So we are looking at Time Division Multiplexing that is TDM technology to multiplex several signals over a single channel for transmission.

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1 Principles of Communication Systems-Part 1 Professor Aditya K. Jagannatham Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Lecture 52 Module 8 Bandwidth requirements of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), The T 1 TDM System: A Case Study Keywords: Bandwidth requirements of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), T 1 TDM System Hello, welcome to another module in this massive open online course alright. So we are looking at Time Division Multiplexing and let us look at other aspects of Time Division Multiplexing in this module. (Refer Slide Time: 0:27) So we are looking at Time Division Multiplexing that is TDM technology to multiplex several signals over a single channel for transmission.

signals using Time Division Multiplexing.

2 (Refer Slide Time: 1:06) Now let us start by looking the bandwidth required for TDM. Now if you look at this for instance let us say that we are multiplexing n signals using Time Division Multiplexing. So let n signals be multiplexed and they are sampled at equal intervals T s so sampling interval for each signal equals T s.

, so these are the samples of the multiplexed signal.

3 (Refer Slide Time: 2:36) Now let T denotes the spacing between samples of your TDM signal. So if you look at your TDM signal we have the samples as, this is sample of signal 1, sample of signal 2 etc., so these are the samples of the multiplexed signal. Now we have to note that the sampling duration of each signal is T s, which means every signal has a single sample in T s. Therefore, n signals will have n samples in the interval T s. (Refer Slide Time: 4:11)

to give n samples, therefore distance between or the

4 So each signal contributes 1 sample in T s, implies when you look at n signals, so naturally they are going to give n samples, therefore distance between or the spacing between samples Ts equals T n. (Refer Slide Time: 5:30)

1 equals the sampling T s Now if we sample at the Nyquist rate then by the Nyquist Criterion the

5 Now the bandwidth that is required for transmission of TDM signal is equal to 1 1 n 1 nfs where F s equals the sampling frequency Fs 2T 2Ts 2Ts 2 n frequency. 1 equals the sampling T s Now if we sample at the Nyquist rate then by the Nyquist Criterion the sampling frequency F s has to be greater than atleast 2F m where F m is the maximum frequency of each signal. (Refer Slide Time: 7:08)

6 So by Nyquist Criterion we need F 2F which means bandwidth required for s m transmission, F TDM 1 nfs. But Fs 2Fm, therefore 2 1 Fs n 2 Fm nfm. 2

(Refer Slide Time: 8:20) Therefore, we need the bandwidth of the Time Division Multiplexed signal to be greater than or equal to n times F m, where F m is the is the maximum frequency of the

7 (Refer Slide Time: 8:20) Therefore, we need the bandwidth of the Time Division Multiplexed signal to be greater than or equal to n times F m, where F m is the is the maximum frequency of the multiplexed signals, this is equal to maximum frequency component of each signal. (Refer Slide Time: 9:14) So basically the bandwidth of TDM signal is greater than or equal to the product of number of signals multiplexed and maximum frequency. So that is the relation that we have for the bandwidth of TDM signals. So since the TDM signal is multiplexing a large number of signals we require a large bandwidth. This bandwidth is related to the sampling frequency which is in turn is related to the bandwidth from the Nyquist criterion related to the bandwidth of each signal.

8 So what we have shown is the bandwidth of this Time Division Multiplexed signal has to be atleast n times the bandwidth of the signals being multiplexed. So it requires a large bandwidth for transmission. Now let us do a simple case study to understand the construction and working of a typical TDM system that is a Time Division Multiplexed system also known as a T 1 system. (Refer Slide Time: 10:45) So now we want to do a case study for TDM system in particular we want to consider one particular TDM system that is the T 1 system which is used for a voice communication, telephone.

9 (Refer Slide Time: 11:29)

The T 1 system comprises of 24 voice channels over separate pairs of wires with regenerated repeaters, because the signal dies down with distance, at approximately 2 kilometers interval.

10 The T 1 system comprises of 24 voice channels over separate pairs of wires with regenerated repeaters, because the signal dies down with distance, at approximately 2 kilometers interval. We need these regenerative repeaters to repeat the signal because signal strength decreases with distance. So these regenerative repeaters amplify the signal that is prevent the signal from dying down. So these regenerative repeaters amplify the TDM signal and this is used for voice communication and voice signals have a frequency range that is 300 hertz to 3.1 Kilohertz. (Refer Slide Time: 14:20) So the voice spectrum starts at 300 hertz and it goes upto 3.1 kilohertz that is 3100 hertz as shown in the slides.

is 3.1 Kilohertz that is the human frequency or the maximum

11 (Refer Slide Time: 15:58) Now therefore you can see the maximum frequency F m in this case study of the voice signal is 3.1 Kilohertz that is the human frequency or the maximum frequency of human voice signal is 3.1 Kilohertz. (Refer Slide Time: 16:34)

Now therefore the sampling frequency F s from Nyquist Criterion to avoid distortion we need F s greater than or equal to twice F m which is twice of 3.

2 Kilohertz to avoid aliasing which is the Nyquist sampling rate or minimum required sampling rate to avoid to avoid aliasing.

12 Now therefore the sampling frequency F s from Nyquist Criterion to avoid distortion we need F s greater than or equal to twice F m which is twice of 3.1 kilohertz that is equal to 6.2 Kilohertz. However, we need minimum 6.2 Kilohertz to avoid aliasing which is the Nyquist sampling rate or minimum required sampling rate to avoid to avoid aliasing. (Refer Slide Time: 18:09) Now this is quantized with a -law quantizer. So even though 6.2 Kilohertz is sufficient it is typically sampled at 8 kilohertz that is 8 kilo samples per second. So even though the minimum required sampling rate is 6.2 Kilohertz, it is over sampled right or it is sampled at a slightly higher rate.

Therefore, we have 24 voice signals, 8 kilohertz sampling rate so in the net system

13 (Refer Slide Time: 19:02) Now each sample is quantized by a -law quantizer using 8 bits, that is with 256 levels where 256 equals 8 2 implies 8 bits per sample. Therefore, we have 24 voice signals, 8 kilohertz sampling rate so in the net system we have 8 bits per sample from each of n equal to 24 voice signals, that is your T 1 system.

14 (Refer Slide Time: 20:37) So in your T 1 system you have V 1, V 2, so on upto V 24 all these are multiplexed over a single channel. So all these are TDM Time Division Multiplexed over a single channel. (Refer Slide Time: 21:19)

(Refer Slide Time: 22:35) So you can say that the number of bits in frame equals well 24 number of signals times 8 bits per sample plus 1

15 So naturally the sampling rate equals 8 Kilohertz implies sampling duration equals 1 over 8 kilohertz that is equal to 125 micro seconds. Now we can also call this as frame. In this basically each signal generates 1 sample, each of the 24 signals generates 1 sample in a frame duration. (Refer Slide Time: 22:35) So you can say that the number of bits in frame equals well 24 number of signals times 8 bits per sample plus 1 synchronization pulse or synchronization bit. So that is equal to (24*8) 192 plus 1 synchronization 1 synch bit that is equal to 193 bits, so total bits per frame equals 193.

which implies duration of each bit or time interval

16 (Refer Slide Time: 23:39) So in this TDM T 1 system you can see that the number of bits per frame equals 193, which implies duration of each bit or time interval between bits is micro seconds. that is equal to well 0.647

(Refer Slide Time: 24:45) And bit rate of the T 1 system is basically 193 that is equal to well 1.544 megabits per second.

And the T 1 system is a classic example of a Time Division Multiplexing system.

17 (Refer Slide Time: 24:45) And bit rate of the T 1 system is basically 193 that is equal to well megabits per second. 125 So this is basically the bit rate of the T 1 system, so if you calculate this, it is a huge bit rate that is equal to megabits per. And the T 1 system is a classic example of a Time Division Multiplexing system. Therefore, what we have seen in this module is some important aspects of the TDM system that is what are the bandwidth requirements of the TDM system and also we have done a case study of a classic example of a TDM system that is the T 1 system which combines 24 digital voice channels into a single system and we have seen that this has a huge bit rate of approximately megabits per second. So we will stop this module here, thank you.

Principles of Communication Systems Part II Prof. Aditya K. Jagannatham Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Principles of Communication Systems Part II Prof. Aditya K. Jagannatham Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Lecture 22 M-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)