Reduce the Standby Power Consumption of a Microwave Oven

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1 54 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 59, No., February Reduce the Standby Power Consumption of a Microwave Oven Cheng-Hung Tsai, Ying-Wen Bai, Ming-Bo Lin, Senior Member, IEEE, Roger Jia Rong Jhang and Chih-Yu Chung Abstract A touch panel microwave oven which is turned off does not mean that it is not consuming electric power. Although it is turned off, it still consumes to W when it is plugged into an ac socket. In this design the touch panel microwave oven consumes mw when it is turned off and yet plugged in. A more effective circuit design for a touch panel microwave oven is proposed to reduce the standby power consumption, which is also easy to apply to future products. This power consumption in the standby state is lower than that of others and not only simple to set up but also inexpensive. Index Terms Microwave Oven, Standby Power Consumption, Boost Module, Latching Relay. I. INTRODUCTION A microwave oven is a kitchen appliance that heats food by dielectric heating, using microwave radiation to excite polarized molecules within the food. It heats foods quickly and efficiently and so is used widely in daily life. There are two kinds of controls found on a microwave oven: a rotary dial knob control or a touch panel control. The rotary dial knob microwave oven with its mechanism switch is not convenient to control but completely cuts off the power when the oven is not being used. The touch panel microwave oven with its electronic touch panel and the display panel is convenient both to control and to read the values that the user has set on the display panel and also usually has many cooking and heating functions available. Recently most microwave ovens have touch panels. But, unfortunately the power is not completely cut off when the oven is not used. The oven, which contains a clock, memory and a microcontroller, consumes electric power whenever it is plugged in, even though the oven is turned off. Most microwave ovens are plugged in 4 hours a day, 7 days a week. While such standby power often does not seem to amount to much, it really adds up. In some cases, a touch panel Cheng-Hung Tsai is with the Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 6 ROC ( ee6@mail.fju.edu.tw). Ying-Wen Bai is with Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 45 ROC ( bai@ee.fju.edu.tw). Ming-Bo Lin is with the Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 6 ROC ( mblin@mail.ntust.edu.tw). Roger Jia Rong Jhang is with Department of Physics, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 45 ROC ( @mail.fju.edu.tw). Chih-Yu Chung is with Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 45 ROC ( @mail.fju.edu.tw). microwave oven consumes on the average more power for standby each year than for cooking. Many electric appliances have standby power consumption amounting to around % of a household s total power. Therefore much research has been done into reducing standby power consumption in appliances and equipment by way of home energy management systems which both monitor and control the devices and are based on complex architecture []-[]. Some researchers reduce standby power in appliances by using a simple individual device design []-[]. As the microwave oven is a common kitchen appliance, huge numbers of them are used in the world. Thus their standby power consumption is an important factor which cannot be ignored. In this paper a design is presented to reduce the standby power consumption of the touch panel microwave oven. In general, the touch panel microwave oven has three power states: the cut-off state, the standby state and the heating state. When in the cut-off state, the oven is unplugged from its power source and does not consume any electricity. In the standby state the microwave oven is connected to the ac power source but does not heat. In the heating state the microwave oven heats the food. Though the microwave oven in the standby state is not performing its main function of heating, it performs some internal functions like waiting to respond to a button being pressed that cannot be switched off unless the unit is unplugged. These internal functions require power to operate, and this power used while in the standby state is called standby power. Its origin lies in the fact that these internal functions require not only a specific low dc voltage to operate but also continuous power supplied by an ac/dc converter which has no power-off switch. The converter which serves as a power supply in the oven converts ac to low dc voltage for the performance of the internal functions. It is inefficient at a low dc voltage and consumes between and W, which is many times more than the power actually used for these internal functions. The standby state of the oven draws power all day. This amount is typically small, but for all touch panel microwave ovens within a country it has become significant and still represents an important issue [] []. The organization of this paper is as follows. Section II describes the circuit designs to reduce the standby power consumption. Section III presents the implementation results and the socket form design. Section IV shows the measurement of the power consumption of the designs to verify the total power saved, and comparison with other microwave ovens. Section V is both a conclusion and a summary. Contributed Paper Manuscript received /4/ Current version published /5/ Electronic version published /5/. 98 6//$. IEEE

2 C.-H. Tsai et al: Reduce the Standby Power Consumption of a Microwave Oven 55 II. CIRCUIT DESIGN OF THE ULTRA-LOW STANDBY POWER MICROWAVE OVEN In general the touch panel microwave oven is plugged into an ac power source. The standby power consumed by the oven is mainly that needed by the ac/dc converter. The converter consists of a line frequency step-down transformer, a bridge diode and a buck regulator which together accommodate the loosely regulated secondary voltage, as depicted in Fig.. Line Keypad Fig.. Block diagram of the ac/dc converter. The primary wirings of the transformer always cause power consumption to be many times more than the power used for the internal functions in the standby state [] [4]. Hence to reduce this standby power the converter must be turned off. The main concept of our design is that if there is no one using the microwave oven it should be completely cut off so it won t use any unnecessary power. All ac power can be turned off completely by means of a latching relay, as shown in Fig.. If one wants to use the microwave oven, the ac power source is connected again. But how does the microwave oven know whether it is wanted or not? We usually use it to heat food and our first action is to open the door, then to place food on the turntable and close the door, after which we set the control panel. So the first action of a user is opening the door. By just detecting whether the door is open or not the microwave oven would know if the user wants to use it or not. If the door is not opened, it is not being used and thus the ac source power should be completely cut off by the latching relay, thus reducing the standby power to zero. This description of the block diagram of the ultra-low standby power microwave oven is shown in Fig.. The output voltage of the ac/dc converter is denoted as V DC, the ultracapacitor (UC) voltage as V UC, and the output voltage of the boost circuit as V CC. The V DC is the UC charge source, and the V UC is the input of the boost circuit. The V CC is the required operation voltage that supports the MCU and the operation of other modules. In this design, a door switch module, a dc voltage module, a start button module, a MCU, an UC and a latching relay are used to reduce the standby power. The door switch module detects the opening of the door. When the door is opened the operations like the display, the oven light, the keypad and a sound indicating that the oven is working are turned on, and if the door is not opened the operation functions are turned off as if the microwave oven were unplugged. The dc voltage module is designed to reduce the standby power consumption, the manufacturing cost and the volume size of the ac/dc converter. The start button module is designed to charge the dc voltage module when the oven is initialized. The operation and heating functions of the oven, such as the carousel motor and the magnetron, do not warrant a detailed description in this paper because that would involve a more mature technology circuit design. Fig.. Block diagram of this design. A. Door switch module The door switch is set on the doorframe of the oven to sense when the door is open, as depicted in Fig.. Fig.. Door switch module circuit. In Fig. the door switch output signal is connected to an external interrupt input of the MCU. If the door is opened, the MCU wakes up from its sleep mode and turns on the oven operation functions, thus enabling the oven and allowing the user to set the control panel. The delay from opening the door to the operation functions being turned on is less than msec, which the user never notices. The door switch is a normal close (NC) switch. If the door is opened and the switch is turned on, the output signal is high; otherwise it is low. For convenience the keypad output is also connected to the interrupt input of the MCU. If the keypad is pressed, the oven is started. The power consumption of the module is presented in Table I. In addition to the touch panel microwave ovens, besides the three power states this design has one additional power state, the enable state, which enables the oven operation functions. Fig. 4 shows the state transition of the ultra-low standby power microwave oven. The standby state in Fig. 4 means that if the microwave oven is not in use the ac power source is completely cut-off as if the unit had been unplugged. Fig. 4. State transition of this design.

3 56 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 59, No., February TABLE I POWER CONSUMPTION OF DOOR SWITCH MODULE Situation Door closed, switch turned off and keypad not pressed, MCU in sleep mode, Oven operation functions turned off (Nobody wants to use it) Door opened, switch turned on or keypad pressed, MCU in active mode, Oven operation functions turned on (User wants to use it) (The oven operation power is not included) Power (V CC =. V). V.4 μa =. μw. V 4.9 μa =6.7 μw B. dc voltage module In Fig. the circuit needs an ac/dc converter to support the dc operation voltage V CC. The converter still uses standby power even without any dc load. To overcome this problem, we propose a dc voltage module consisting of a boost circuit, a V UC detector circuit, a limiter circuit and an UC [6]-[9]. The MCU controls the V UC detector circuit and the boost circuit to keep V UC and V CC to the predefined voltage levels. The UC thus functioning as a battery supports the boost circuit input. The V UC detector circuit supplies the normal V UC to the boost circuit. The boost circuit outputs the regular voltage V CC which supports the MCU and the operation of other modules. The limiter circuit limits the charge current to the UC.. Boost circuit We propose a boost circuit to provide a power supply solution for those MCU applications powered by batteries. In this design the UC supports the boost regulator s input voltage (V UC ) as a battery. Fig. 5 shows the boost circuit design. The output voltage is V CC. The input voltage V UC must be kept to a sufficient value between V UCmin and V UCmax so that the output V CC =. V. The values of V UCmin and V UCmax are determined by the measurement method [6]-[9]. The result is shown in Fig. 6. both the MCU, the door switch module and the keypad require a minimum of V CC =. V to operate while other module circuits do not require any operation voltage V CC. Thus the boost regulator operating in the disabled mode lowers the input current consumed by the UC by using the MCU in the sleep mode. The MCU will wake up and enable the boost regulator for msecs, therefore enabling the boost to pump up the output voltage to V CC =. V. In this design the MCU operates in the sleep mode, waking up to the active mode every.5 secs to pump up the V CC to. V. The time necessary to enable the regulator is obtained by measurement; if the time required is longer than.5 secs the V CC would become lower than. V, and the MCU would shut down. If the time is shorter than.5 secs, an insufficient amount of power saving would take place..5.5 V UC (V). (a) V UC decrease.4 V UC increase V UCmin. V V UC =. V V UC =.5 V.5.5 (b) Fig. 6. V CC in respect to V UC of boost regulator. V UCmax.4 V V UC (V) If the door is opened or the keypad is pressed during the sleep time, the MCU will wake up to the active mode immediately to pump up the V CC to. V, thus turning on the oven operation functions. The output voltage V CC and the control signals in the MCU sleep and active modes are demonstrated in Fig Fig. 5. Boost circuit design. In Fig. 6 (a), since the V UC increased from V to.4 V as the UC charged, the V UC must be higher than. V to obtain V CC =. V. The MCU and other module circuit operations require V CC =. V in the MCU active mode. In Fig. 6 (b) the V UC decreased from.4 V to V as the UC discharged if the V UC is lower than.5 V so that the V CC cannot keep within. V. For a fixed operation voltage the V UC must be kept to a sufficient value. Thus by the measurement curves the V UCmin is determined at. V and the V UCmax at.4 V. In order to save power, the MCU operates in the sleep mode most of the time. When the MCU is in the sleep mode, 5 5 Fig. 7. V CC and control signals in MCU sleep and active modes.. V UC detector circuit and limiter circuit The boost circuit needs an ac/dc converter to charge the UC to support the V CC. As mentioned earlier, the converter which is inefficient at a low dc voltage still consumes power when the primary wiring is enabled by the power source without any load on the dc output. To overcome this problem both the V UC detector circuit and the limiter circuit, as shown in Fig. 8, are being proposed.

4 C.-H. Tsai et al: Reduce the Standby Power Consumption of a Microwave Oven Fig.. UC auto-charged at power restoration. Fig. 8. V UC detector circuit and limiter circuit. The latching relay is placed on the primary side of the ac/dc converter as a switch controlled by the MCU. The V UC is connected to the ADC input channel (AN) of the MCU that digitizes the V UC to an 8-bit binary representation. In this design the V UC must be within a range of V UCmin and V UCmax sufficient for the V CC =. V. The MCU detects the value representing the V UC to judge when to charge and when to stop charging the UC [6]-[9]. When the V UC has decreased to. V, the MCU not only detects this by means of the ADC but also causes the armature of the latching relay to move to the reset contact so that the converter turns on to charge the UC, thus raising the V UC. After the converter has charged the V UC to.4 V, the MCU causes the armature to move to the set contact that turns off the converter, thus stopping the charge. The measurement results of V UC and the power consumption of the converter with respect to charge and discharge times in the standby state are shown in Fig. 9. VUC (V) Power of converter (W) 8 4 First discharge time =6.4x 4 secs First charge power Discharge time=9.55x 4 secs Average power mw Charge power 6x 4 x 4 Time (secs) Fig. 9. V UC and power consumption during charge and discharge in standby state. The power consumption of the discharge time is W and the discharge time is secs which is measured at the ac source. The converter is turned off most of the time and this design still works well. The converter, therefore only consumes power during the charge time. In our measurement, as the first discharge time is shorter than the other discharge times, after the first discharge, the other discharge times are almost the same as in standby state. If there is a power failure and if the V UC has decreased to. V, the MCU causes the armature of the latching relay to move to the reset contact, but as the UC cannot be charged, the V UC keeps decreasing until the MCU shut down. With power restoration, as the armature of the latching relay still connects to the reset contact, the UC would be auto-charged to support this design. The result is shown in Fig... ac/dc converter standby power In this design the power consumption of the ac/dc converter without any load is W, and the converter directly supports the operation voltage to Fig. without the V UC detector circuit, when the power consumption being. W in standby state. In Fig. 9 the power consumption with the V UC detector circuit during the discharge time is W and that during the charge time is more than 8 W. To compare the power consumption with and without the V UC detector circuit in the standby state, the average power consumption is adopted. The charge and discharge of the V UC detector circuit are a cycle whose time is Tcycle Tcharge Tdischarge The average power consumption is denoted as Pw thus ave Pwcharge Pwdischarge, Pwdischarge T T Pw ave charge cycle discharge Pw ave and () Pwcharge. W. () T The average power consumption with the V UC detector in standby state is mw whilst the average power consumption without the V UC detector circuit in standby state is. W, and since the percentage of improvement of the V UC detector circuit is more than %. The V UC detector circuit design really reduces the power consumption. C. Start button module A latching relay is factory-set to the reset state for shipment. Thus the V UC detector circuit could auto-charge when the oven is first plugged into ac power. However, this detector circuit may set again while being transported, due to either vibration or shock. If this detector circuit is first plugged into ac power, there is no electric power in the UC and the latching relay connects to the set contact. Therefore as the UC cannot be charged, the MCU does not work, and the oven is always in the cut-off state. To prevent such a situation, a start button is placed in the circuit to make sure that the relay is reset when the oven is first plugged into ac power and there is no electric power in the UC at the beginning of the operation. The design of the start button module circuit is shown in Fig.. The start button circuit includes five contacts: three normal open (NO) and two normal close (NC). If the latching relay connects to the set contact and there is no electric power in the UC, the

5 58 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 59, No., February user just presses the start button. The line power is then connected to the converter by the NO, the UC charge path is turned off by the NC since the V DC rises to V immediately, and the V DC is connected to the reset coil of the relay by the NO at the same time. Thus both the reset coil is enabled and the relay is reset. After the button is released, the circuit in Fig. is the same as that in Fig. 8. The UC is being charged at the beginning of the operation. The switching time from pressing the button to the relay reset is less than msecs, and the user just needs to touch the start button once at the beginning. The signals of the start button module at the first charge when there is no electric power in the UC are shown in Fig.. A. Integrated design Fig. depicts the implementation of the ultra-low standby power microwave oven. The door switch module is in a separate PCB. Keypad.5 cm Display MCU Line UC To door switch module Relay Start button To carousel motor unit Release /press Fig.. Start button module design. To oven light unit To sound unit ac power To magnetron unit UC Latching relay Fig.. Implementation of integrated design. ac/dc converter B. Socket form design The block diagram of the socket design with the ultra-low standby power for the existing touch panel microwave oven is shown in Fig. 4. Reset coil signal (V) Set coil signal (V) 5 5 VCC (V) VUC (V) 5 Fig.. First charge signals of start button module. III. IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS The dc voltage module, the start button module, the latching relay and both the operation function and heating function circuits can be integrated in a microwave oven. For the existing touch panel microwave oven the socket form design is presented to reduce the standby power consumption. Fig. 4. Block diagram of socket form design. The socket is connected to the existing touch panel microwave oven which provides ac power. The door switch is set on the doorframe, as in Fig.. If the door is not opened because the oven is not being used, the ac source power should be completely cut off by the relay, thus reducing the standby power. When the door is opened, the relay for the microwave oven stays turned on. Once the oven begins to heat food, the function must continue with power coming from the

6 C.-H. Tsai et al: Reduce the Standby Power Consumption of a Microwave Oven 59 relay until the cooking is finished. The load current sensor module has been designed for this requirement [6] [7].. Load current sensor module Fig. 5 shows this module in which the toroidal coil inductor is used as a load current sensor that detects whether the oven is heating. When the oven heats food it consumes a large ac load current (about - A) which, after passing through an inductor, induces a small sinusoidal voltage signal v. Fig. 5. Load current sensor module circuit. v is a small sinusoidal voltage signal induced by the toroidal coil inductor. The i(t) is a load current in the ac power line. v Li()cos t t () where L is the inductance of the toroidal coil inductor. The amplitude of the induced voltage signal is proportional to the amplitude of the load current. This small induced voltage signal, which is amplified and is called the load current sensed signal, is then input to the MCU ADC input channel (AN) to determine whether the microwave oven is heating or not. To verify the module circuit design, the load current has been measured by a current probe and the load current sensed signal by a voltage probe. The measurement results with both high and low power heating are shown in Fig. 6. Current i (A) - - sensed signal are 6 Hz, and the resulting amplitude depends on the load current quantity. There are two classifications in the load current sensed signal in both high and low power heating. If the microwave oven is heating, a signal is generated, if it is not heating, there is no signal. The MCU judges whether the oven is heating or not by means of these two signal classifications. The load current sensed signal is an analog and is converted to a digital signal by means of the MCU ADC. The sensed signal period is 6.67 msecs. To obtain an accurate judgment the signal length should be longer than one period. Consequently the signal is sampled at 8 sample points during one period. To curtail the operation, the ADC captures sample points in the load current sensed signal. These signal digital numbers are stored in the general purpose registers (GPRs). The MCU processes the digital numbers to judge whether the oven is heating or not. The pseudo-code of the procedure is shown as follows. Step : Start ADC. Step : Store the input signal digital numbers in GPRs as x(n). x( n) { The signal digital numbers }, n N. N is the sum of the GPRs that store the signal digital numbers. Step : Bitwise OR of x(n) and x(n+). x(n+) = x(n) OR x(n+) Step 4: Read x(k), k=n. if (x(k)>threshold value), the oven is heating, else (x(k)<threshold value), the oven is not heating. Step 6: End. At Step, the bitwise OR function maintains a high level of sensed signal digital numbers in the GPRs during the signal sample interval. After Step, if the value of x(k) is large, this can confirm that the oven is heating. If the value of x(k) is small, the oven is known not to be heating. The procedure of the load current sensed signal digital numbers is illustrated in Fig. 7. Table II presents the x(k) value after the procedure with different power heating. The threshold value 7 is selected. The load current sensor module makes an accurate judgment as to whether a touch panel microwave oven is heating or not. Voltage (V) Fig. 6. Load current and output signal. They prove that the module circuit design conforms to the requirements. For power saving the NMOS Q L is connected to the amplifier power ground, and the gate is connected to the MCU I/O pin. When the MCU needs the load current sensed signal, it enables the amplifier, and after it has obtained the load current sensed signal, it sets the I/O pin low to disable the amplifier. Both the ac power frequency and the load current Fig. 7. Load current digital number procedure.

7 6 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 59, No., February TABLE II x(k) VALUE AFTER PROCEDURE WITH DIFFERENT HEATING POWER Power state Power x(k) value Enable.5 W Heating.4 kw (High power heating).75 kw (Low power heating). Implementation of socket form design Fig. 8 shows the implementation of the ultra-low standby power microwave oven socket with the oven. This socket is easy to set up and convenient to use Table IV shows that the standby power consumption of this design is much lower than that of other touch panel microwave ovens. There are touch panel microwave ovens of different brands in an electric appliance store. There are four typical products, denoted as products A, B, C and D. We will compare the standby power consumption when not in operation of those products with that of our design in Table IV. Generally the ac/dc converter inside the touch panel microwave oven consumes power when it is in the standby state. Although the ultra-low standby power microwave oven and socket still include an ac/dc converter, this is not in use during most of the time, and the latching relay is used to cut off the power from the ac source to the converter. In this way the standby power for the oven is much less than that of others. TABLE IV COMPARISON OF STANDBY POWER CONSUMPTION OF THIS DESIGN WITH THAT OF OTHER TOUCH PANEL MICROWAVE OVENS ac/dc converter Type Ultra-low standby power microwave oven Standby power Standby power with socket. W - Touch panel microwave oven A. W. W Touch panel microwave oven B. W. W Touch panel microwave oven C. W. W Touch panel microwave oven D.5 W. W Fig. 8. Implementation of socket form design. IV. MEASURING THE POWER CONSUMPTION OF THE ULTRA-LOW STANDBY POWER MICROWAVE OVEN This design, the ultra-low standby power microwave oven and socket, still requires power to work. Equation () illustrates that its average standby power consumption is mw when the oven is not in use. Table III shows the breakdown of the power consumption of each module in this design. The total power in Table III is measured from the V CC, and the average power consumption of () is measured from the ac source. It is quite obvious that most power is still consumed by the ac/dc converter. TABLE III POWER CONSUMPTION OF EACH MODULE OF THIS DESIGN Module Standby state Enable state Door switch module W.8 μw DC voltage module 79 μw 8.8 mw Load current sensor module (For socket form) W.9 mw Total power 79 μw 9.58 mw V. CONCLUSION This paper proposes a new circuit design which substantially reduces the standby power to much less than that of other touch panel microwave ovens. This new ultra-low standby power microwave oven, which consumes mw, is both easy to set up and inexpensive. In the long run this oven saves more power while at the same time the performance of the oven is unchanged. Furthermore, this design could be made into a socket connected to the existing touch panel microwave oven. Although the standby power of a touch panel microwave oven is not great, it not only affects the electricity bill in the long run, but because this power is converted into heat it also increases the indoor temperature. In some scenarios, the resulting heat places a greater load on the air conditioning system. Therefore, in reducing the standby power we reduce a further item of electricity cost as well. REFERENCES [] Kim, D.S., Cho, G.Y., Kwon, W.H., Kwan, Y.I. and Kim, Y.H., Home network message specification for white goods and its applications, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 48, no., pp. -9, Feb.. [] Kwan Joo Myoung, Jae Min Lee, Dong-Sung Kim and Wook Hyun Kwon, Home network control protocol for networked home appliances, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 5, no., pp. 8-8, Aug. 6. [] Chia-Hung Lien, Ying-Wen Bai and Ming-Bo Lin, Remote- Controllable Power Outlet System for Home Power Management, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 5, no. 4, pp , Nov. 7. [4] Joon Heo, Choong Seon Hong, Seok Bong Kang and Sang Soo Jeon, Design and Implementation of Control Mechanism for Standby Power Reduction, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 5, no., pp , Feb. 8.

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[] Hidenori Kako, Tatsuya Nkagawa and Ryuho Narita, A universal power supply integrated circuit for TV and monitor applications, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 6, no., pp. -7, Feb. 99. [4] Hidenori Kako, Tatsuya Nkagawa and Ryuho Narita, Development of compact inverter power supply for microwave oven, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 7, no., pp. 6-66, Aug. 99. BIOGRAPHIES Cheng-Hung Tsai is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in Electronic Engineering at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan. He received his M.S. degree in electronic engineering from Fu Jen Catholic University in 6. His research interests include low power system design and embedded computer systems. Ying-Wen Bai is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, at Fu Jen Catholic University. His research focuses on mobile computing and microcomputer system design. He obtained his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Columbia University, New York, in 99 and 99, respectively. Between 99 and 995, he worked at the Institute for Information Industry, Taiwan. Ming-Bo Lin (S'9-M'9-SM') received the B.Sc. degree in electronic engineering from the National Taiwan Institute of Technology (now is National Taiwan University of Science and Technology), Taipei, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the National Taiwan University, Taipei, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Maryland, College Park. Since February, he has been a professor with the Department of Electronic Engineering at the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. His research interests include VLSI systems design; mixed-signal integrated circuit designs, parallel architectures and algorithms, and embedded computer systems. He has published about sixty journal and conference papers in these areas. In addition, he has directed the designs of over forty Asics and has consulted in industry extensively in the fields of ASIC, Sock, and embedded system designs. He received the Distinguished Teaching Award in 7 from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology. He chaired the Workshop on Computer Architectures, Embedded Systems, and VLSI/EDA in National Computer Symposium (NCS) 9. During the past twenty years, Professor Lin has translated two books and authored over twenty books, especially includes Digital System Designs and Practices: Using Verilog HDL and FPGAs, (John Wiley & Sons, 8) and Introduction to VLSI system: Logic, Circuit, and System Perspective (CRC Press, ). Chia-Jung Chang is currently working toward the B.S. degree in Physics at Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan. His major research is focus on electronic circuit design. Chih-Yu Chung is currently working toward the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering at Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taiwan. He received his B.S. degree in Electronic Engineering at Fu Jen Catholic University in. His major research is focus on consumer electronics products and microcomputer system integration design.

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