmap 17

18 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs High-Speed PWM MASTER TIME BASE CONTROL LOCAL TIME BASE CONTROL PWM GENERATOR # 1 TIMER PWM CONTROL BIT DATA BUS PERIOD DUTY SYNC PWM GENERATOR # 2 PWM GENERATOR # 3 DUTY PERIOD PHASE Mode + Dead Time + Override TRIG PWM GENERATOR # 4 LEB Fault PWMxH PWMxL

19 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs High-Speed PWM Features Resolution of duty cycle, phase, period and dead time is 1.04ns PWM modes support all prominent SMPS topologies Extensive fault handling (GPIO, comparators, cycle-by-cycle, latched) Leading Edge Blanking (fault pins and comparators, resolution 8.32ns) PWM Output Override (asynchronously drive PWM pin to defined state) External Synchronization Configurable PWM fault modes (Cycle by Cycle, Latched) PWM capture PWM timebase counter value is latched when fault event occurs PWM swap capability (swap PWMxH with PWMxL) 19

20 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs High-Speed PWM Modes Standard Edge Aligned Redundant True Independent Complementary Push-Pull Multi-Phase Variable Phase (Ex. Phase-Shifted Full Bridge) Current Reset (Constant On Time, Variable Period) 20

21 Buck, Boost, and Flyback converters use Standard PWM PWM1H Period Ton Toff Inductor charges during Ton Ton versus Period controls power flow. +Vin Flyback Converter T1 Vout PWM1H Buck Converter +Vin L1 Boost Converter +Vin L1 Vout Vout PWM1H PWM1H 21

22 Series & Parallel Resonant Half Converters use Complementary PWM Dead time Dead time Dead time Dead time PWM1H PWM1L Period N Period N+1 Note: The period (frequency) is varied to control power. Duty Cycle constant at 50% +Vin PWM1H PWM1L Series Resonant Half Bridge C R Converter L R T1 Vout +Vin Parallel Resonant Half Bridge Converter L R T1 L2 Vout PWM1H PWM1L C R Note: C R and L R are the resonant elements 22

23 Half & Full Bridge Converters use Push-Pull PWM PWM1H PWM1L Ton Toff Ton Toff Period Period Dead time Dead time Dead time +Vin PWM1H T1 Half Bridge Converter L1 Vout +Vin PWM1H PWM1L Full Bridge Converter T1 L1 Vout PWM1L PWM1L PWM1H 23

24 PWM1H PWM1L PWM2H PWM2L PWM3H PWM3L Multi-Phase Converters use Multi-Phase PWM Note: Deadtime not shown +Vin Multiphase DC/DC Converter PWM1H PWM2H PWM3H L1 L2 PWM1L PWM2L PWM3L Vout L3 24

25 PWM1H PWM1H Power Factor Correction use Current Reset Mode Programmed Period I L Ton Toff External current comparator resets PWM counter PWM cycle restarts early This is a variable frequency PWM mode Actual Period L D Vout Cin ACin I L PWM1H Cout 25

26 Objectives Analog Control vs. Digital Control SMPS dspic DSC Block Diagram Digital Power Enabling Peripherals High-Speed Power Supply PWM High-Speed ADC High-Speed Comparator SMPS dspic DSC Devices Roadmap 26

27 DATA FORMAT BUS INTERFACE AN0 AN2 AN4 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs High Speed ADC SAR CORE (EVEN) ADCBUF0 ADCBUF1 ADCBUF2 4 2 MSPS Conversion Rate 27 DATA FORMAT AN6 AN8 AN12 AN1 AN13 EVEN INPUTS ODD INPUTS SAR CORE (ODD) ADCBUF13

28 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs High-Speed ADC 2-4 MSPS conversion rate + sampling time (< 750ns delay) Independent trigger source selection for every analog input pair Dedicated interrupt service request for every analog input pair Multiple sources for triggering (PWM 1-4, Comparators, Fault Pins, Timer) Dedicated result register for each analog input Monitoring Internal and External comparator voltage references Independent start of conversion for each pair 28

29 Critical Edge PWM I L I R X Desired Sample Point Vout X Precision Sampling Example X Example: Boost Converter +Vin I L L Vout X PWM Cout Late Sample Yields Zero Data V Isense R I R Simultaneous Voltage Sample 29

30 Individual PWM - ADC Triggering Options Individual Timebase Period x Trigger once every 1,2,3,,8 edges Programmable Timebase value Sample and Convert Note: Each PWM generator has its own ADC trigger module ADC There is also a global trigger option called Special Event Trigger 30

31 PWM - ADC Triggering PWM-ADC Triggers can be staggered relative to other PWM generated triggers on a PWM Period Basis PWM1 PWM2 Timebase Period x x x x S&H 1 S&H 2 ADC This is useful for CPU load leveling 31

32 Objectives Analog Control vs. Digital Control SMPS dspic DSC Block Diagram Digital Power Enabling Peripherals High-Speed Power Supply PWM High-Speed ADC High-Speed Comparator SMPS dspic DSC Devices Roadmap 32

33 CMPxA CMPxB CMPxC CMPxD AVdd/2 INTREF (1.2V) EXTREF Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs High-Speed Analog Comparator CMPIEN INTERRUPT MUX GLITCH FILTER INSEL<> + - CMP 0 1 TRIGGER TO PWM CMPOL MUX DAC DACOUT 20ns (typ) Comparator Speed CMREF 33

34 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs High-Speed Analog Comparator Avoid software overhead as there is no CPU intervention High speed operation with a typical delay of 20nS Programmable output polarity Multiple voltage references (1.2V, AVDD/2, Ext) Interrupt generation capability Functional support to high speed PWM Dedicated 10-bit DAC for each analog comparator DAC output can be monitored 34

35 Objectives Analog Control vs. Digital Control SMPS dspic DSC Block Diagram Digital Power Enabling Peripherals High-Speed Power Supply PWM High-Speed ADC High-Speed Comparator SMPS dspic DSC Devices Roadmap 35

36 Product P I N S P K G 33FJ06GS SDIP SOIC SSOP SDIP 33FJ06GS SOIC QFN 33FJ06GS FJ16GS SDIP SOIC QFN SDIP SOIC QFN 33FJ16GS TQFP QFN 33FJ16GS SDIP SOIC QFN 33FJ16GS TQFP QFN Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs dspic33f (GS) Low Pin Count Family Flas h KB SRAM Bytes T I M E R I N P U T C A P T U R E Output Comp / Std PWM U A R T S P I I 2 C High Speed SMPS PWM 10-bit 2 MSPS ADC # Ch # of S/H inp Anlg Comp 10-bit DAC output x 2 1 A/D - 6 Ch 2 MSPS x 2 1 A/D - 6 Ch 2 MSPS 2 6 1K x 2 1 A/D - 6 Ch 2 MSPS K x 2 2 A/D - 8 Ch 4 MSPS K x 2 2 A/D - 8 Ch 4 MSPS K x 2 2 A/D - 8 Ch 4 MSPS K x 2 2 A/D - 12 Ch 4 MSPS

37 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs dspic33f (GS) High Pin Count Family Analog Comp # ADC Modules # of Ch S & H QEI High Speed Power Supply PWM ECAN I2C SPI UART IC/OC Timers DMA CH RAM KB Product Pins PKG Flash KB 33FJ64GS TQFP x A/D - 24 CH 4 33FJ32GS TQFP x A/D - 24 CH 4 33FJ64GS TQFP x A/D - 18 CH 4 33FJ32GS TQFP x A/D - 18 CH x A/D - 16 CH 4 33FJ64GS TQFP QFN x A/D - 16 CH 4 33FJ32GS TQFP QFN x A/D - 16 CH 33FJ64GS TQFP QFN x A/D - 16 CH 33FJ32GS TQFP QFN 37

38 Objectives Analog Control vs. Digital Control SMPS dspic DSC Block Diagram Digital Power Enabling Peripherals High-Speed Power Supply PWM High-Speed ADC High-Speed Comparator SMPS dspic DSC Devices Roadmap 38

39 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs Roadmap In planning stage Development Production 2nd Generation SMPS Family 3rd Generation SMPS Family dspic33e Core 60 MIPS, 3.3V, 0.18u 39 Functionality / MIPS 1st Generation SMPS Family dspic30f Core 30 MIPS, 5V, 0.5u dspic33f Core 40 MIPS, 3.3V, 0.25u 2nd Generation Low Cost dspic33f Core 40 MIPS, 3.3V, 0.25u CY07 CY09 CY11 CY12

40 Microchip SMPS dspic DSCs dspic33f (GS) Low Cost Family (Future) Product P I N S Flash (KB) SRAM Bytes T I M E R I N P U T C A P T U R E O C / P W M U A R T S P I I 2 C SMPS PWM 10-bit ADC A D C C h S / H H S C O M P A R E 10b DAC 33FJ06GS001 18, x 2 (8ns) 1 A/D 2 MSPS bit DAC 33FJ06GS101A x 2 1 A/D 2 MSPS FJ06GS102A x 2 1 A/D 2 MSPS FJ06GS202A K x 2 1 A/D 2 MSPS FJ09GS302 28, K x 2 1 A/D 2 MSPS

41 Seminar Agenda Digital Power Applications Market Trends, Efficient Energy Conversion Introduce dspic33f GS Family for Digital Power Conversion Block Diagram, Features, Peripherals, Roadmap Microchip Digital Power Application Examples Digital Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Quarter Brick DC-DC Converter Digital LLC Resonant Converter Digital HID Ballast Digital LED Lighting Development Kit Microchip Solutions for Digital Power Additional Digital Power Application Examples Introduce Analog and Memory products used in Digital Power 41

42 Application Example Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter

43 Objective Solar Inverter Overview Photovoltaic Cell Characteristics Solar Inverter Configurations Market Trends Microchip Application Example Specifications Photovoltaic Grid tied Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Implementation Digital System Requirements Digital Control Loop Software Architecture Summary 43

44 DC from Solar Panel(s) Optional Additional DC/DC Modules For multi-string support Generic Solar Inverter System Block Diagram DC/DC MPPT (Optional) Transformer Isolation (safety) Inverter DC/DC MPPT (Optional) Battery Controller DC/DC MPPT (Optional) Battery VAC 44

45 Solar Cell: Characteristics Io Rs Rp Vo Vo ~ 0.5 Volts Io ~ 1 to 3 Amps Simplified circuit model of a solar cell A solar cell generates electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect A solar cell is a current source, not a voltage source! Current is dependent on illumination, voltage more dependent on temperature. Effective use of series connected solar cells depends on identical currents being generated by each cell. 45

46 72 Solar Cell 1m x 1.5m ~30-50V, 4-8A Typical Single Solar Panel Solar Panel Structure Typical String of Panels ~ V 5-20A ~ V 5-20A 46

47 Basic Solar Panel Construction String 1 String 2 Cell Module Strings - Multiple Cells are connected together in series to raise the output voltage. Modules Multiple Strings connected in parallel to raise the output current. Arrays Multiple Modules connected in series and/or parallel to raise output power 47

48 Solar Cell: Shading String 1 String 2 Shaded Cell Module If a single cell in a string is shaded due to trees, dirt, clouds, bird droppings, or is damaged, its current output will not match that of the other cells. Remember current sources have high impedance. The high current level of the un-shaded cells is forced thru the shaded cell. A very large voltage drop is developed across the shaded cell (~10 volts). The energy harvest for the string can be reduced 50%. The combination of large voltage drop and high current may damage the shaded cell (Hot Spots). 48

49 Solar Cell: Bypass Diode Adding a bypass diode protects solar cell in shaded conditions by limiting voltage drop and it minimizes associated power losses. Io Rs Rp Vo Solar cell with externally connected Bypass Diode Adding a bypass diode adds cost for parts and labor. Typically, one bypass diode per 18 solar cells is provided to prevent cell damage when shaded. 49

50 Solar Cell: Characteristics Solar cells output continually varies with LIGHT and TEMP Current Maximum Power Point Current Maximum Power Point 6 G=1000 W/m 2 6 G=1000 W/m 2 4 G=600 W/m G=300 W/m C 10 C Voltage Voltage I-V versus Illumination (36 cell string) I-V versus Temp (36 cell string) 50

51 150 W 100 W 50 W Power Solar Cell: Power Curves Maximum Power Point G=1000 W/m 2 G=600 W/m 2 G=300 W/m 2 Voltage I-V versus Illumination (36 cell string) 51

52 Solar Cell Shading String Inverters Optimize Energy Harvest String 1 Inverter Inverter String 2 Shaded Cell(s) Module Cooler area due to previous shading Single Inverter systems Highest voltage strings provide the bulk of power. Lower voltage strings due to shading or lower temperatures contribute little power. Multiple Inverter systems each string regardless of output voltage will contribute the maximum power it can because each inverter is optimizing the power output of its string. Tests indicate 20 34% additional energy harvest. 52

53 Solar Power Evolution: Grid Connected Inverter Inverter Urban Home System Larger panels providing volts are connected to an inverter to yield 120/240 VAC at medium power levels (2-10KW) This system is connected to the AC power lines (Grid-Tied). The customer sells power to the power company during the day, buys power from the power company during the night. Grid-Tied approach eliminates expensive and short lived batteries. Issues: Inverter has potential as a single point failure. Non optimal power harvest from solar panel especially in partial shading conditions. 53

54 Solar Power Evolution: Grid Connected Micro-Inverters Inverter Inverter Inverter Inverter Inverter Inverter Module incorporated Inverters (MIC) Each solar panel module incorporates its own inverter. MIC inverters are also known as Micro-Inverters. The incorporation of inverters into the solar panels greatly reduces installation labor costs, improves safety, and maximizes the solar energy harvest. 54

55 Solar Converter Trends Moving from centralized inverters to distributed inverters to optimize energy harvest. Incorporating converters into the solar panel modules to reduce installation costs. Replace Hard-Switching techniques with Soft- Switching to improve efficiency and reduce heat dissipation. Improve system reliability from 5 to 20 years by reducing converter temperatures, and removing Fans. Standardize designs (HW & SW) to improve reliability and reduce costs. From cottage industry to mass production. 55

56 Solar Converter Trends Eliminate electrolytic capacitors because of high failure rate. Designs require higher voltages to reduce currents which allows use of lower capacitance non electrolytic capacitors. Grid-Tied converters eliminate the need for batteries n many applications. Batteries are very expensive, require maintenance, and are short lived. Micro-Inverters are lower powered (few hundred watts) which tends to lower internal temperatures and improve reliability. Micro-Inverters based systems require many inverters to handle a specific power level thus driving up production quantities which reduces costs. Incorporate communication with gateway (power line, wireless) which provides remote monitoring of system performance 56

57 Common Solar Converter Requirements MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking required to optimize power harvest from solar panels System efficiency > 94% Wide DC input voltage range Cost < $0.50 per watt (production quantity) Safety Fault detection, anti islanding AC Quality (THD<5%) meet IEEE

58 Objective Solar Inverter Overview Photovoltaic Cell Characteristics Solar Inverter Configurations Market Trends Microchip Application Example Specifications Photovoltaic Grid tied Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Implementation Digital System Requirements Digital Control Loop Software Architecture Summary 58

59 Microchip Grid Connected Solar Micro Inverter Spec 220 Watt Single PV cell module (36V) Micro Inverter Maximum PV cell Voltage 55Vdc Maximum Power Point Tracking = 99.5% Maximum Power Point Tracking voltage 25Vdc 45Vdc DC short circuit current 10A AC Output Voltage range 170Vac 264Vac 90Vc 150Vac 59

60 Microchip Grid Connected Solar Micro Inverter Spec Output Current 230Vac Grid 120Vac Grid Output Current THD <3% Output grid voltage frequency range 47Hz 230Vac Grid 57Hz 120Vac Grid Output power factor = 0.95 Target Peak Efficiency > 95% at full load Night time power consumption < 1 watt 60

61 Component Placement 61

62 Single PV Module 220w +12V +5V +3.3V Auxiliary Power Supply Block Diagram Solar Inverter DC- DC Boost + MPPT DC-AC Inverter EMI Filter dspic LCD Display and User Interface Single- Phase AC Grid 62

63 DC DC Boost Architecture Objective: Convert PV panel s low voltage to high voltage DC bus Provide Maximum Power Point current reference Topologies generally used: Push pull Full Bridge +Vin L1 T1 Vout +Vin PWM1H PWM1L T1 L1 Vout PWM1L PWM1H PWM1L PWM1H Push Pull Converter Full Bridge Converter 63

64 DC AC Inverter Objective: Feed Sinusoidal AC current to Grid from DC input voltage Synchronize the inverter output voltage and Current with Grid voltage Topologies generally used: Full Bridge +Vin Half Bridge +Vin PWM1H PWM1L Vout PWM1H Vout L C L C PWM1L PWM1H PWM1L -Vin Full Bridge Inverter -Vin Half Bridge Inverter 64

65 Solar Micro Inverter Schematic Single PV EMI/EMC Filter Module Novel Single stage Boost MPPT + Inverter topology Interleaved Active Clamp Flyback topology boost the voltage as well as implement MPPT Interleaved Active Clamp Flyback switching frequency = 172kHz Control loop frequency = 57kHz Target Efficiency > 95% Single phase AC Grid 65

66 Interleaved Flyback Converter Benefits Interleaved Fly back converter shares the input and output current which reduces copper and core losses Rectifier diode conduction losses reduced Interleaving reduces output current ripple results Lower THD Active clamping reduces switching losses and component stress Interleaving reduces input ripple current extending capacitor life 66

67 Inverter Operation I D V O +V IN PWM1 C snub PWM2 I pri PWM2 PWM1 I pri I D Low Voltage DC to High Voltage rectified AC Voltage Use Modified Sine PWM Active Clamp to improve efficiency 67

68 Inverter Operation Flyback Converter PV Panel V inv V grid 45V PV Voltage I inv 25V t 68

69 Inverter Operation V inv Flyback Converter Gate2 Gate1 V AC EMI/EMC Filter Gate1 Gate2 I inv /V inv I AC t Gate1 Gate2 Single phase AC Grid 69

70 Control Loop Synchronize inverter output to Grid voltage using PLL Generate sinusoidal inverter output current reference in phase with Grid voltage Measure PV power and calculate the inverter output current reference for MPPT Calculate required Duty for PWM MOSFETs PI compensator 70

71 Objective Solar Inverter Overview Photovoltaic Cell Characteristics Solar Inverter Configurations Market Trends Microchip Application Example Specifications Photovoltaic Grid tied Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Implementation Digital System Requirements Digital Control Loop Software Architecture Summary 71

72 Single PV Module 220w Digital Signal Control Solar Micro-Inverter DC/DC Boost and MPPT DC/AC Inverter EMI Filter Single Phase AC Grid I AC V AC inv V AC grid PWM1 PWM2 PWM3 Auxiliary Power Supply I PV V DC PV PWM Module A to D Converter Digital Control System Digital Signal Controller Legend: Power Flow Signal Flow 72

73 Digital Signal Controller Features To Implement Digital control in continuous system we need: Analog to Digital Converter Flexible ADC triggering option High Speed flexible Digital PWM On Chip Analog comparator High speed computing Communication peripherals Digital I/O 73

74 Issues and Requirements DSC Issues Requirements Speed and Resolution of ADC ADC ADC truncate the input continuous signal Quantization error High Speed Analog to Digital converter High bit resolution ADC Speed and resolution of PWM PWM PWM truncate the output continuous signal High speed high resolution PWM Quantization error Control loop output dithering High bit resolution at switching frequency 74

75 Issues and Requirements DSC Issues Requirements Digital delay ADC & CPU Sample and hold circuit High Speed Sample and hold circuit Computation delay High Speed processor Aliasing effect ADC & CPU Continuous signal samples at interval High Speed CPU Frequency above half of the sampling Fault protection High Speed ADC On Chip Analog Comparator Delay in action Very fast response 75

76 dspic DSC for Digital Power 76

77 I ACREF Control Loop Block Diagram PI PWM Output Filter EMI/EMC Filter K pv + K iv /s AC Grid I AC S&H PLL MPPT S&H ADC V AC grid V AC inv I AC V PV I PV 77

78 I ACref IAC I ACref I AC = Control Loop Modeling PI K p + K i /s G pi (skp + K i ) s 2 L + s(k p + R p ) + K i ) Characteristic equation 78

79 Control Loop Modeling Characteristic equation: s 2 L + s(k p + R p ) + K i ) Characteristics equation decides the system performance The Characteristic equation is square in nature Two unknown (Gains) K p, and K i Squre equation will have two roots determine gains by solving two simultaneous equations -2pf1, -2pf2, are roots of characteristic equation and f1, f2, are its bandwidths Bandwidths are separated by a factor of greater than four f1 > f2 79

80 V AC grid V AC inv Control Loop PLL V AC grid OPAMP/ Comparator 2.5V ref ZCD S&H ADC Buffer ADC Buffer Sample Grid and Inverter output voltage Stored voltage polarity (+ve/-ve) Continuous check for change in Grid voltage polarity Set Zero Cross Detect (ZCD) flag if there Grid voltage polarity change 80

81 Control Loop MPPT Start Set MPPT reference Read Vpv, Ipv PowerNew = Vpv*Ipv PowerNew > PowerOld Yes MPPT ref+ (I AC Ref ) NO PowerOld PowerNew MPPT ref- (I AC Ref ) 81

82 Control Loop MPPT PowerNew is continuously monitored and I ACref is continuously modified to track MPP point Maximum Power Point Current Small Change in I ACref produce large PV Voltage drop after MPP Current point W Delta PV voltage checked at Zero Crossing Detect event to keep current reference close to MPP 100 W Power 50 W Voltage 82

83 Objective Solar Inverter Overview Photovoltaic Cell Characteristics Solar Inverter Configurations Market Trends Microchip Application Example Specifications Photovoltaic Grid tied Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Implementation Digital System Requirements Digital Control Loop Software Architecture Summary 83

84 AC Output Power Synthesis Algorithms Power Control Calculate current reference Calculate instantaneous current Calculate MPPT point Digital Phase Lock Loop Tracks GRID voltage and Phase Feedback Control Dampens output filter behavior Feed-Forward Control Reduces required gain for power loop Fault & Islanding Grid detection and protection from faults 84

85 Day Mode Software Block diagram System Start-up State Machine Night Mode System Error 85

86 Software Grid Connected PV Micro Inverter Software State Machine (Interrupt based) User Interface Software Priority: Medium Execution Rate: Medium Priority: Low Execution rate: Low Power Conversion Algorithm (Interrupt based) Priority: High Execution Rate: High 86

87 General Software Structure Start Initialization Enable Peripherals Day Mode (Normal Operation) System State Night Mode Error Mode Interrupt 87

88 Software Structure: Initialization Start Initialization Initialize PWM Initialize ADC Initialize I/O Ports Setup Timers Configure Interrupts Initialize Control Loop Variables 88

89 Software Structure: Enable Peripherals Start Initialization Enable Peripherals Enable Peripherals Enable ADC Enable PWM Enable Timers 89

90 Software Structure: System State Start Initialization Enable Peripherals Check for Faults Check for Grid Voltage and frequency Check PV module voltage If Grid and PV both are healthy then start system If Grid is not healthy then go to Error mode If PV is not healthy then go to Night mode Day Mode (Normal Operation) System State Error Mode Error Mode Turned off all PWM Continuous monitor PV voltage and Grid voltage Night Mode 90

91 Software Structure: Operating Mode Day Mode: Measure feed back signal Generate the sine current reference Synchronize inverter output to grid Calculate MPP current Calculate Duty of Flyback converter Balance current on both converter Night Mode: Turned off All PWM Monitor the PV and Grid voltage Continuous monitor PV voltage and Grid voltage Day Mode (Normal Operation) Start Initialization Enable Peripherals System State Night Mode Error Mode 91

92 Test Result Waveform Grid Voltage and Grid Current 92

93 Test Result Waveform System Islanding: System turned Off when grid fails 93

94 Test Result Waveform System Islanding: System turned Off when grid fails 94

95 Test Result Waveform System Islanding: System turned Off when grid fails 95

96 Test Result Waveform Night Mode: System turned Off when input voltage is less then under voltage limit 96

97 Test Result Waveform Night Mode: System turned ON when input voltage is more then under voltage limit 97

98 Summary Solar Inverter Overview Photovoltaic Cell Characteristics Solar Inverter Configurations Market Trends Microchip Application Example Specifications Photovoltaic Grid tied Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Implementation Digital System Requirements Digital Control Loop Software Architecture 98

99 Seminar Agenda Digital Power Applications Market Trends, Efficient Energy Conversion Introduce dspic33f GS Family for Digital Power Conversion Block Diagram, Features, Peripherals, Roadmap Microchip Digital Power Application Examples Digital Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Quarter Brick DC-DC Converter Digital LLC Resonant Converter Digital HID Ballast Digital LED Lighting Development Kit Microchip Solutions for Digital Power Additional Digital Power Application Examples Introduce Analog and Memory products used in Digital Power 99

100 Application Example Digital Quarter Brick DC-DC Converter

101 Objective Overview of DC-DC converter Application and Specifications Design considerations of DC-DC converters Digital signal controller requirements Software and Digital Control loop 101

102 Intermediate Bus Architecture (IBA) AC I/P PFC 400V DC DC-DC 48V DC DC-DC 12V DC PoL 3.3V DC Front End AC-DC converter Modular in construction Impact of parasitic is minimized (IBC) DC-DC converter Front end system is independent of load requirements Generally Point of Loads (POL) are buck regulators 12V B U S PoL PoL Non isolated 2.5V DC 1.8V DC DC-DC converter 102

103 Brick DC-DC Converter DC Input High frequency Switching Isolation Synchronous Rectifier DC Output Dynamic response will be good Packaging density will be more Good converter efficiency Isolation near the load end Output voltage ripple below the required limit Meets various standards The trend towards lower operating voltage, higher current and wattage is demanding high density DC-DC converters. 103

104 Brick Converter Specification Electrical Specification DC Input Voltage: 36-75V Output Power: 200W Other Features: Output over voltage protection Load sharing Input under / over voltage protection Output Voltage: 12V Over temperature protection Output Current: 17A Converter efficiency: 94% (Targeted) Dimensions 36.8 x 58.4 x 11.4 mm Remote ON/OFF Input to Output Isolation Over current / Short circuit protection External Synchronization External communication 104

105 V in DC Load-Share IC Load share Microcontroller External data communication Integration: Digital Power Active Half PSFB Push Full Bridge clamp Pulsating Sync Half Full Sync Rect. Wave wave AC converter Bridge Pull current Rectification doubler V o DC Gate drive Sync gate drive I TX V out Ext Sync Digital Signal Controller Analog controller- IIII Remote ON/OFF Load share Over temperature Aux. PSU External communication 105

106 Objective Overview of DC-DC converter Application and Specifications Design considerations of DC-DC converters Digital signal controller requirements Software and Digital Control loop 106

107 Full Bridge Converter High Frequency Switching Topologies V ds = V inmax + leakage spikes V out = (V in * 2 *D)/N High side Drive required Full Bridge ZVS Converter L L Tx Optimal utilization of transformer core and primary winding For higher power 107

108 Need for the Resonant Converter Reduce of switching losses of the power switches Operation at higher frequencies Smaller magnetic components and filter components Low levels of EMI/EMC emissions Smaller heat sinks, reduction in size and weight Higher overall efficiency at a given power 108

109 Zero Voltage Switching At transition period from one state to another state of the switch, the voltage is zero, hence no losses ZVS demonstrated only at Switch turn-on V ds (t) V ds I d (t) D G I d S ZVS t PWM t 109

110 Full-Bridge Converter Q1 Q3 PWMH PWML Q6 Tx t PWML T s T s/2 PWMH t on Q2 PWML PWMH Q4 Q5 PWMH PWML t V pri t Push Pull mode of PWM gate pulses Each half-bridge produces square wave voltage Duty cycle ratio controls the power flow I pri t Turn ON as well as Turn OFF losses in the MOSFET Popular for mid / high power application 110

111 Phase Shifted Full-Bridge (PSFB) Converter Q1 Q3 L L Tx Q6 Q2 Q4 Q5 Fixed frequency, fixed duty cycle complementary PWM gate pulses Phase Shift in gate pulse of two legs control the power flow Zero voltage switching, hence MOSFET turn ON losses are eliminated Parasitic of FET and transformer leakage inductance used to achieve ZVS A popular converter for high power applications 111

112 Phase Shifted Full-Bridge (PSFB ) Converter Q1 Q3 Q1 t Q2 L L Q4 Tx Q6 Q5 Q2 t Q3 t I Pry V Pry Q4 t V Pry t Complementary PWM gate pulses Phase shift control the power flow Zero Voltage Switching I Pry t Parasitics used to achieve ZVT t o t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 112

113 Phase Shift Full Bridge with Full wave rectifier Q1: ON, Q4:ON Q1 Q1 L L Q3 Tx1 Q6 L 0 I Pry + V Q2 Q3 Q4 V Pry C 0 VPry Q5 - Q2 Q4 I Pry t o t t t t t t 113

114 Phase Shift Full Bridge with Full wave rectifier Q1: ON, Q4:OFF Q1 Q1 L L Q3 Tx1 Q6 L 0 I Pry + V Q2 Q3 Q4 V Pry C 0 VPry Q5 - Q2 Q4 I Pry t o t 1 t t t t t t 114

115 Phase Shift Full Bridge with Full wave rectifier Q1: ON, Q3:ON Q1 Q1 L L Q3 Tx1 Q6 L 0 I Pry + V Q2 Q3 Q4 V Pry C 0 VPry Q5 - Q2 Q4 Circulating currents in the Primary side MOSFET's and will be higher input voltages I Pry t o t 1 t 2 t t t t t t 115

116 Phase Shift Full Bridge with Full wave rectifier Q1: OFF, Q3:ON Q1 Q1 L L Q3 Tx1 Q6 L 0 I Pry + V Q2 Q3 Q4 V Pry C 0 VPry Q5 - Q2 Q4 I Pry t o t 1 t 2 t 3 t t t t t t 116

117 Phase Shift Full Bridge with Full wave rectifier Q3:ON, Q2:ON Q1 Q1 L L Q3 Tx1 Q6 L 0 I Pry + V Q2 Q3 Q4 V Pry C 0 VPry Q5 - Q2 Q4 CAL5 I Pry t o t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t t t t t t 117

118 슬라이드 117 CAL5 See Kyle for error on this slide??,

119 Synchronous Rectifier MOSFET s RdsON will be less than diode forward voltage drop MOSFETs will have better switching speed MOSFETs can be paralleled to have less conduction losses Drive is required for the MOSFETs 118

120 Objective Overview of DC-DC converter Application and Specifications Design considerations of DC-DC converters Digital signal controller requirements Software and Digital Control loop 119

121 dspic DSC For the DC-DC Brick Converter Function Peripherals Required PSFB PWM controller PWM generators Sync. rect PWM controller PWM generator Output voltage feedback Analog input port ZVT current measurement Analog input port Load sharing Analog input port Over temperature protection Analog input port Remote ON/OFF Digital I/O Output over voltage protection Comparator Over current / short circuit protection Comparator All the above functions can be done with a single dspic DSC 120

122 Intermediate Bus converter + PSFB converter Synchronous rectifier Output voltage 12V DC/ 17A Isolation barrier V DC - CT T x1 + - TC4427A Drive Tx Drive IC Drive Tx Drive IC TC4427A Drive IC Remote ON / OFF Opto Isolator dspic33fj16gs V DC - Aux supply 3.3V 12V for driver IC Ext Communication Ext Sync Over Temp Load share 121

123 Phase Adjustment PWM1H PWM2L PWM1H When load is decreased PWM2L PWM1H PWM2L When load is increased during transient load conditions 122

124 Overlapping of sync FET gate drives in PSFB Topology Q1 PWMH PWML Q2 PWML PWMH Q3 TxV Pr y Q4 Tx Q6 Q5 PWMH PWML Q1 t Q2 t Q3 t Q4 t Overlapping of Sync MOSFETs gate drives to reduce V Pry t 1. Reduced body diode freewheeling conduction of MOSFETs Q5, Q6 2. Effectively during this portion both the Q5,Q6 MOSFETs are in parallel, so less conduction losses 3. No primary freewheeling body diode circulating currents Q5 t Q6 Zero States 123

125 Full-Bridge with Sync rectification Traditional method Q1 Q3 PWML PWMH Q1 Q6 Tx Q2 PWML Q3 PWML Q2 PWMH Q4 Q4 Q5 PWMH V Pry 1. Q5, Q6 MOSFETS freewheeling body diodes will be conducting. The forward drop of body diode will be much higher than the MOSFET RDS ON. Q5 Q6 Zero States 124

126 Overlapping of sync FET gate drives in Full Bridge Topology PTPER Q1 PWMH PWML Q2 PWML PWMH Q3 TxV Pr y Q4 Tx PWML Q6 Q5 PWMH Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 TxV Pry PDC SDC Overlapping of Sync MOSFETs gate drives to reduce 1. Reduced body diode freewheeling conduction of MOSFETs Q5, Q6 2. Effectively during this portion both the Q5,Q6 MOSFETs are in parallel, so less conduction losses Q5 Q6 zero states 125

127 Average current mode control Voltage loop compensation Current loop compensation DCR compensation V o * + - I L * PI control P control - V o I L Vo decouple compensation + + ADC PHASE / DUTY Plant I O Sensor Digital signal controller ADC Sensor Vo 126

128 Load sharing Load sharing : Connecting number of power supplies in parallel to share the load current equally Advantages: Design reusability Modular in design Redundancy Easy maintenance Better thermal management Reliability Ease in component selection 127

129 Objective Overview of DC-DC converter Application and Specifications Design considerations of DC-DC converters Digital signal controller requirements Software and Digital Control loop 128

130 Software Flow 129

131 Software Execution Signal Name Sampling Rate / Frequency Switching frequency 150 KHz Control loop frequency 75 KHz Load share compensation frequency 1 KHz Control loop execution time 6.5uS MIPS utilization 19.5 Program memory utilization 3615 B (22%) Data memory utilization 132 B ( 6%) 130

132 Digital Power Conversion and Brick Converters Load sharing can be done with one additional ADC channel Inbuilt comparators will provide the fault protection Adaptive dead time control can be done based on the load conditions Over current limit protection based on input variations Controlling the output voltage fall time when remote ON/OFF is activated. 131

133 18 Layers PCB layers stacking layer Description layer Description 1 Top layer Traces, Magnetic Winding & component assy 2 Analog GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 3 Analog GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 4 Analog GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 5 Analog GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 6 Analog GND, +3.3V, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 7 Analog GND, Gate Drive Traces, Magnetics & Pri and 8 Analog GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu Sec Side Cu pours pours 9 Analog GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 10 Analog GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 11 Analog GND, DIG GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 12 Analog GND, DIG GND, Gate Drive Traces, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 13 Analog GND, DIG GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 14 Analog GND, DIG GND, Gate Drive Traces, Magnetics & Pri and Sec Side Cu pours 15 Analog GND, DIG GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 16 Analog GND, DIG GND, Magnetics & Primary and Sec Side Cu pours 17 Digital GND and signal traces, Magnetics and Primary & Sec Cu Pours 18 Bottom layer Traces, Magnetic Winding & component assy 132

134 Integrated Magnetic Design No bobbin and magnet wires Uses low profile cores with printed circuit board windings Low profile compared to the conventional magnetic designs Leakage inductance will be much less High parameter reliability since it uses PCB instead of wound magnetics Superior thermal characteristics (more surface area) High power density 133

135 Integrated Magnetic Design Custom designed and cost effective Fewer turns since more magnetic cross section area Based on the winding length copper width can be increased to reduce the copper wdgs losses PCB material The base material, typically epoxy glass, NEMA grade 4 Alternatively NEMA grade GT (Teflon Glass) for high frequency wdgs where min interlayer capacitance is required 134

136 Summary Overview of DC-DC converter Application and Specifications Design considerations of DC-DC converters Digital signal controller requirements Software and Digital Control loop 135

137 Seminar Agenda Digital Power Applications Market Trends, Efficient Energy Conversion Introduce dspic33f GS Family for Digital Power Conversion Block Diagram, Features, Peripherals, Roadmap Microchip Digital Power Application Examples Digital Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Quarter Brick DC-DC Converter Digital LLC Resonant Converter Digital HID Ballast Digital LED Lighting Development Kit Microchip Solutions for Digital Power Additional Digital Power Application Examples Introduce Analog and Memory products used in Digital Power 136

138 Application Example Digital LLC Resonant DC-DC Converter

139 Objective Why LLC? LLC Resonant Converter Analysis Hardware Design Software Control Loop CPU Resources Operational Performance Benefits of Digital Power Conversion 138

140 Why LLC Resonant Converter? High Efficiency Zero voltage switching is achievable over the entire operating range (design parameter) Can resonance at nominal input Is able to operate at no load (unlike the conventional LC series resonant converter) Can operate over a wide input voltage range Higher Power Density Suitable for High-Power Applications Lower Cost 139

141 Objective Why LLC? LLC Resonant Converter Analysis Hardware Design Software Control Loop CPU Resources Operational Analysis Benefits of Digital Power Conversion 140

142 What is Resonance Resonance occurs in a circuit at a particular frequency where the impedance between the input and output of the circuit is at its minimum 1 X C := jωc At a particular frequency two Reactance s will be equal in magnitude but opposite in sign X L = - X C Z := V I X L := jωl 141

143 Quality Factor Quality Factor (Q), of a resonant circuit is a dimensionless parameter that describes how damped a resonant circuit is The higher the Quality Factor the more narrow the bandwidth of the resonant tank Q is the ratio between the power stored and the power dissipated in the circuit General Definition: Q = P stored / P dissipated = I 2 X / I 2 R 142

144 Resonant Converter Topologies Series Resonant Converter (SRC) Resonant tank (L R & C R ) is in series with the output load Resonant tank and the load act as a voltage divider (M <= 1) SRC can work at no load but output voltage can not be regulated Parallel Resonant Converter (PRC) Load is in parallel with resonant capacitor PRC can operate at no load High circulating currents Inherently short circuit protected Series-Parallel Resonant Converter (SPRC) LCC Combines the advantageous properties of SRC and PRC SPRC can operate at no load Lower circulating currents than PRC but higher then SRC Like SRC & PRC, SPRC can not be optimized at high input voltage 143

145 Series-Parallel Resonant Converter - LLC Can operate at resonance at nominal input voltage The LLC converter is able to operate at no load Can be designed to operate over a wide input voltage Zero voltage and zero current switching is achievable over operating range Current through MOSFETS is sinusoidal MOSFET switching may be synchronized with V/I zero crossing Reduces switching losses ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) M f n, 1 M f n, 0.9 M f n, 0.8 M f n, 0.7 M f n, 0.6 M f n, 0.5 M f n, 0.4 M f n, 0.3 M f n, 0.2 M f n, M(max) M(min) Q - Curves 1 f r := f r2 := 1 2π L r C 2π L r ( r + L pr ) C r f n 144 2

146 Objective Why LLC? LLC Resonant Converter Analysis Hardware Design Software Control Loop CPU Resources Operational Performance Benefits of Digital Power Conversion 145

147 Design Specification Output Power: 200W Input Voltage: Vdc, 400V nom Output Voltage: 12V Target Efficiency: 95% Nominal Switching Frequency: 205kHz Tank Resonant Frequency: 210kHz Low power consumption at no load 146

148 DC Input Vdc Flyback Auxiliary Power Supply LLC Block Diagram Half-Bridge Converter / Resonant Tank Power Conversion Block Synchronous Rectifier Output Filter 12V Output Load dspic DSC Power Flow Signal Flow Legend I2C Power Management Interface Block PICkit Serial Analyzer Computer 147

149 Half-Bridge Converter DC Input ( V) LLC Block Diagram High-Voltage Isolation LLC Resonant Tank Tx Secondary Synchronous Rectification Cr Lr Lm Low Pass Filter Load CT Gate Driver Driver TX Op-amp dspic (502) I 2 C Communication Driver TX Gate Driver NCP1012 Aux PWR TX Opto 12v LM2651 Buck Switch 3.3V Temp The 12V output from the Aux pwr supply is only used during start-up. Afterwards the output voltage will supply the 12v to the gate drivers and the buck switcher 148

150 Input LLC Resonant Converter Board Layout Half-Bridge Converter & Resonant Tank Synchronous Rectifier Output Filter Output dspic Flyback Auxiliary Power 149

151 Auxiliary Power Supply Block Diagram Isolation Barrier 12V output from Converter DC Input 350V 420V Snubber 12V output from Aux Supply Flyback TX Output Filters Buck Switcher Flyback Controller dspic 3.3V output High Voltage Legend Re-start Feedback Auxiliary Opto-Coupler Low Voltage Solid State Relay 150

152 Objective Why LLC? LLC Resonant Converter Analysis Hardware Design Software Control Loop CPU Resources Operational Performance Benefits of Digital Power Conversion 151

153 Start Initialization Software Structure Initialize System Clock and Peripheral Clocks Initialize PWM Initialize ADC Initialize Analog Comparators Setup Timers Configure Interrupts Initialize Control Loop Variables 152

154 Software Structure Start Initialization Enable Peripherals Enable Peripherals Enable Analog Comparators Enable ADC Enable Timers Enable PWM 153

155 Software Structure Start Initialization Enable Peripherals Soft Start Duty-Cycle Frequency Calculate steady-state integral term Closed loop control Soft Start 154

156 Software Structure Start Initialization Enable Peripherals Check for Faults The PWM module is setup to detect faults and shutdown all outputs Immediately The main routine checks the fault flag If a fault is detected, start the auxiliary circuit Soft Start Fault Presen t? Fault Loop Fault Loop The fault indicator LED is enabled to indicate the type of fault Any other fault handling routines can be placed in this loop 155

157 Software Structure Start Initialization Enable Peripherals Soft Start ADC Interrupts (High Priority) Voltage and Current Measurement Execute Control Loop Update PWM Period & Duty Cycle Fault Presen t? ADC Interrupt Fault Loop 156

158 Control Loop Block Diagram Voltage Reference PI Voltage Error Compensator + Base Period x + New PTPER Value Output Filter Vo Decouple Compensation Nominal Period Voltage Feedback ADC S&H V OUT Sense V OUT 157

159 Control Loop PI Compensator outputvoltage = (ADCBUF1 << 5); voltageerror = (OUTPUTVOLTAGEREFERENCE - outputvoltage); /* Find error */ if (softstartflag == 0) { if (interruptcount == 4) { /* Calculate I term */ integraloutput = integraloutput + (( builtin_mulss((int)igain,voltageerror))>>15); interruptcount = 0; } interruptcount++; if(integraloutput > INTEGRALCLAMP) { integraloutput = INTEGRALCLAMP; } if(integraloutput < -INTEGRALCLAMP) { integraloutput = -INTEGRALCLAMP; } proportionaloutput = (( builtin_mulss((int)pgain,voltageerror))>>15); /* Calculate P term */ 158

160 Control Loop PI Compensator voltagedecoupleterm = (( builtin_mulss((int)decoupling,(int)outputvoltage ))>>15); PIOutput = (long)proportionaloutput + (long)integraloutput + voltagedecoupleterm - NOMINALVOLTAGE; if(pioutput > PICLAMP ) { PIOutput = PICLAMP; } else if(pioutput < -PICLAMP) { PIOutput = -PICLAMP; } PIFinalOutput = builtin_mulss((int)pioutput,(int)modifier)>>15; LLCUpdatedPeriod = ((( builtin_mulss((int)pifinaloutput,(int)baseperiod)) >> (15-PRESCALER)) + NOMINALPERIOD) >> 1; 159

161 Control Loop Updating new PWM Period Clamp PWM1 period if above or below allowable period range Determine if MOSFET switching frequency (PWM1) is above resonant frequency If yes, then update Sync FET PWM2 duty cycle with PWM1 Period / 2 - Sync FET Dead time If no, operating below resonance so we need to use the look up table to obtain the optimal Sync FET PWM2 duty cycle 160

162 Control Loop - Clamp /* Clamp frequency to minimum allowable frequency*/ if(llcupdatedperiod >= MAXPERIOD) { } PTPER = MAXPERIOD; PDC1 = PTPER - DEADTIME; PDC2 = SRDEADTIME; /* From synchrectdutycycle*/ /* Clamp frequency to maximum allowable frequency*/ else if(llcupdatedperiod <= MINPERIOD) { } PTPER = MINPERIOD; PDC1 = PTPER - DEADTIME; PDC2 = PTPER - SRDEADTIME; 161

163 Control Loop PWM2 DC else { PTPER = LLCUpdatedPeriod; PDC1 = PTPER - DEADTIME; /* Check if New frequency <= resonant frequency, if so need SR Duty Cycle from lookup table */ if(llcupdatedperiod >= RESONANTPERIOD) { index_sr = (PTPER & 0xFFF8) - RESONANTPERIOD; if(index_sr <= 0) { index_sr = 0; } PDC2 = (synchrectdutycycle[index_sr>>3][1])-srdeadtime; } /* If frequency is above resonance directly update secondary duty cycle */ } else { } PDC2 = PTPER - SRDEADTIME; 162

164 Objective Why LLC? LLC Resonant Converter Analysis Hardware Design Software Control Loop CPU Resources Operational Performance Benefits of Digital Power Conversion 163

165 System Resources dspic33fj16gs502 Program Memory 3.5kb Data Memory 650bytes MIPS ~15 PWM 2 Channels ADC 4 Channels - (V in, V out, I tank, Temp) Comparators 1 Channel 164

166 PWM Configuration PWM1 & PWM2 configured for Push-Pull mode with fixed duty cycle ~50%. Dead-time is disabled (added into Duty Cycle) Variable Period / Duty Cycle (during start-up) Duty Cycle is equal to the Period minus the Deadtime 165

167 Objective Why LLC? LLC Resonant Converter Analysis Hardware Design Software Control Loop CPU Resources Operational Performance Benefits of Digital Power Conversion 166

168 Efficiency LLC Efficiency 167 Percent (%) Output Load Current 380V 400V

169 Phase/Gain Margin 168

170 At start-up switching frequency is set to 300 khz Duty cycle is stepped up until output voltage reaches ~10V Next, frequency is reduced until output voltage = desired voltage (12V) Frequency control loop enabled Soft-Start (No Load) 169

171 Soft-Start (Full Load) 170

172 Load current step from 25% - 75% Slew rate is 1A/us Transient Response Output Voltage Output Current 171

173 Load current step from 75% - 25% Slew rate is 1A/us Transient Response Output Voltage Output Current 172

174 Measured at output capacitor Input Voltage = 400V Output Current = 17A Output Voltage Ripple 173

175 MOSFET Zero Voltage Switching Due to the phase shift between the resonant tank current and voltage, the MOSFETs are able to switch with minimal turnon / turn-off losses. Input Voltage = 400V Output Current = 8.5A MOSFET Gate MOSFET Drain Tank Current 174

176 Sync FET Zero Current Switching SyncFET Gate SyncFET Drain SyncFET Current 175

177 Secondary MOSFET Current 176

178 Half-Bridge Gate Dive SyncFET Gate Dive Half-Bridge and SyncFET Drive Signals 177

179 Objective Why LLC? LLC Resonant Converter Analysis Hardware Design Software Control Loop CPU Resources Operational Performance Benefits of Digital Power Conversion 178

180 Benefits Digital Control Synchronous Rectification Control of synch FETs - No need for current sensing circuitry on the secondary Improved efficiency over full-wave rectifier Flexibility of compensator design Soft-start implements duty cycle control Short-Circuit Protection Change to duty cycle control 179

181 Why Digital Solution Freedom to Innovate Power-conversion control via reprogrammable software Improve Reliability New, Cost-Effective Features Improve Time to Market & Ease Manufacturing Protect Intellectual Property (IP) 180

182 References Bo Yang, Topology Investigation of Front end DC/DC Converter for Distributed Power System PhD. Dissertation, Virginia Tech,

183 Seminar Agenda Digital Power Applications Market Trends, Efficient Energy Conversion Introduce dspic33f GS Family for Digital Power Conversion Block Diagram, Features, Peripherals, Roadmap Microchip Digital Power Application Examples Digital Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Quarter Brick DC-DC Converter Digital LLC Resonant Converter Digital HID Ballast Digital LED Lighting Development Kit Microchip Solutions for Digital Power Additional Digital Power Application Examples Introduce Analog and Memory products used in Digital Power 182

184 Application Example Digital HID Ballast

185 Objective Introduction of HID lamp HID Ballast operation and solutions Design example of digital control HID Ballast Summary 184

186 Objective Introduction of HID lamp HID Ballast operation and solutions Design example of digital control HID Ballast Summary 185

187 What s HID lamp? HID --- High Intensity Discharge The arc tube is filled with metal salts and halide gas The plasma arc between the electrodes produces visible light HID lamp type HPS (High Pressure Sodium) LPS (Low Pressure Sodium) HM (Mercury Vapor) Electrode Arc Tube Visible Light MH (Metal Halide) Electrode Bulb 186

188 Why HID Lamp? HID lamps have the following advantages over Florescent and Incandescent lamps: High efficiency Long life High Lumen output and maintenance Superior quality white light Color rendition and control over life Commonly used in commercial, industrial and residential applications where light color quality, high light output and efficiency are desired 187

189 Example HID Applications 188

190 Xenon HID Xenon MH HID ---- filled with Xenon gas in the tube High end HID lamp Typical power 35W Mostly used in Automotive Head Light Requires more complex drive than other HID lamps critical ignition process quick start re-strike critical constant power control 189

191 HID Lamp Characteristics Negative impedance is unstable with voltage control V I Ω 190

192 Objective Introduction of HID lamp HID Ballast operation and solutions Design example of digital control HID Ballast Summary 191

193 HID Lamp Characteristics VLamp t ILamp t PLamp Voltage control Current control Power control t Ballast has to meet lamp s special inherent character to insure lamp s operation, performance and life. 192

194 Objective Introduction of HID lamp HID Ballast operation and solutions Design example of digital control HID Ballast Summary 193

195 HID Lamp Reference Design Specification Input Voltage 9~16V Max. Input Current Cold lamp: 10.7A, Hot lamp: 4.7A Max. Input Power 82W Steady input current 3.05A Steady Output Power 35.40W Efficiency: Dimension 9mm*60mm*80mm Protection Under Voltage, Over Voltage, Short Circuit, Open Circuit 194

196 Block Diagram Igniter Battery Anti-Reverse FlyBack 20~360VDC Full Bridge MCP1407 Driver Rectifier 12V MCP1407 Driver I V Power Supply ADC PWM PWM dspic ADC CMPR Lamp 195

197 Block Diagram T1 Boost Q1 Driver TC4427A 12V Q2 Q3 Q4 FB Igniter 196 Battery Power Converter 3.3V MCP6291 Opamp Vin Vfd Ifd AN2 PWM1H AN0/CMP1 dspic33fj06gs202 AN1/CMP2 I/O Driver TC4427A

198 VLamp ILamp PLamp Start Up Stage Flyback generates a high constant voltage Burst PWM by Comparator t Operate as open circuit t Prepare to generate ignition pulse Current control Power control t 197

199 Start Up Stage Igniter Battery FlyBack Full Bridge Lamp PWM Gc(S) Vref dspic 198

200 Igniter circuitry Vin Vin When Vin <0, C3 is charged When Vin >0, C4 is charged As C3<C4/10, after several cycles, C4 =2*Vin 199

201 Ignition stage VLamp Transformer generates high voltage pulse to ignite Halide t gas ILamp This is not controlled by code t PLamp Voltage control Current control Power control t 200

202 Take-over stage VLamp A high current is needed to sustain the arc Bus capacitor provides inrush power to lamp t ILamp PLamp Fly back has to response quickly to provide t subsequent enough power Voltage control Current control Power control t 201

203 Warm Up Stage VLamp A low frequency current is needed to warm the lamp t ILamp PLamp Constant current control Lamp voltage depends on lamp condition t Voltage control Current control Power control t 202

204 Warm Up Stage Igniter Battery FlyBack Full Bridge Lamp PWM Gc(S) Iref dspic 203

205 Run-Up and Steady Stage Power VLamp control Lamp voltage is adjusted by means of ILamp current PLamp Voltage control Current control Power control t t t 204 I

206 Run-Up and Steady Stage Igniter Battery FlyBack Full Bridge Lamp I V PWM Gc(S) Pref Curve dspic 205

207 Block Diagram FB 206

208 Brief Process Flow Chart Read ADC result Ignited? N Produce 360V Bus voltage Y N Vout>50V? Y Vout<70V? Constant power control N Y Constant current control Decrease power control 207

209 General Software Structure Start Initialization Enable Peripherals Fault Present? Idle Loop (Normal Operation) Fault Loop ADC Interrupt 208

210 Software Structure Start Initialization Enable Peripherals ADC Interrupt (High Priority) Voltage and Current Measurement Execute Control Loops Update PWM Duty Cycle Fault Present? Idle Loop (Normal Operation) Fault Loop ADC Interrupt1 Generate 200Hz PWM for Full bridge Timer 2 209

211 Hot Lamp Start up Current Power Bus Voltage 210

212 Cold Lamp Start up Current Bus Voltage 211

213 Steady State Waveform Current Power Bus Voltage 212

214 Summary Introduction of HID lamp HID Ballast operation and solutions Design example of digital control HID Ballast 213

215 Seminar Agenda Digital Power Applications Market Trends, Efficient Energy Conversion Introduce dspic33f GS Family for Digital Power Conversion Block Diagram, Features, Peripherals, Roadmap Microchip Digital Power Application Examples Digital Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Quarter Brick DC-DC Converter Digital LLC Resonant Converter Digital HID Ballast Digital LED Lighting Development Kit Microchip Solutions for Digital Power Additional Digital Power Application Examples Introduce Analog and Memory products used in Digital Power 214

216 Application Example Digital LED Lighting Development Kit

217 Objective LED Basics Controlling Brightness Introduction to the LED Lighting Development Kit Driving an LED Buck Converter Boost Converter DMX512 Patent Info 216

218 LED Basics LED Advantages Higher efficiency Longer life Size Single color emitted (no filters required) Dimming for RGB applications Produce less heat 217

219 LED Basics Low Power Used for signalling Forward current of a few ma Mid Power Typically used for indoor lighting Wide Forward current range of 20 ma to 150 ma High Power (High Brightness) Used for outdoor lighting and automotive Forward current of 350 ma and above 218

220 LED Basics Light Emitting Diode An LED consists of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a p-n junction As in normal diodes, current flows from the p-side (anode) to the n-side (cathode) and emit light when current passes through them An LED s light output is determined by the forward current (I F ) through the LED Forward Voltage (V F ) + - Forward Current (I F ) 219

221 LED Basics Light output intensity is measured by luminous flux, which is the perceived power of light emitted and has the unit lumen (lm) The color of the LED is measured on the Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) scale and is measured in Kelvin ( K) High color temperature 5000 K Cool colors (blueish white) Low color temperature K Warm colors (yellowish white through red) 220

222 LED Basics * Figures obtained from LUXEON Rebel Color Datasheet DS65 available from part number LXML-PH

223 LED Basics * Figures obtained from LUXEON Rebel Color Datasheet DS65 available from part number LXML-PH

224 LED Basics The forward voltage (VF) of LEDs differs between types, colors, batches, temperature, and age Because the forward current (IF) determines the light output of an LED it must be regulated to have consistent color quality Current spikes can cause premature failures, +- 20% current variation is typically acceptable Providing proper heat dissipation is important for LED longevity 223

225 Objective LED Basics Controlling Brightness Introduction to the LED Lighting Development Kit Driving an LED Buck Converter Boost Converter DMX512 Patent Info 224

226 Controlling Brightness Analog Dimming Adjust the forward current on a cycle-by-cycle basis Changing the forward current through the LED can alter the color temperature of the LED (undesirable) 350mA (100% Brightness) Forward Current (IF) 175 ma (50% brightness) Time 225

227 Controlling Brightness Digital Dimming Switch the LED current on and off for short periods of time Provides constant current while maintaining brightness control Dimming frequency must be fast enough to avoid noticeable flicker 400 Hz 1.2 khz are typical frequencies 350mA (100% Brightness) Forward Current (IF) 175mA (50% Brightness) Time 226

228 Controlling Brightness A low frequency 400 Hz dimming frequency is created with the PWM override When active, the override disconnects the PWM module from the pin and the pin is driven low 227

229 Controlling Brightness 228

230 255 Dimming Counter 0 Controlling Brightness 400Hz 50% Brightness LED Forward Current Dimming Time = 128 ON OFF Override Inactive Override Active 229

231 Controlling Brightness Hz 25% Brightness Dimming Counter LED Forward Current Dimming Time = 64 0 ON OFF Override Inactive Override Active 230

232 Objective LED Basics Controlling Brightness Driving an LED Buck Converter Boost Converter DMX512 Introduction to the LED Lighting Development Kit Patent Info 231

233 Driving a Low Power LED VIN = 3.3V VF = 1.7V IF = 5mA R = (VIN-VF)/ IF R = (3.3V-1.7)/ 5mA R = 320Ω P = V * I P = 8mW 232

234 Driving a High Power LED (Bad Design) VIN = 9V VF = 3.0V IF = 350mA R = (VIN-VF)/ IF R = (9V-3)/ 350mA R = 17Ω P = V * I P = 2.1W Large resistor is required to dissipate the 2.1 watts Microcontroller I/O LED Q 9V IF = 350mA Provides no regulation of current with changes in input voltage or VF R 233

235 Objective LED Basics Controlling Brightness Driving an LED Buck Converter Boost Converter Introduction to the LED Lighting Development Kit DMX512 Patent Info 234

236 Driving a High Power LED (Buck Converter) Converts a higher input voltage (VIN) to a lower output voltage The input voltage (VIN) must always be higher than the forward voltage (VF) of the LED PWM VIN Q D L C Forward current (IF) of the LED is monitored with sense resistor Rsns CMPX Rsns LED 235

237 Driving a High Power LED (Buck Converter) The built-in analog comparator is used to monitor the current through the LED using cycle-by-cycle Fault mode The reference for the comparator is determined in software with the CMREF register bits When a Fault is detected, the PWM drives the pin low for the rest of the PWM period At the start of the new period the PWM will continue at the set duty cycle This method requires no CPU time to regulate the current through the LED 236

238 Driving a High Power LED (Buck Converter) VIN LED D C L PWM Q CMPX Rsns 237

239 Driving a High Power LED (Buck Converter) 238

240 Driving a High Power LED (Buck Converter) 239

241 Driving a High Power LED (Buck Converter) 240

242 Driving a High Power LED (Buck Converter) Vin LED D C L PWM Q CMPXA Average Forward Current (ILED avg ) Rsns Vin LED D C L PWM Q CMPXA Rsns 241

243 Driving a High Power LED (Buck Converter) ILEDavg = (IQ0 + IQpeak) / 2 CMREF = IQpeak = 2 ILEDavg IQ0 242

244 Objective LED Basics Controlling Brightness Driving an LED Buck Converter Boost Converter DMX512 Introduction to the LED Lighting Development Kit Patent Info 243

245 Driving a High Power LED (Boost Converter) Converts a lower input voltage (VIN) to a higher output voltage VIN L D The input voltage (VIN) must always be lower than the forward voltage (VF) of the LED load PWM Q C Forward current (IF) of the ADCx LED is monitored with sense resistor Rsns Rsns LED1 LED6 244

246 Driving a High Power LED (Boost Converter) The average current through the LED is monitored using the ADC module dspic GS DSC Override enable A PI control loop is used to regulate the forward current (IF) of the LED PWM MODULE PI Control Loop ADC Module PWM ADCx 245

247 Driving a High Power LED (Boost Converter) Vin L D PWM C Q LED1 LED6 ADCx Rsns 246

248 Driving a High Power LED (Boost Converter) 1 PWM Period PWM ILED Current is Measured IL IQ ID 247

249 Driving a High Power LED (Boost Converter) 1 PWM Period PWM ILED Current is Measured Vin PWM L D C LED1 Q IL ADCx LED6 IQ Rsns ID 248

250 PWM ILED IL IQ ID Driving a High Power LED (Boost Converter) 1 PWM Period Current is Measured L D Vin C LED1 PWM Q LED6 ADCx Rsns 249

251 Objective LED Basics Controlling Brightness Driving an LED Buck Converter Boost Converter Introduction to the LED Lighting Development Kit DMX512 Patent Info 250

252 LED Lighting Development Kit 251

253 LED Lighting Development Kit 252

254 Introduction Base Board dspic33fj16gs504 44L QFN Switching regulator generates the 3.3V to power the dspic 6V-60V input range PICtail Connector for possible expansion RS-485 transceiver for receiving DMX512 data Potentiometer and Pushbutton for manual demonstrations Connections for external LEDs 253

255 Introduction Buck Daughter Card 4 buck drive channels 4 HB 1W LEDs (Red, Green, Blue, White) 4 selection jumpers for connecting external LEDs Peak current control using built-in analog comparators Requires no CPU time to regulate the current ~13 MIPS to control all 4 converters 254

256 Introduction Boost Daughter Card 2 boost drive channels 12 HB LEDs (6 Red, 6 White) 2 selection jumpers for external LEDs Average current control using PI control loop 255

257 Driving a High Power LED (Buck Converter) Buck Converter Demonstration Connect CH1 to PWM1L and CH2 to LED1 cathode Set CH1 to 2V/div, CH2 to 2V/div, time base to 500us/div Press SW1 to select only LED1. Describe CH1 and CH2. Move CH2 to bottom of R35 (current sense resistor). Change CH2 to 200mV/div, time base to 5us/div. 256

258 Driving a High Power LED (Boost Converter) Boost Converter Demonstration Replace Buck card with Boost card Install light diffuser and shunts on J24 and J25 Connect CH1 to PWM1L and CH2 to TP1 Set CH1 to 2V/div, CH2 to 5V/div, time base to 500us/div Press SW1 to change LED intensity from 16% to 56% Change time base to 1us/div. Press SW1. Note duty cycle decreases which increases boost ratio. Why? 257

259 Digital LED Lighting Kit (Demo) 258

260 Objective LED Basics Controlling Brightness Driving an LED Buck Converter Boost Converter Introduction to the LED Lighting Development Kit DMX512 Patent Info 259

261 DMX512 DMX512 is a unidirectional lighting protocol developed in the 1980 s Incorporates a multi-drop bus topology (daisy chain) with a single master and multiple slaves (uses a UART and RS-485 drivers) Each device has a 9 bit address usually set with dipswitches 260

262 DMX512 Transmits up to 513 bytes per data packet at 250K baud (Start Code Channels) May send reduced packet size to increase update rate Each byte provides the brightness data for a single channel 0x00 = Off, 0xFF = full brightness Break Start Code Channel 0 Channel 1 Channel N 261

263 Objective LED Basics Controlling Brightness Driving an LED Buck Converter Boost Converter Introduction to the LED Lighting Development Kit DMX512 Patent Info 262

264 Patent Info A click through license is required for obtaining software and documentation available at This license does not grant all rights necessary to use this design and software. The kit uses technology that is patented by third parties Microchip has no ability to grant or obtain a license on behalf of our customers. 263

265 Patent Info Philips, for example, has a patent that involves using PWM to control LED intensity for color mixing. It is your responsibility to make sure that you obtain all of the licenses necessary for the legal use of your end product. 264

266 Seminar Agenda Digital Power Applications Market Trends, Efficient Energy Conversion Introduce dspic33f GS Family for Digital Power Conversion Block Diagram, Features, Peripherals, Roadmap Microchip Digital Power Application Examples Digital Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Quarter Brick DC-DC Converter Digital LLC Resonant Converter Digital HID Ballast Digital LED Lighting Development Kit Microchip Solutions for Digital Power Additional Digital Power Application Examples and Resources Introduce Analog and Memory products used in Digital Power 265

267 Microchip Solutions Plug-in Buck-Boost Board Part # AC164133, $89.99, Available Now Prototyping platform to investigate digital power conversion and digital SMPS design Supports dual-buck and single-boost stage conversion Includes example software for implementing digital dual-synchronous buck converter and boost converter Daughter Board for: 16-bit 28-Pin Starter Board ($79.99) As well as the modular Explorer 16 Board ($129.99) 266

268 Microchip Solutions Digital AC-to-DC Power Supply Full Digital Control Multi-stage Design Includes: Universal Inputs (85V 265V AC, Hz) Boost PFC (PF > 0.98) Soft-Start (programmable) Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge ZVT (soft-switching) Synchronous Rectification 12-Volt Intermediate Bus Multi-Phase Synchronous Buck Converter 3.3V Output Single-Phase Synchronous Buck Converter 5V Output Automatic Fault Handling Remote Power-Management Capability Flexible Start-up Capability Royalty Free Reference Design Documentation, software and Gerber files on Web 267

269 Digital AC-to-DC Power Supply Rectified Sinusoidal Voltage Isolation Barrier 12V 400V dc dc 12V Intermediate Bus Output EMI Filter and Bridge Rectifier PFC Phase-Shifted Boost Converter Full-Bridge ZVT Converter Synchronous Rectifier Multi-Phase Buck Converter Vac 45-65Hz dspic 33FJ16GS Opto- Coupler dspic 33FJ16GS Single-Phase Buck Converter Three Conversion Stages Two Digital Signal Controllers 12V dc 28A 3.3V dc 69A 5V dc 23A 268

270 Microchip Solutions Digital Pure Sine Wave Offline UPS Input Range AC: 95 to 135V,60 HZ +/ to 280V,50 HZ +/-3 Output Voltage AC: 60 Hz +/-1 50 Hz +/-1 DC Input: 36V (12 VDC x3) Adjustable Charging Current High Efficiency Pure Sine Wave Output With THD <3% Power Rating: 1000 VA Steady-State Output Power 1350 VA Peak Power (Surge) Mains to Battery Transfer Time <10ms Supports Crest Factor of 3:1 Royalty Free Reference Design Documentation, software and Gerber files on Web Fault Indications 269

271 Digital Pure Sine Wave Offline UPS DC-DC Boost Converter 390V DC +15V +5V Auxiliary Power Supply Battery (3 x 12V) Boost Stage DC-Link Filter Full Bridge Inverter +3.3V Battery Charger (Flyback) dspic DSC Output LC Filter Relay Logic Load AC Input 270

272 Microchip Solutions Digital Interleaved PFC Boost Converter Operates at universal input voltage (85-265Vac, 45-65Hz) Operates up to 350W sustained output Output voltages up to 400Vdc Power factor correction of at full load and 120VAC input Current Total Harmonic Distortion (ITHD) of 3% at full load and 120VAC input Fault protection Royalty Free Reference Design Documentation, software and Gerber files on Web 271

273 Digital Interleaved PFC Boost Converter AC Input EMI Filter / Rectifier PFC Converter (Stage 1) 390V DC DC Output Load PFC Converter (Stage 2) V AC I AC I Q1 I Q2 Q 1 Q 2 V DC ADC ADC ADC ADC PWM PWM ADC dspic33fj16gs502 DSC 272

274 Microchip Solutions Intelligent Power Supply Design Center

275 Seminar Agenda Digital Power Applications Market Trends, Efficient Energy Conversion Introduce dspic33f GS Family for Digital Power Conversion Block Diagram, Features, Peripherals, Roadmap Microchip Digital Power Application Examples Digital Grid Connected Solar Micro-Inverter Digital Quarter Brick DC-DC Converter Digital LLC Resonant Converter Digital HID Ballast Digital LED Lighting Development Kit Microchip Solutions for Digital Power Additional Digital Power Application Examples and Resources Introduce Analog and Memory products used in Digital Power 274

276 Microchip Solutions Technical Functions Recommended Devices Low-power standby PIC10F Programmable soft start Power up sequencing Primary/secondary communication bridge PIC12F MCP1630(V) MCP

277 Microchip Solutions Technical Functions Recommended Devices Output voltage margining PIC12F Load sharing and balancing History logging Primary/secondary communication bridge PIC16F PIC18F PIC24F MCP1630(V) MCP

278 Microchip Solutions Technical Functions Recommended Devices Optimize control loop for load changes Enable common platform for multiple applications Operational flexibility for different power levels PIC16HV785 MCP1631 High-Speed PWM Controller PIC18F 277

279 Microchip Solutions Technical Functions Recommended Devices Dynamic control loop adjustment Predictive control loop algorithms Operational flexibility for different power levels dspic30f dspic33f MOSFET Drivers Op-Amps Temperature Sensing 278

280 Microchip Solutions Analog Portfolio for Intelligent Power Applications Product Line Example Devices Description Low Drop Regulators MCP1700, MCP1703, MCP1790/1, TC1301/2 Input voltage 6V, 16V & 18V. Output current up to 300 ma Charge Pumps MCP125X, TC766x TC mA, TC1252 adjustable & fixed, regulated, 120 ma Switching Regulators TC1303, MCP1603, MCP165x 2.0 MHz, 500mA (TC1303 also includes 300 ma LDO) MOSFET Drivers MCP140x, MCP141x, MCP14628 MCP14700 Low-side and Low-side/High-side drivers Temperature Sensors MCP9700, MCP9800 Logic, I2C, or voltage out. +/- 0.5 C accuracy Operational Amplifiers MCP60x, MCP629x RR I/O, Low Current/Low Voltage, 10 MHz and down PWM Controllers MCP1630, MCP MHz, V and I modes, built in driver 279

281 MCP1630 PWM with Driver 280

282 MCP14700 DC-DC Converter Application Vcc BOOT HIGHDR MCP14700 PWMh PHASE PWMl LOWDR GND dspic30f2020 PWM_1 AN0 PWM_2 AN1 281

283 Typical application using TC4427A MOSFET Driver TC4427A TC4427A 282

284 Typical application using MCP1402 MOSFET Driver 283

285 Typical application using MCP1416 MOSFET Driver 284

286 Typical application using TC4422A MOSFET Driver MCP6291 MCP6291 MCP

287 Digitally Controlled Boost Converter using MCP

288 Typical application using TC4427 MOSFET Driver 287

289 Battery Charging Application MCP1630 MOSFET Driver 288

290 Microchip Solutions Memory Portfolio for Intelligent Power Applications: EEPROM 289