Hearing and Deafness 2. Ear as a frequency analyzer. Chris Darwin
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1 Hearing and Deafness 2. Ear as a analyzer Chris Darwin
2 Frequency: -Hz Sine Wave. Spectrum Amplitude against -..5 Time (s) Waveform Amplitude against time amp Hz
3 Frequency: 5-Hz Sine Wave. Spectrum Amplitude against -. Time.5 (s) Waveform Amplitude against time amp 5 5
4 Amplitude: 5-Hz Sine Wave Spectrum Amplitude against Time.5 (s) amp 5 5 Time (s).5
5 Phase: 5-Hz Sine Wave.9899 sine The amplitude spectrum does not show phase.99. Time (s).99 cosine amp Time (s)
6 Phase Locking of Inner Hair Cells Auditory nerve connected to inner hair cell tends to fire at the same phase of the stimulating waveform.
7 Phase-locking pressure Response to Low Frequency tones Inter-spike Intervals 2 periods period voltage nerve spike time (t) Response to High Frequency tones > 5kHz voltage Random intervals time (t)
8 adding sine waves Spectrum of Sum Sine wave Sum amp amp Time (s) Time (s)
9 -Hz fundamental Complex Wave 5. Spectrum Amplitude against Time (s) Waveform Amplitude against time amp 5 5
10 Adding nine sine waves Frequency Spectrogram Time 5s Frequency Time 5s
11 The linear vs log scales Linear equal distances represent equal differences Log equal distances represent equal ratios e.g. Piano keyboard frequencies Octave = doubling of basilar membrane has log repn of
12 decibel (db) scale Sound A is x db more intense than sound B when: x = *log (energy of A / energy of B) or x = 2*log (amp of A / amp of B) So if A is 2 watts and B is watts x = *log (2/) = *.3 = 3dB You can usually just hear a difference of db (jnd)
13 Bandpass filtering (narrow) 5. amp Time (s) 5 5 amp Time.5 (s) 5 5
14 Bandpass filtering (wide) 5. amp Time (s) amp Time (s) 5
15 Beats Repetition rate is the difference in between the two sine-wave components /3 second 55-5 = 5 Hz amp 5
16 Beats Repetition rate is the difference in between the two sine-wave components /th second 5-4 = Hz.975 amp Time (s) 4 5
17 Reponse of basilar membrane to sine waves Each point on the membrane acts like bandpass filter tuned to a different : high freq at base, low at apex. Each point vibrates at of pure tone (-> phase locking)
18 Excitation patterns (envelope of excitation) amplitude of vibration high frequencies base low frequencies apex distance along basilar membrane Basilar membrane excitation pattern is like a spectrum
19 Excitation pattern of complex tone on bm unresolved 6 8 resolved b m vibration base log (ish) apex. -5. Output of 6 Hz filter /2s = 5ms Output of 2 Hz filter /2s = 5ms
20 Measurement of auditory bandwidth with band-limited noise Hz 25 Hz Broadband Noise 2 Hz Amadeus
21 A gardening analogy
22 A gardening analogy
23 A gardening analogy Tone Noise Auditory bandwidth Noise bandwidth Detection mechanism
24 Wider auditory filter
25 Psychophysical tuning curves Masker level at threshold (db SPL) Target Bandwidth Masker center
26 Human auditory bandwidth Auditory bandwidth (Hz) Center Frequency (Hz) At khz the bandwidth is about 3 Hz; at 5 khz the bandwidth is about 65 Hz. BW = freq / 8 roughly
27 Auditory tuning curves Normal bandwidth log amplitude (db SPL) Inner hair-cell damage Healthy ear Normal Threshold Abnormal Threshold Normal bandwidth Characteristic Frequency log
28 Outer-hair cell damage Abnormal bandwidth log amplitude (db SPL) Normal Threshold Abnormal Threshold Normal bandwidth Characteristic Frequency log
29 Normal auditory non-linearities Normal loudness growth (follows Weber s Law, which is logarithmic, not linear) Combination tones Two-tone suppression Oto-acoustic emissions
30 Combinations Tones (Tartini tones) amp amp 8 2
31 Two-tone suppression log amplitude (db SPL) Regions for two-tone suppression Test tone at Characteristic Frequency 2 log
32 Conductive vs Sensori-neural deafness Mostly a combination of OHC and IHC damage Conductive Sensori-neural Sensori-neural Origin Middle-ear Cochlea (IHCs) Cochlea (OHCs) Thresholds Raised Raised Raised Filter bandwidths Normal Normal Increased Loudness growth Normal Normal Increased (Recruitment Becomes linear, so No combination tones Or two-tone suppression
33 Symptoms of SNHL Raised thresholds: helped by amplification Wider bandwidths: no help possible Recruitment (restricted dynamic range): partly helped by automatic gain controls in modern digital aids Often accompanied by tinnitus
34 Normal vs Impaired Dynamic Range
35 Auditory filter bandwidth (ERB)
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