Design and Implementation of a PIR Luminaire with Zero Standby Power Using a Photovoltaic Array in Enough Daylight

Transcription

1 C.-H. Tsai et al.: Design and Implementation of a PIR Luminaire with Zero Standby Power Using a Photovoltaic Array in Enough Daylight 499 Design and Implementation of a PIR Luminaire with Zero Standby Power Using a Photovoltaic Array in Enough Daylight Cheng-Hung Tsai, Ying-Wen Bai, Ming-Bo Lin, Senior Member, IEEE, Roger Jia Rong Jhang and Yen-Wen Lin Abstract This paper further enhances the previous research into reducing the standby power consumption of a PIR luminaire. Generally, although a PIR luminaire will turn on when motion is detected and turn off when the motion is no longer present, the luminaire still consumes to W of power when the lamp is off and plugged in. In this design the luminaire consumes mw when the light is turned off. The power consumption is lower than that in the previous design. This design is not only easy to set up but also inexpensive. A more effective circuit design is used to reduce the power consumption. Furthermore, a photovoltaic array is included in this design to reduce the consumption from the local electric power company. The standby power consumption of the luminaire is mw in a darkroom and less than mw in a non-darkroom. When the illumination intensity is greater than lx, the consumption from the local electric power company is W. Index Terms Boost Module, PIR Sensor, Power Consumption, Standby Power, Photovoltaic Array. I. INTRODTION In recent years global warming has almost universally become accepted as a serious problem caused by human activity, mainly the burning of fossil fuels. The cause is now recognized by nearly everyone as greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide, produced by burning fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal and natural gas. Moreover, global warming has become unmistakably important with both noticeable climate changes, the widespread melting of ice and rising sea levels. Therefore, strong remedial action should be taken as soon as possible. The fossil fuels are the most common source of energy used in residential facilities whose power consumption makes up the larger part of the energy Cheng-Hung Tsai is with the Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 6 ROC ( 46@mail.fju.edu.tw). Ying-Wen Bai is with Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 4 ROC ( bai@ee.fju.edu.tw). Ming-Bo Lin is with the Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 6 ROC ( mblin@mail.ntust.edu.tw). Roger Jia Rong Jhang is with Department of Physics, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 4 ROC ( @mail.fju.edu.tw). Yen-Wen Lin is with Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 4 ROC ( www89@hotmail.com). Contributed Paper Manuscript received 6// Current version published 9// Electronic version published 9//. 98 6//$. IEEE consumption in the world. Higher efficiency, lower power consumption in household appliances and office equipment that use electricity generated from burning carbon-containing fuels are all a necessity. There is around % of total household power being consumed during a typical standby state. Therefore much research has been done to reduce the standby power consumption in appliances and equipment by way of home energy management systems to both monitor and control the devices, all of which are based on complex architecture []-[6]. Some researchers reduce standby power consumption in appliances by utilizing a tailored individual device design [7]-[]. The average household power consumption dedicates % of its energy budget to lighting []. The power consumption of lamps in a typical home is a factor which cannot be ignored. To save lighting energy, the pyroelectric infrared (PIR) luminaire is now in widespread use. Because the PIR luminaire only comes on when the PIR sensor is activated, no energy is wasted. The luminaire with its built-in PIR sensor not only turns off the electricity when no user is near the PIR sensor but also turns it on instantly when someone enters the room and off again after the individual exits. This luminaire is used widely not only for automatic room light detection [] and home surveillance [] but also in smart homes [4]-[6]. The luminaire helps avoid either fumbling for a light switch or leaving lights on for hours on end, which is great for energy saving, security and safety. But what is unfortunate is that the power consumption of the PIR luminaire in the standby state cannot be switched off completely without being unplugged. There are three states of the PIR luminaire defined in this paper: the cut-off state, the standby state and the lighting state. In the cutoff state means the luminaire is unplugged from its power source and does not consume any electricity. In the standby state the luminaire is connected to a power source, but if no user is approaching it does not turn on the light. In the lighting state the PIR sensor is activated, and as a result of reduced daylight the luminaire then produces light. Though the luminaire in the standby state is not performing its main function of lighting, it is often performing some internal functions like sensing IR and daylight. In such a situation the luminaire cannot be switched off unless the unit is unplugged. These internal functions require power to operate, and the power consumption used by the luminaire while in the standby state is called standby power in this paper. Its origin lies in that these internal functions require not only a specific low dc

2 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 9, No., August voltage to operate but also continuous power supplied by an ac/dc converter which has no power-off switch. The converter, which serves as a power supply in the luminaire, converts ac to low dc voltage for the operation of the internal functions. It is inefficient at low dc voltage and consumes between and W, which is many times more than the power actually used for the internal functions. The standby power of a PIR luminaire draws power 4 hours a day. This amount is typically small, but the sum of the standby power consumption of all PIR luminaires within a household is significant. Therefore, in the long run, the PIR luminaire consumes much standby power while in the standby state. Since in as the International Energy Agency (IEA) adopted a proposal to reduce the standby power of all electrical apparatus to less than Watt within ten years [7], the reduction of the standby power of the PIR luminaire has remained an important issue. In this paper a new PIR luminaire design is proposed whose standby power consumption is reduced to mw. When the illumination intensity suffices, i. e., it is greater than lx, the PIR luminaire s consumption is W. This design, which is called a zero standby power PIR luminaire, is easy to set up, inexpensive, saves power efficiently and is consequently suitable for use in most locations [8], [9]. The organization of this paper is as follows. Section II is a description of the circuit design. Section III shows the implementation results. In Section IV the measurement of the power consumption of this design is presented to verify the total power saved. Section V both concludes and summarizes this paper. II. CIRCUIT DESIGN OF THE ZERO STANDBY POWER PIR LUMINAIRE As described in the introduction, the PIR luminaire is turned on only when motion is detected and as a result of reduced daylight. When there is no motion, both the time when the light is switched off and the duration of the lighting can be adjusted. The luminaire has a photoresistor to detect daylight. If there is enough daylight, the lighting does not turn on even if any motion is detected, while otherwise it will immediately turn on when motion is detected. The adjustable duration of lighting, the PIR sensitivity adjustment, the sensing of daylight and its threshold adjustment are all internal functions. The state diagram of the PIR luminaire is shown in Fig.. which is inefficient at low voltage. And thus as a result, in the long run the luminaire consumes much standby power. This standby power consumed by the PIR luminaire is mainly that needed by the ac/dc converter and is many times more than that actually used by the luminaire itself. The main idea of this design is that the dc voltage provided by the converter should be stored in an energy storing element which is used to support internal functions. If the energy storing element needs to charge, the converter is turned on; otherwise it is turned off so it won t use any unnecessary standby power. All power can be turned off completely by means of a latching relay. The block diagram of this design is shown in Fig.. The zero standby power PIR luminaire consists of a PIR module, an ultracapacitor (), a dc voltage module, a start module, a photovoltaic (PV) array module and two latching relays (LR and MPLR). The PIR module is used to sense both an approaching user and the level of daylight to control the lamp lighting on or off by the main power latching relay (MPLR). The dc voltage module is designed to reduce the standby power consumption of the ac/dc converter that comprises a voltage detector circuit (V detector circuit), a boost circuit and a limiter circuit. The is an energy storing element that stores the dc voltage energy provided by the converter. The V detector circuit detects the voltage to determine when to charge and stop charging the. The operation voltages of the internal functions are supported by the boost circuit that transfers the energy provided from the. The start module is designed to charge the dc voltage module when the luminaire is initialized. The PV array module is designed to charge the when the illumination intensity is sufficient, in order to reduce the standby power consumption of the PIR luminaire. The output voltage of the ac/dc converter is denoted as V dc, the voltage as V and the output voltages of the boost circuit as and V PIR. The V dc is the charge source, and the V is both the voltage and the input of the boost circuit. The is the required operation voltage that supports the dc voltage module operation, and the V PIR is the PIR module operation voltage. Fig.. State diagram of the PIR luminaire. In general the PIR luminaire is plugged into an ac power source. The internal functions of the luminaire require low dc voltage to operate, and this is supplied by an ac/dc converter Fig.. Block diagram of the zero standby power PIR luminaire.

3 C.-H. Tsai et al.: Design and Implementation of a PIR Luminaire with Zero Standby Power Using a Photovoltaic Array in Enough Daylight In Fig. the M controls both the V detector circuit and the boost circuit in order to keep the V, and V PIR to the predefined voltage levels. The thus functioning as a battery supports the boost circuit input. The boost circuit outputs two regular voltages ( and V PIR ) which support both the dc voltage module and the PIR module operation. A. PIR Module The PIR module includes a PIR sensor, a PIR controller and a main power latching relay (MPLR). The PIR sensor detects infrared power variations induced by the motion of a human body and transforms them into a voltage variation. The function is that DR f ( T, l, v, S) where DR is an output signal of the detection of the sensor T is the variation of temperature between local environment and the intrusion object l is the distance between the detector and the intrusion object v is the speed of the intrusion object S is the heating surface of the intrusion object The PIR controller is specifically designed to interface with the PIR sensors to implement a motion sensing application such as the PIR luminaire. The controller has the features of a PIR sensitivity adjustment, and a CDS (photoresistor) can be connected to the controller for automatic detection of the daylight level. The controller is equipped with amplifiers, a comparator, a timer and control circuits. Fig. shows the circuit design of the PIR module. V PIR V PIR PIR sensor Amp. PIR sensitivity control R PIR PIR controller Control unit Daylight threshold control CDS R CDS Time delay control R TD ac Lamp neutral MCU Q US Fig.. PIR module circuit. Q UR Set Reset ac line MPLR In Fig. the CDS is used to distinguish between enough daylight and reduced daylight. With enough daylight the output pins become inactive. The R CDS is used to adjust the desired daylight threshold. The R TD is connected to obtain the desired output turn-on duration. The voltage variation from the PIR sensor is amplified by the internal amplifier of the PIR controller. The amplification ratio can be adjusted by adjusting the R PIR to change the PIR sensitivity. The output is connected to the MCU which causes the MPLR to control the lamp s on/off. The MPLR is a latching relay that acts as a switch of the lamp controlled by the MCU. The MCU causes the set coil to be enabled, the armature of the latching relay to move to the set contact and the lamp to be turned on. When the lamp should be turned off, the MCU causes the reset coil to be enabled, the armature to move to the reset contact and the lamp to be turned off. The MPLR is set (lamp on) or reset (lamp off) by the input of a pulse voltage. Even after the input voltage is interrupted, this relay maintains its set or reset condition until it receives the next inverting input. Power is consumed only for an instant when the MPLR is being switched, thus saving much more power than with a nonlatching relay, which requires constant current when it is enabled to turn on. In this way the luminaire consumes less power in the lighting state. The power consumption of the PIR module in the standby state is μw and in the lighting state is μw (without the lamp) which means lower power consumption and more efficient energy saving. If the PIR module operation voltage is provided by an ac/dc converter directly, the standby power of the PIR luminaire must be higher than W. Therefore in this paper we propose the use of a dc voltage module to reduce the standby power. B. dc Voltage Module The dc voltage module consists of the boost circuit, the V detector circuit, the limiter circuit and the start module. The boost circuit supplies operation voltage to the dc voltage module and the PIR module. The V detector circuit supplies the normal V to the boost circuit. The limiter circuit limits the charge current to the. The start module is designed to initialize the dc voltage module.. Boost circuit The boost circuit is made up of two boost regulators that are dc-dc converters and provide a power supply solution for MCU applications powered by batteries. In this design the supports the boost regulators input voltage (V ) as a battery. The V is provided by the V detector circuit. Fig. 4 demonstrates the boost circuit design. Fig. 4. Boost circuit design. In Fig. 4, the input voltage of a boost circuit is V, and the output voltages are and V PIR. The input voltage V must be kept to a sufficient value between both V min and V max that outputs =. V and V PIR =4 V. The values of V min and V max are determined by the method below. The boost regulator is always enabled, but the boost regulator is not enabled until the MCU turns off the Q B to enable the boost regulator. Subsequently the input voltage (V ) of the boost regulator is increased from V to.v, then decreased from

4 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 9, No., August. V to V by a programmable power supply, and thus measures the output voltages and V PIR. The result is shown in Fig.. The dc voltage module circuit operations needs =. V in the MCU active mode. The PIR module needs V PIR =4 V all the time. Thus by the measurement curves the V min is determined at. V. The V max is determined at.4 V because the breakdown voltage is.7 V, and charging becomes inefficient when the V is above.4 V. The boost regulator boosts low voltage to a higher voltage in order to support this design s operation with a single. Because of the boost circuit we only need one. Output voltages (V) 4 VCC VPIR...4 in the MCU sleep and active modes is shown in Fig. 6. When boost regulator is disabled it typically consumes.7 μa; when enabled it operates and consumes 9 μa while operating at no load. In Fig. 6 the MCU consumes μa for a short period ( ms) and about μa when in the sleep mode.. V detector circuit and limiter circuit The V detector circuit is designed to provide a normal level range V to the boost circuit, namely, to determine when to charge and stop charging the. The V detector circuit and the limiter circuit have designs which are shown in Fig. 7. Line Output voltages (V) 4.4 VCC VPIR. Fig.. Output voltages and V PIR in respect to input voltage V of the boost regulators. Voltage (V) Voltage (V) pump to. V Boost regulator enable The output voltage The EN pin signal MCU in the active mode MCU in the sleep mode. Time (secs) Fig. 6. Output voltage of boost regulator. Time (secs) The boost regulator always operates to provide V PIR =4 V for the PIR module so that this module can sense both whether a user is approaching and the level of daylight all the time, but the MCU of the dc voltage module does not always need to operate in the active mode. Indeed, when saving power the MCU operates in the sleep mode most of the time. When the MCU is in the sleep mode it requires a minimum of =. V to operate, and the other circuit needs no operation voltage. Thus boost regulator operating in the disabled mode lowers the input current consumed from the by using the MCU in the sleep mode. In this design the MCU operates in the sleep mode to save power and wakes up to the active mode every 9. secs to pump up the to. V. The output voltage Fig. 7. V detector circuit and limiter circuit. The supports the V as a battery for the boost circuit input voltage. The boost circuit outputs are the dc voltage module and the PIR module operation voltages and V PIR. The ac/dc converter s dc output (V dc ) is the power source that provides the with a current of a sufficient charge when its voltage (V ) is below a predefined value V min (. V). The limiter circuit is used to limit the charge current from the ac/dc converter to the to protect the circuit. The diode blocks the reverse current from the to the converter. In Fig. 7 the charge latching relay (LR) is set on the primary side of the ac/dc converter as a switch controlled by the MCU. The V is connected to the ADC channel of the MCU that digitizes the V to an 8-bit binary representation. The MCU detects the value representing the V as generated by the ADC to judge when to charge and when to stop charging the. The MCU detects if the V is below V min (. V) and then causes the armature of the LR to move to the set contact so that the ac/dc converter turns on to charge the, thus raising the V. After the converter has charged the, the V reaches V max (.4 V), and the MCU causes the armature to move to the reset contact that turns off the converter, thus stopping the charge. Then the discharges for this particular design operation until the V is below the V min (. V). In this design, the V voltage decrement is less than. mv per second. Thus the MCU turns on the ADC and detects the V every 9. seconds, which is enough time to prevent the V from falling below. V and causing an MCU shutdown, whilst the MCU is in the sleep mode for power saving and wakes up every 9. seconds to detect the V. As the is pumped up to. V after the MCU wakes up from the sleep mode, the MCU can use the ADC to judge

5 C.-H. Tsai et al.: Design and Implementation of a PIR Luminaire with Zero Standby Power Using a Photovoltaic Array in Enough Daylight when to charge and when to stop charging. The MCU sleep time during discharge is 9. seconds; when charging it is msecs. By using this design the MCU detects whether the V is at a normal level of between. V to.4 V, thus saving both power and cost. Fig. 8 shows, V and power consumption with respect to charge and discharge times. Voltage (V) whilst the ac/dc converter is turned off most of the time this design still works well. The converter only consumes power during the charge time. If there is a power failure and if the V has decreased to. V, the MCU causes the armature of the LR to move to the set contact (converter on), but as the cannot be charged, the V keeps decreasing until the MCU shuts down. At power restoration, as the armature of the LR still connects to the set contact (converter on), the is auto charged to support this design. The result is shown in Fig. 9. Power failure V =. V V = V Power restoration Power (W) Set coil enabled Time (secs) Fig. 9. The auto charged at power restoration. Power (W) 4 Power (W) Fig. 8. V and power consumption during charge and discharge. In Fig. 8 the first charge time consumes more power. Charging the from. V to.4 V consumes less power than the first charge. The power consumption of the discharge time is W and that of the charge time is more than. W. In Fig. 7 the power consumption of the ac/dc converter without any load is W. The charge and discharge of the are a cycle whose time is Tcycle Tcharge Tdischarge () We denote the average power in Tcycle as Pwave and Pwcharge Pwdischarge Pwave, Pwdischarge () Tcharge Tdischarge Pwcharge thus Pwave. W. () Tcycle The improvement is %: W. W W % The average power is mw of this design, which is also less than the 4 mw in the previous design [8]. The power consumption of the discharge time is W which means that The is auto charged at power restoration after a power failure. So the zero standby power PIR luminaire needs little maintenance after setting up except for any component damage. In the previous design [8], [9], the did not auto charge; the start button had to be pressed, making use of the luminaire inconvenient.. Start module A latching relay is factory-set to the reset state for shipment. Thus the V detector circuit could auto charge when the luminaire is first plugged into an ac power source. However, it may reset again while being transported, due to vibration or shock. If it is first plugged into an ac power source, there is no power in the and the LR connects to the reset contact. Therefore the cannot be charged, the MCU does not work and the luminaire is always in the cut-off state. ac source Line Neutral V dc NO LR NC Set Reset NO Q DR Release Press ac input Q DS dc output ac/dc converter NO NO V dc MCU ADC NC Fig.. Design of start module. Limiter circuit D L R L V NC Start button NO NO NO NC NC

6 4 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 9, No., August To prevent such a situation, a start button is placed in the circuit to make sure that the LR is set when the luminaire is first plugged into ac power and there is no electric power in the at the beginning of the operation. The design of the start module circuit is shown in Fig.. The start module includes five contacts: three normal open (NO) and two normal close (NC). If the LR connects to the reset contact and there is no electric power in the, the user just presses the start button. The line power is then connected to the converter by the NO, the charge path is turned off by the NC since the V dc rises to V immediately, and the V dc is connected to the set coil of the LR by the NO at the same time. The set coil is enabled and the LR is set. After the button is released, the circuit in Fig. is the same as that in Fig. 7. The is being charged at the beginning of the operation. The switching time from pressing the button to the LR set is less than msecs, and the user just needs to touch the start button once at the beginning. The signals of the start module at first charge when there is no power in the are shown in Fig.. Release/press Set coil signal (V) Reset coil signal (V) VCC (V) V (V) Press Set coil enabled MCU starts work Release Set coil disabled charged MCU in the sleep mode Reset coil enabled discharged MCU in the active mode 6 Time (secs) Fig.. First charge signals of start module. C. PV Array Module In this design the could be charged by a small amount of current. Therefore an amorphous silicon PV array circuit is used that converts solar energy into direct current electricity to charge the. The PV array is suitable for an indoor environment. The charge current produced by the PV array is less than. ma, but this amount is sufficient both to charge the and to reduce the power consumption of this design. The PV array module is shown in Fig.. The diode D P blocks the reverse current from the to the PV array. The zener diode ZD protects the to avoid the PV array or the ac/dc converter charging over the breakdown voltage of.7 V. The current produced by the PV array circuit depends on the voltage and the illumination. Fig. shows the current produced by the PV array circuit in respect to the V, with the illumination at a temperature of - C. The area of the PV array is cm, and the illumination comes from an artificial light source. Producced current (µa) 4 Fig.. PV array module. Fig.. PV array module current with respect to V and illumination. The PV array module produces a current which both increases the discharging time and reduces the average power consumption Pw ave of the zero standby power PIR luminaire. Both increase the illumination intensity and measure the average power consumption in different PV array areas. The results are shown in Fig. 4 where the power produced by the PV array module is equal to the standby power when there is sufficient illumination ( lx). Thus the total power consumed by the zero standby power PIR luminaire is W. In general the indoor illumination is about to lx. In the measurement the illumination unit is lx and lx=.46 mw/m. Although the power product from a PV array is very small, it really compensates for the power consumption of this design..8 Temperature=-.6 cm.4 cm cm. Zero standby power Illumination (lx) Fig. 4. PIR luminaire power consumption in respect to illumination with different PV array areas When a PIR luminaire were set in daytime, it would not light even if motion was detected, but it would still consume standby power. However in such a scenario, with sufficient illumination, the standby power consumption of our design is W.

7 C.-H. Tsai et al.: Design and Implementation of a PIR Luminaire with Zero Standby Power Using a Photovoltaic Array in Enough Daylight III. IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS In the luminaire circuit the PIR module determines when to turn on the light. Both the MCU and the dc voltage module keep the operation voltage at the predefine level that are integrated in a main PCB. The PIR sensor and the PIR controller are integrated in another, separate PIR PCB. The PCBs and the prototype of our design are shown in Fig.. Main PCB ac/dc converter cm PV array 9. cm 6. cm Lamp cm PIR sensor Fig.. Prototype of zero standby power PIR luminaire. IV. MEASURING THE POWER CONSUMPTION OF THE PIR LUMINAIRE The zero standby power PIR luminaire still requires power in order to work successfully in a darkroom. Equation () illustrates that its average standby power consumption is mw without the PV array. Table I shows the breakdown of the power consumption of each module in this design. The total power consumption of Table I is measured from the V, and the average power consumption of () is measured from the ac source. It is quite obvious that the largest amount of power is still consumed by the ac/dc converter. There are several PIR lighting devices of different brands in an electric appliance store. A W lamp is fixed to three products denoted as A, B and C and this design individually measures the power consumption from the ac source in both the standby state and the lighting state. This measurement is carried out in a darkroom. The result is shown in Table II. TABLE I POWER CONSUMPTION OF EACH MODULE OF THIS DESIGN Module Standby state Lighting state dc voltage module 8 μw μw PIR module μw μw PV array module - - Total power 9 μw μw In Table II it is apparent that the power consumption of this design is lower than that of other PIR lighting devices in both states. Generally the ac/dc converter inside the PIR lighting device always consumes power when plugged into an ac source. Although the zero standby power PIR luminaire still includes an ac/dc converter which is not in use during most of the time, the LR is used to cut off power from the ac source to the converter, and the power consumption for the luminaire is much less in both states. In this design the PIR module detects motion and daylight. The MCU controls the lamp s on/off and keeps the V at a normal range of voltage levels. This new design has a longer discharge time, a shorter charge time, is easier to maintain and has a lower power consumption than the previous design. In addition, it has more features than the previous design as is shown in Table III, since the power consumption measurement is from the ac source. TABLE II COMPARISON OF POWER CONSUMPTION OF THIS DESIGN WITH OTHER PIR DEVICES Type Consumption of state power in the standby state Consumption of state power in the lighting state Zero standby power PIR luminaire. W.6 W (This design) Ultra-low standby power PIRsensor-based lighting device.4 W. W (Previous design) Product A: PIR lighting device. W 6.4 W Product B: PIR lighting device. W 6.6 W Product C: PIR lighting device.4 W 6. W TABLE III COMPARISON OF FEATURES OF THIS AND THE PREVIOUS DESIGN Type This design Previous design Start button pressing time One touch More than secs Auto charge at power restoration Yes No Ultra-low standby power mw 4 mw Light state power (without lamp) 6 mw mw Zero standby power with sufficiently intense illumination Yes No V. CONCLUSION Although the standby power of a PIR luminaire is not great, it affects the electricity bill in the long run. This paper proposes a new circuit design which reduces the standby power substantially. Moreover, the power consumption is now much below that of other PIR lighting devices. This new design, the zero standby power PIR luminaire, which consumes mw with sufficiently intense illumination and only mw if not, is both easy to set up, easy to maintain and inexpensive. It is useable for saving power and suitable for both residence and public areas. REFERENCES [] Chia-Hung Lien, Ying-Wen Bai, and Ming-Bo Lin, Remote- Controllable Power Outlet System for Home Power Management, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol., no. 4, pp , Nov. 7. [] Joon Heo, Choong Seon Hong, Seok Bong Kang and Sang Soo Jeon, Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism for Standby Power Reduction, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol., no., pp.79-8, Feb. 8.

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[] Ying-Wen Bai, and Yi-Te Ku, Automatic room light intensity detection and control using a microprocessor and light sensors, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol.4, no., pp.7-76, August 8. [] Ying-Wen Bai, Zi-Li Xie, and Zong-Han Li, Design and implementation of a home embedded surveillance system with ultra-low alert power, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol.7, no., pp.- 9, February. [4] P. Zappi, E. Farella, and L. Benini, Tracking Motion Direction and Distance with Pyroelectric IR Sensors, IEEE Trans. Sensors, vol., no.9, pp , Sept.. [] Minsoo Lee and Young-Bae Ko, Design and implementation of intelligent home control systems based on active sensor networks, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol.4, no., pp , Aug. 8. [6] Suk Lee, Kyoung Nam Ha, and Kyung Chang Lee, A pyroelectric infrared sensor-based indoor location-aware system for the smart home, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol., no.4, pp.-7, Nov. 6. [7] IEA, Fact Sheet: Standby Power Use and the IEA Watt Plan, Apr. 7. [8] Cheng-Hung Tsai, Ying-Wen Bai, Chun-An Chu, Chih-Yu Chung, and Ming-Bo Lin, PIR-sensor-based lighting device with ultra-low standby power consumption, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol.7, no., pp.7-64, August. [9] Cheng-Hung Tsai, Ying-Wen Bai, Ming-Bo Lin, Chih-Yu Chung, and Roger Jia Rong Jhang, Design and Implementation of a PIR Luminaire with Zero Standby Power Using a Photovoltaic Array, IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electron., Las Vegas, USA, pp. 8-8, Jan.. BIOGRAPHIES Cheng-Hung Tsai is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in Electronic Engineering at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan. He received his M.S. degree in electronic engineering from Fu Jen Catholic University in 6. His research interests include low power system design and embedded computer systems. Ying-Wen Bai is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, at Fu-Jen Catholic University. His research focuses on mobile computing and microcomputer system design. He obtained his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Columbia University, New York, in 99 and 99, respectively. Between 99 and 99, he worked at the Institute for Information Industry, Taiwan. Ming-Bo Lin (S'9-M'9-SM') received the B.Sc. degree in electronic engineering from the National Taiwan Institute of Technology (now is National Taiwan University of Science and Technology), Taipei, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the National Taiwan University, Taipei, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Maryland, College Park. Since February, he has been a professor with the Department of Electronic Engineering at the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. His research interests include VLSI systems design; mixed-signal integrated circuit designs, parallel architectures and algorithms, and embedded computer systems. He has published about sixty journal and conference papers in these areas. In addition, he has directed the designs of over forty Asics and has consulted in industry extensively in the fields of ASIC, Sock, and embedded system designs. He received the Distinguished Teaching Award in 7 from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology. He chaired the Workshop on Computer Architectures, Embedded Systems, and VLSI/EDA in National Computer Symposium (NCS) 9. During the past twenty years, Professor Lin has translated two books and authored over twenty books, especially includes Digital System Designs and Practices: Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs, (John Wiley & Sons, 8) and Introduction to VLSI system: Logic, Circuit, and System Perspective (CRC Press, ). Roger Jia Rong Jhang is currently working toward the B.S. degree in Physics at Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taiwan. His major research is focus on electronic circuit design and microcomputer system integration design. Yen-Wen Lin is currently working toward the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering at Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taiwan. He received his B.S. degree in Electronic Engineering at Fu-Jen Catholic University in. His major research is focus on consumer electronics products and microcomputer system integration design.